寫作Unit5ResearchPaperwriting-byWHZ.ppt

Research Paper,Chapter 5,Outline,Definition General steps Sections comprising a research paper,Definition,A research paper is a presentation of a researchers investigations on a selected topic backed up by the ideas or information of others in the field.,Steps to a research paper,Choosing the topic Specific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones. A broad topic: The Importance of Economics A specific topic: International Cooperation as Exemplified by the World Bank,It is aimed to tell other people your findings and claims on a selected topic.,Collecting information,Bibliographical information,When gathering second-hand information, jot down full bibliographical information (author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers, URLs, creation or modification dates on Web pages, and your date of access) on your work sheet for later retrieval.,Evaluating materials Analyze, synthesize, sort and digest the information collected.,Outlining the paper An outline helps you to think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing.,A Sample outline I. Introduction II. Body A. Weight control 1. Aids self-control 2. Burns calories 3. Encourages a healthy diet 4. Suppresses appetite B. Psychological well-being 1. Aids sleep 2. Inhibits depression 3. Intensifies vitality III. Conclusion,Write a rough draft; Revise the draft as often as necessary; Edit the format of the text, citations, notes and bibliography according to the requirements of a journal you want to contribute this paper.,Writing the paper,Overview of a Research Paper,The front matter The body The end matter,The front matter,Title: Research theme Authors name(s) Abstract: Conceptional description (the scope); Procedures and methodology; Main findings, conclusion and implications or suggestions key words : Terms to generalize research concerns,The body,Introduction method results or findings discussion and conclusion,Introduction,The purpose and background of present study The scope and focus to develop the study Problems, argumentation and hypothesis,Method,Theoretical framework or models and research design Experimental apparatus and procedures Descriptions of data treatment,Results or Findings,Figures (graphs, tables and diagrams) Generalization of the results Comments or explanations of the results,Discussion and Conclusion,A brief review of original hypothesis and other researchers findings Highlights or further explanations of the findings of the present study Limitations of the dstudy Suggesting implications,The end matter,references and appendixes Following one of the two main types of reference formats: APA and MLA,Abstract Writing,An abstract describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper. An abstract has to be interesting and informative. As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today, abstracts have become increasingly important. So everything relevant to potential readers should be in the abstract.,Two types of abstract,Informative abstract extracts everything relevant from the paper, including the primary research objective or purpose, method employed in solving the problems, principal findings or results, and major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper.,Descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form. But it does not capture the specific content of the paper, owing to which it is less common.,Structure of an informative abstract,BackgroundWhy do you want to do the research? Research question What question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper? MethodHow (what material, what method, and what procedures do you get answers to your research question? ResultsWhat is your answer to the question? ConclusionWhat implications does the answer imply?,Features of an abstract,Concise Objective Consistent Complete Brief,Useful expressions,To define the background and argument of the present study Although (the research subject), (the related problem) is as yet undetermined. (The research subject); however, (the related problem)remains unsolved.,(Problems in certain research area) are, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned, because While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to, (the present agreement) is still problematic. (Previous studies) have examined,( the related problem) is that,despite,This paper advances the view that The purpose/intention of this paper is that The primary goal/aim of this paper is that The work /investigation presented in this paper focuses on This research is designed to determine/ measure/evaluate The author intends/attempts to outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of,To state the purpose of the present study,To present results, findings and conclusion,The results are as follows The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that; it is also found that The analysis of the sample indicates that The data obtained seem to be very similar to those reported earlier by It is concluded that; the results also imply the further study into,These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that Based on /upon the outcome/findings of the research, As a result of the current experiments, we conclude that The author points out/ recommends/concludes that In summing up it may be stated that All the preliminary results throw light on the nature of These findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusion that,References,Embedding the own work in related literature is one of the essential parts of research paper writing. So there are citations of literatures in the text, which is called in-text citation, as well as a list of references which have been cited in the text at the end of the paper, which is called “References” in APA style or “Works cited ”in MLA style.,Structures of reference,The most widely used reference styles are APA(American Psychological Association) and MLA(Modern language Association) styles. APA style is most frequently used in journal papers of Social and Natural Sciences while MLA style is used in many papers of Liberal Arts and Humanities. (, ),APA style,In-text citation. Journals adopting APA style use the author-date method of in-text citation: the surname of the author which does not include suffixes such as Jr., and the year of publication are inserted in parentheses in the text at the appropriate point. For example: The result of graph grammars (Engelfriet, 1997) is for NR, but the result of hypergraph grammars(Heyker,1992)is for HR.,In APA style, the section listing the different literatures which have been cited in the text is titled as “References”. Each entry of the reference list should generally follow the following basic format.,Reference list,For articles from periodicals:,Author, A. A., Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C.(Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. For example: Koehl, P. and Levitt M. (1999). A brighter future for protein structure prediction. Nature structural biology, 6(2),108-112.,For books:,Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. For example: Jones, W. J. & Miller, R. P. (2002). Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.,For electronic sources:,Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).Title of article. Title of Online periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved monthday, year, from /full/url/ For Example Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from /articles/writeliving,Note,Entries in References List are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author. One-author entries by the same author are arranged by the year of publication.,MLA style,In-text citation. Journals adopting APA style use the author-page method of in-text citation, whether in the form of direction, paraphrase or summery. For example: Classic novels are characterized by the “unique characters”(Petty 168). Petty extensively explored the role of characters in the creative process of classic novels(168).,For articles in periodicals:,Last name, First name of the author(s). “Title of the Article.” Title of Journal Volume. Issue (Year): pages. (The title of the journal may also be in italics if not underlined.) For example Fox, Janna. ”Technical Writing Skills.” Second Language Writing 3(1999): 202-16.,Works Cited list. In MLA style, the section listing all the literatures which have been cited in the text of the paper is titled “Works Cited”. Each entry of the Works Cited list generally follows the following basic format.,For books:,Last name, First name of the author. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. (The title of the book may also be in italics if not underlined.) For example Palmer, John. Chaos: a New Theory. London: Penguin Books, 1991.,For electronic sources:,Last name, First name of the author (s). “Title of the section you used.” Title of the entire source. Volume or issue number (year or date of publication): pages (if applicab