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專題七 正反解讀非謂語動詞,專題七 考點薈萃,從近幾年的高考試題來看,非謂語動詞考查特征呈現(xiàn)情景和設(shè)問角度的多樣化趨勢。具體考點如下: 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別;done, being done, to be done的區(qū)別;不定式與分詞作狀語的區(qū)別;不定式的時態(tài)及疑問詞不定式形式;謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的區(qū)分;非謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)以及獨立結(jié)構(gòu)的使用。 大家在判斷使用何種非謂語動詞形式時,可遵循以下規(guī)律:對比時間:對照謂語動詞的時間,確定非謂語動詞的時態(tài)形式;辨明邏輯:從非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系判斷非謂語動詞的語態(tài)。,一、動詞不定式 1動詞不定式的各種形式及其表達的時態(tài)和語態(tài)意義,專題七 正面解讀,如: He seems to know this. It is important to read English every day. The bridge to be built next year is very long. Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long. His new novel is said to have been published. She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by. 了解不定式各種形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)意義對正確理解和使用不定式起著很重要的作用。要結(jié)合不定式的句法功能一起掌握,靈活運用。,專題七 正面解讀,2不定式的句法功能 除了謂語外,不定式可以擔當句子的任何成分。 To see is to believe. 眼見為實。(作主語和表語) You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老學(xué)到老。(作賓語) She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上經(jīng)常有很多會要開。(作定語) To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用對。(作狀語) I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我沒想到你來得那么早。(作賓語補足語),專題七 正面解讀,3 學(xué)習動詞不定式應(yīng)注意的幾個問題 (1) 用不定式作賓語的詞語。 下列詞語常用不定式作賓語:afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,prefer,decide,manage,arrange,determine,desire等。 下列動詞后可接“疑問詞不定式”:teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,advise,discuss等。,專題七 正面解讀,(2) 理解和使用不定式作賓補。 see,watch,notice,hear,listen to,observe,feel,make,let,have等的賓補用動詞原形,變被動時要加to,此時的不定式就是主語補足語。 常用不定式作賓補的幾種情況: 主語ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/likesb. to do sth. 主語think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imaginesb.to be/to have done sth. 主語call on/depend on/wait for/ask forsb.to do sth.,專題七 正面解讀,(3) 不定式作定語的特殊用法。 下列詞語后常接不定式作定語:chance,wish,right,courage,need,promise,time,opportunity,way,the first,the second,the last,the only等。如: He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting. Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? 不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。如: There is no one to look after her.,專題七 正面解讀, 不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系。如: I have a lot of work to do. 如果不定式是不及物動詞,后面應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如: He is looking for a room to live in. 但如果及物動詞后已有了自己的賓語,其后還應(yīng)加適當?shù)慕樵~。 Here is a box to put things in. 注意:如果不定式的邏輯主語和邏輯賓語都出現(xiàn)在不定式前面,不定式則用主動形式;若在句中找不到不定式的邏輯主語,則用不定式的被動形式。注意這兩句話的區(qū)別: I have a letter to write. 我有封信要寫。(我寫信),專題七 正面解讀,Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends?你有什么要(我)帶給你的朋友們嗎?(被我?guī)Ф皇悄銕? (4) 不定式作狀語的用法。 不定式作狀語,修飾動詞,在句中表示目的、結(jié)果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。如: We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. in order (not) to,so as (not) to用來引導(dǎo)目的狀語,但so as to不能用于句首。soas to do, such 名詞as to do引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語。如:,專題七 正面解讀,The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. Im not such a fool as to believe that. 不定式還可以作修飾表語形容詞或補語形容詞的狀語。如: He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with? 注意:此時不定式用主動,而不需用被動。而且不及物動詞后的介詞不能遺漏。,專題七 正面解讀,(5) 不定式的完成式的特殊用法。 表示不定式中動詞發(fā)生的動作先于主句的謂語動詞發(fā)出的動作。如: The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported等常用于上面句型。 此外,glad,happy,satisfied,sorry,surprised,disappointed后也可接不定式的完成式。,專題七 正面解讀, 不定式的完成式還可表示“過去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語氣。 (A) would like/would love 不定式的完成式。 (B) was/were 不定式的完成式,表示該做某事或想做但未實現(xiàn)。 (C) expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish 不定式的完成式,表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。,專題七 正面解讀,(6) 不定式的省略。 兩個并列的不定式由and或or連接時,省略后面的不定式中的to。如: I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例:To be or not to be,this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示對比) 句中含有動詞do時,but,except,besides等后面的to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。如: He didnt do anything but complain. why not, had better,would rather,cant but等后省to。如:He could not but walk home.,專題七 正面解讀,(7) 不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話中,為了避免重復(fù),作賓語或補語的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時,to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動詞have或be的任何形式,后應(yīng)該保留原形be或have。如: Susan is not what she used to be. Id like /love /be happy to. You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have.,專題七 正面解讀,二、動名詞 動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特點,有一般式和完成式,有主動式和被動式之分,在句中可以作主語、賓 語、表語和定語。,專題七 正面解讀,1動名詞的基本構(gòu)成和意義,專題七 正面解讀,2. 動名詞的句法功能 (1) 作主語 動名詞作主語表示抽象的概念,通常直接置于句首,有時先用it作形式主語,把動名詞置于句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。如: Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真有趣。 It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。(諺語),專題七 正面解讀,(2) 作賓語 作動詞的賓語??山觿用~作賓語的動詞巧記如下: 考慮建議盼原諒(consider,suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon) 承認推遲沒得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy) 避免錯過繼續(xù)練(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise) 否認完成停止賞(deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate) 不禁介意準逃亡(cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape) 不準冒險憑想象(forbid, risk, imagine),專題七 正面解讀, 作動詞短語的賓語??山觿用~作賓語的動詞短語有: think of,depend on,set about,succeed in,worry about,think about,give up,put off,burst out,insist on,cant stand, be/get used to,devoteto,look forward to,pay attention to,get down to,object to,feel like,adapt to,dream of等。 三、分詞 分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。學(xué)習分詞要注意下面兩大問題:分詞的各種形式及其表達的時態(tài)和語態(tài)意義;分詞的句法功能。 1 分詞的各種形式及其表達的時態(tài)和語態(tài)意義,專題七 正面解讀,專題七 正面解讀,專題七 正面解讀,注意:了解分詞的各種形式及其表達的時態(tài)和語態(tài)意義,是正確理解和使用分詞的關(guān)鍵。,專題七 正面解讀,分詞的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義不同于謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),非謂語的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義都是相對而言的。具體地說,非謂語動詞的時態(tài)意義是和主句謂語動詞相對而言,例如:如果分詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,則可能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式,如果是在主句謂語動詞之前發(fā)生,則可能用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式。而語態(tài)意義則和分詞的邏輯主語有關(guān),如果分詞的動作與其邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞,如果與其邏輯主語是被動關(guān)系,則可能用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式,或過去分詞。所謂的邏輯主語即句子中與分詞形成邏輯關(guān)系的名詞或代詞。例如:分詞作狀語和表語時,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語。分詞作定語,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞或代詞。分詞作賓語補足語,其邏輯主語就是句子的賓語。,專題七 正面解讀,2 分詞的句法功能 (1) 作定語 Mike held a burning stick and Tom carried a gun. (The stick was burning.) How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields(that had been wasted )! Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the earths land area (which covers ). 分詞短語作定語有時和它所修飾的名詞或代詞發(fā)生分隔開來的現(xiàn)象。 There is a notice on the blackboard reading “An examination will be given next week. (which reads)”,專題七 正面解讀,(2) 作表語 We were excited at the news. His shoes were old and worn. (3) 作補語 包括賓語補足語和主語補足語。常用于see, leave, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等動詞之后以及with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中。 I saw Tom coming out of the house. No tricky words would move him. He kept his mouth tightly closed. We mustnt leave the work unfinished. He stood for some time with his hand still raised.,專題七 正面解讀,(4) 作狀語 分詞作狀語常表示時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨或結(jié)果、附加說明等。 Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life. (時間狀語) Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday. (原因狀語) Not having done it as he told us to, we were scolded. (原因狀語) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件狀語) He came running all the way. (方式狀語) The children headed towards school, followed by their dogs. (伴隨狀語),專題七 正面解讀,He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. (結(jié)果狀語) If the advertising fails, having no effect on sales, the whole programme will be reviewed. (附加說明) 注意: 分詞作結(jié)果狀語往往表示意料中的結(jié)果,而不定式作結(jié)果狀語則表示意料之外的結(jié)果。試比較: A terrible storm hit the area, causing great damage to the crops. He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left.,專題七 正面解讀,分詞作狀語時有時前面可加有連詞。如: Once, while working on a new invention, Edison made 8,000 tests without success. I wont go to his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting more. (5) 作插入語的分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。如: generally speaking一般說來 talking of (speaking of)說到 strictly speaking 嚴格地說,專題七 正面解讀,judging from 從判斷 all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration全面看來 Judging from his face, he must be ill.從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的動作),專題七 正面解讀,1 【誤】 We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall. 【解析】 考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth. 2 【誤】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析】 當序數(shù)詞或由序數(shù)詞所修飾的名詞帶定語時, 此定語通常由不定式來充當。,專題七 反面解讀,3 【誤】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析】 being discussed表示動作正在進行,而根據(jù)at tomorrows meeting可判斷動作發(fā)生在將來,故用to be discussed表示。 4 【誤】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析】 see,watch等動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,其后不定式一般需要帶to。,專題七 反面解讀,5 Ive been looking forward to hear from you. 【答案】 hear 改為hearing。 【解析】 短語look forward to中,to為介詞,所以應(yīng)用動名詞作賓語。 6 He admitted to have stolen the car. 【答案】 to have改為having。 【解析】 admit 后面跟動詞的ing形式作賓語。 7 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 【答案】 This改為 It。 【解析】 作形式主語,代替動詞的ing形式,只能用it。,專題七 反面解讀,8 The flowers need being watered. 【答案】 being watered改為watering或者to be watered。 【解析】 need, want, require等動詞的主語為物時,后面跟動名詞主動形式或接不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu),表示“需要被”。 9 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式通常不作定語或補語。 (1) 【誤】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated.,專題七 反面解讀,(2) 【誤】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 10作狀語的分詞,其邏輯主語必須同句中主語為同一人或同一事,現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語有主動關(guān)系,而過去分詞則與其邏輯主語有被動關(guān)系。 (1) 【誤】 Having found the cause, the experiment continued. 【正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. (Having foundAfter/When they had found),專題七 反面解讀,(2) 【誤】 Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 【正】 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (SeenWhen the city is seen) 11非謂語的否定式中,not必須放在非謂語的最前面。 (1) 【誤】 Having not finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. 【正】 Not having finished his homework, he didnt want to go to bed. (2) 【誤】 Mother warns us to not play in the street. 【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street.,專題七 反面解讀,1 The book mainly deals with the trouble students might have _ right from wrong. Adistinguishing Bdistinguished Cto distinguish Dto be distinguished 【解析】 A 考查固定搭配have trouble (in) doing sth.,只不過此題中的trouble提到前面作先行詞了。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,2. _ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. AConvinced BConvincing CTo convince DHaving convinced 【解析】 A 動詞convince表示“使確信”;be convinced of sth.“確信,相信”;此處用過去分詞作狀語。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,3 Be careful! Dont forget you are on a ladder. But you are holding it for me, nothing _ . Aworry about Bto worry about Cis worried about Dworrying about 【解析】 B 考查非謂語動詞。“小心點。別忘了你在梯子上?!薄暗悄惴鲋?,沒什么可擔心的?!辈欢ㄊ絫o worry about作后置定語。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,4 He looked at me, with an expression _ that he felt even more puzzled. Aindicate Bindicates Cindicating Dindicated 【解析】 C with an expression indicating為with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),其中an expression為邏輯主語,indicate與這個邏輯主語之間有主動關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,5Your cousin is said _ a new computer programme recently, but do you know when he will finish it? Ato design Bto be designing Cto have been designing Dto have designed 【解析】 C 本題考查不定式的用法。句意為:你的堂兄最近一直在設(shè)計一組電腦程序,你知道他什么時候完成嗎?sb be said to do為固定用法,由recently可知,設(shè)計程序是從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作,應(yīng)用to have been doing結(jié)構(gòu)。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,6 When John came to himself, he found himself _ in the hospital, but he didnt know how that had come _. Astaying; around Blying; about Clied; across Dlying; into being 【解析】 B find himself lying發(fā)現(xiàn)他自己正躺在;come about意為“發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生”。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,7 He claimed _ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. Abeing badly treated Btreating badly Cto be treated badly Dto have been badly treated 【答案】 D,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,8 Why are the students working so hard these days? _ ready for the coming entrance examination. ATo get BGet CGetting DGot 【解析】 A 本題考查非謂語動詞。聯(lián)系語境可知,這些日子學(xué)生們努力學(xué)習是為即將到來的考試做準備,動詞不定式作目的狀語。故A項正確。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,9 If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades _ ,water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world. Acoming Bhaving come Cto come Dto be coming 【解析】 C 本題考查非謂語動詞。用不定式表示將要到來的。句意為:如果在將來的幾十年水資源變得稀少,那么水資源的缺乏將會成為全球比較熱門的一個話題。 10The party was a success,but we thought it a pity not _ you. Ato invite Bto be inviting Cto have invited Dto be invited 【答案】 C,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,11Hearing the 2009 World Winter University Games _ open,all the people in the Harbin Sports Center Gym burst into cheers. Adeclare Bdeclared Cdeclaring Dto be declared 【解析】 B 考查過去分詞的用法。很顯然選項B和其邏輯主語the 2009 World Winter University Games是被動關(guān)系,選B。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,12As the light turned green,I stood for a moment, not _ and asked myself what I was going to do. Amoved Bmoving Cto move Dbeing moved 【解析】 B move的邏輯主語就是句子的主語,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞,not moving 作伴隨狀語。如果不注意分析,很容易受并列的謂語動詞stoodand asked干擾而誤選A。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,13An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school _ actively in the competition. Aparticipate Bparticipated Cparticipating Dto participate 【解析】 D 句意為:比賽有獎,這使得我校很多學(xué)生積極參加了比賽。cause sb. to do sth. 為固定用法。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,14The boy the teachers considered _ was caught _ in the exam, which surprised us very much. Ato be the best; cheating Bas the best student; to cheat Cbeing the best; cheating Das a good student; to cheat 【解析】 A the teachers considered _作定語,修飾the boy;considerto be意為“把看作”;catch sb. doing sth. 意為“抓到某人正在干某事”。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,15Tourists all over the world come to visit the Summer Palace in Beijing, _ the combination of nature and culture. Aenjoyed Bhaving enjoyed Cto have enjoyed Denjoying 【解析】 D 考查非謂語動詞的用法。 enjoying 引導(dǎo)的分詞短語在句中作伴隨狀語。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,16Where is Tom?I have something important to tell him. I last saw him _ in the library reading. Asit Bseated Cseating Dsat 【解析】 B 本題考查非謂語動詞。題干句子空白處用seated作賓語補足語,因為seat是及物動詞和賓語him之間的邏輯關(guān)系是動賓關(guān)系。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,17Something as simple as _ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. Ato eat Beating Cto be eating Deaten 【解析】 B 考查非謂語動詞。空格前的as為介詞,其后的動詞應(yīng)用其動名詞形式。句意為:童年時像吃蔬菜這樣的簡單事也許會對你后來預(yù)防疾病有好處。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,18Tom woke up late and left home without breakfast _ another long and boring day at school. Ahaving anticipated Banticipated Cbeing anticipated Danticipating 【解析】 D 本題考查非謂語動詞。句意為:Tom醒得很遲,沒有吃早飯就離開家了,預(yù)期在學(xué)校又是漫長、枯燥的一天。本句中,應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作狀語。選D。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,192010江蘇卷 The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _ the students to return to their classrooms. Aenabling Bhaving enabled Cto enable Dto have enabled 【解析】 A 本題考查非謂語動詞?,F(xiàn)在分詞短語作謂語動詞donated的結(jié)果狀語。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,202010江西卷 There were many talented actors out there just waiting _. Ato discover Bto be discovered Cdiscovered Dbeing discovered 【解析】 B 考查非謂語動詞的用法。waiting to be discovered意為“等待被發(fā)現(xiàn)”。,專題七 實戰(zhàn)演練,21Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ fro
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