高考英語如何猜測單詞的含義.ppt

The first lies in our belief that the world makes senses-there is a reason for everything that happens. With a diameter of 1,200km,it is half that of Pluto-unusually large for a moon in relation to its primary. Chinas entry to the WTO also creates hurdles for income rises,There is an explanation for everything in the word.,planet,difficulties,如何猜測單詞 或短語的含義 邳州二中 高三英語備課組,知 識 構(gòu) 建,大綱要求：根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的意義。 測試方式：一是閱讀理解中有3%的生詞（不包括根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法可以推斷詞義的詞），可能會對正確理解文意造成障礙；二是閱讀理解設(shè)題中設(shè)有猜測詞義題，所設(shè)的詞匯或短語可能是熟悉的，也有可能是不熟悉的。,考 查 形 式,1. The phrase “” in the “”could be replaced by . 2. The word “” in the third paragraph refers to . 3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the passage? 4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase“ ”？ 5. The word “”most likely means .,能 力 提 升,生詞本身 內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系 針對性解釋 經(jīng)驗常識,生 詞 本 身,點撥：有些英語單詞是根據(jù)英語構(gòu)詞法的一些規(guī)則構(gòu)成的，根據(jù)學(xué)過的詞法知識可以推測出他們所構(gòu)成的新詞的詞義。,例如：This possibility was unforeseeable，because it almost never happened.,分析：unforeseeable,分析unforeseeable,unforeseeable un fore see able,不,先、前、預(yù),看見,能的； 可以的,不可預(yù)見的,注意一些表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的詞和短語：though, as, although, despite, while, in spite of ,still , but, yet , while, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, unlike, not, instead等。,1、根據(jù)對比關(guān)系推測詞義,點撥：對比是描述和說明事物的常用方式。在對比中，對比的事物是相反的，因此根據(jù)對比或反義關(guān)系可從已知推出未知。,例1： A good manager can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.,分析： 句子前后是對比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人和非熟練工人區(qū)別開。,分析：be a hassle be a basket of fun,例2：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun .(02 NMET E) A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests,2、根據(jù)同類關(guān)系推測詞義,例1：Although he often had the chance, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.,分析：作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞，用其同義詞jeopardize來替代，由此可以推知其詞義。,點撥：同類關(guān)系指在句中作同一成分且詞義屬于同一范疇的近義詞或同義詞。這時可以從熟悉的詞語中推出新詞的含義。可以表示同類關(guān)系的常用詞有as, or, similarly, like, just as, also等。,3、根據(jù)同位語推測詞義,分析：由or引出的同位語推測為“電容量”。,例如：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits（電路）.,點撥：為了強調(diào)某個重點或把某事敘述的更明白，作者有時運用不同的詞語或語句來表達同一概念，構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。同位語兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等。同位語前常有or, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e.等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。,4、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系推測詞義,分析：以因果關(guān)系為線索，可確定engrossed的意思為“被吸引，全神貫注”。,例1：The teacher did not hear the knock at the door because he was completely engrossed in his reading.,點撥：在句子或段落中，若兩個事物或現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞的詞義。這種生詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系的句子中，引導(dǎo)詞有because, since, as, for, so, therefore, so/suchthat, so that等。,例2：The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important to the growth of tender shoots, of young leaves. A. regular cutting of the plants B. frequent watering C. regular use of chemicals D. growing the plant high in the mountain,5、根據(jù)舉例推測詞義,分析：由后文引出的wars and great scientific discoveries可以猜出epochal的大致意義是“重要的”，這與其確切意義“劃時代的”十分接近。,例1：The results of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not limited to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,點撥：作者為了說明或證實某事，經(jīng)常會在文章中舉例。這些例子可以幫助我們推測詞義常用詞有for example, for instance, such as, like等。,例2：Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. ( 04 北京 D) A. still exists B. keeps its shape C. still stays solid D. is beyond reach,6、根據(jù)上下文推測詞義,分析：archaeologist為“考古學(xué)家”。,例1:Our earth is very old. It holds many secrets about life in the past. Archaeologists dig in the ground and bring out these secrets. They discover objects thousands of years old that inform us about how people lived long ago.,點撥：閱讀材料中的每個詞或短語與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著相互制約的關(guān)系，可以利用語境推測和判斷某些詞語的含義。,分析：根據(jù)第二個句子的意思，可推測“Where is the beef?”之意為“證據(jù)在哪里 ？”,例2：One of the newest American expression is “Where is the beef?” It questions if it is as good or as honest as it claims to be.,1、根據(jù)定義推測詞義,分析：由定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是“困境”。,例1：In slang(俚語)the term “jam” refers to a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.,點撥：有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義。定義句的謂語動詞通常為be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as等。,例2：“ecopassages” may help animals cross the road without being hurt by cars. They are paths both over and under roads. (05 浙江 , B) A. an underground path for cars B. a fence built for the safety of the area C. a bridge for animals to get over a river D. a pass for animals to cross the road,2、根據(jù)定語從句推測詞義,分析：根據(jù)生詞SAD后面的定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder可以推斷出SAD的含義為“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。,例1：Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder.,點撥：定語從句是對先行詞的修飾、限定、解釋或說明。介于此，我們可以推測出詞義。,分析：a restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food,例2：Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar, and reindeer with surprising sauces. (04 , 福建 E),經(jīng) 驗 常 識,分析：因為“年輕的胡佛去世了”，所以根據(jù)我們的常識可推測funeral意為“葬禮”。,例1：Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.,點撥：根據(jù)上下文的語言環(huán)境，運用生活常識和邏輯推理能力猜測生詞的詞義也是一種行之有效的方法。,例2：I feel that since you are my superior（上司）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do. (05 上海 B) A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet,例3：said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.(05NMET B) A. one branch of an organization B. a written agreement of a club C. one part of a collection of poems D. a period in a societys history,鞏 固 訓(xùn) 練,1、Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. 2、Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 3、Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 4、Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 5、There were so many people in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.,突出（構(gòu)詞法）,愛交際的（對比關(guān)系）,語義學(xué)（同位語）,有害的（同類關(guān)系）,擠過（因果關(guān)系）,6、Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions. 7、Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 8、The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. 9、14,000 sanitation workers carry off, yearly, three million tons of refuse and keep 7,500 miles of streets clean and free of snow.,（家用）電器 （舉例）,人類學(xué)（定義）,（門窗等的）過梁（經(jīng)驗常識）,環(huán)衛(wèi)工人（上下文）,上下文,10、“Why didnt you keep the money? ” asked the thief. The professor relied, “I couldnt because it is not mine.” Then he walked off, spurning the thiefs offer of a reward.(02 上海春季 A) A. accepting B. claiming C. rejecting D. canceling 11、One of Britains bravest women told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected police killer David Bieberand was thanked with flowers by the police. It was also said that she could be in line for a share of up to 30,000 reward money.(04 湖南 E) A. get B. be paid C. ask for D. own 12、There is no cure for Alzheimers. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help the