自考英語(二)復習資料.doc.doc

1 自考英語（二）章節(jié)復習資料匯總 重點單詞擴充講解： 1. organizational: a 組織上的 由此我們可以聯想到： organize: v 組織； organization: n 組織； organizer: n 組織者 請看下列習題，選擇該組詞里恰當的詞填空： 1). Last week, our school _ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _. 4). He is the _ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目標； a 客觀的，反義詞 subjective: 主觀的 3. predict: v 預言、預示； 由此我們可以聯想到： prediction: n 預言； predictable: a 可預測的； predictor: n 預言家 4. simplify: v 簡化 由此我們可以聯想到： simple: a 簡單的； simply: ad 簡單地，僅僅地； simplification: n 簡化； simplified: a 被簡化的。 Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is _ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while _ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _ a question of procedure. 4). The _ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple； simplified； simply； simplification 5. tendency: n 趨勢、傾向； tend : v 傾向于， tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 經理的、經營上的； 由此我們可以聯想到： manage: v 管理、經 營； management: n； manager: n 經營者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可經營的。 7. argue: v 爭辯、爭論，常用固定搭配： argu with sb about/over sth 由于某事而同某人爭論； argue sb into doing sth 說服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth 說服某人不要做某事。 e.g. 1. The young couple always argue with each other over their child s education. 2. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 8. define: v 給下定義； definition: n 定義 9. profitability: n 賺錢， 獲利 由此我們可以聯想到： profit: n 利潤； profitable: a 有利可圖的 , 有好處的； profitless: a 沒有利潤的。 1). He has made a _ from running a small restaurant. 2). The deal was _ to all of us. 3). They valued _ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision. Answer: profit, profitable； profitability. 10. correctness: n 正確性； 字根： correct: a 正確的； v 糾正， correction: n 糾正； incorrect: a 不正確的。 2 11. unintended: a 非計劃中的， 由此我們可以聯想到： intend: v 打算，計劃； intention: n ； intended: a 計劃中的 課文難句講解、分析 1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1) 譯： 決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。 分析：該句是主系表結構。 made from among alternative courses of action that are available 是過去分詞短語做定語修飾 a choice； 其中 that are available 是定語從句修飾 courses of action. 像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結構在英文中很普遍，因此為了看懂句子大家必須學會分析。這是整個英語學習過程中很重要的能力！ 2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1) 譯：做出決策的原因是因為存在問題，目標或目的有錯誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實現。 分析：該句又是主系表結構。 That 引導三個并列的表語從句， a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong； something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短語： make a decision:做出決策； stand in the way: 阻擋、防礙 3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. (p2) 譯：通常管理者必須對未來的情況做出最佳預測，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生，但因為不確定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風險。 分析：前半句是主謂賓結構。 what the future will be 是 at 的賓語； as little as possible 做 leave 的賓語； since 引導原因狀語從句，相當于 because. 4. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3) 譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會有決策。 分析：這是一句很簡單的條件狀語從句，但它有一個很重要的考點： to be made。這是動詞不定式做定語修飾 decision，有將來意味。比如： The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves. 5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3) 譯：對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。 分析：這句話的考點是 based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同樣是過去分詞短語做定語修飾 constraints。其中詞組： base on 以為基礎。 如： The film is based on s short story by Jack London. 6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4) 譯：但是這種簡化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。 分析：該句主語 the tendency to simplify，謂語 blinds； them 是賓語。 to simplify 是定語，修飾 the tendency； to other alternatives 是賓補。其中短語： blind sb to sth:使看不見； we shouldn t let our prejudices blind us to the facts. 7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4-6) 譯：因為個人（和組織）關于如何達到目的常有不同的觀點，哪種是 最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。 分析：這是一個由 because 引導的原因狀語從句。其中 how to attain the goals 做介詞 about 的賓語，who makes the decision 做介詞 on 的賓語。 3 8. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2-4) 譯：其中有一些目標比其它的更重要，但其順序和重要程度因人和不同的部門而異。 分析：請注意比較級 more important than，詞組： vary from person to person 譯成中文：因人而異，可以推出：因季節(jié)而異 vary from season to season . 9. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7 line 5-7) 譯：當面對同一件日常事情時，銷售經理傾向于看銷售問題，而生產經理則會看生產相關的問題，等等。 分析：前半部分為常考內容，它是 when + 過去分詞短語，構成時間狀語部分。其中詞組： be presented with = be faced with 當面對 When faced with difficulties, we should be brave. 10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9) 譯：人們經常假設一項決策是孤立的現象。 分析：句子結構簡單：主謂賓（從句）。其中 assume: = imagine； isolated: adj 孤立的。 phenomenon: n 現象；復數變化較特殊： phenomena 重點單詞、詞組詳講 1. interview: n/v 采訪、面試； interviewer: n 采訪者； interviewee: n 被采訪者 e.g. 1. Whos the most famous person youve ever interviewed on TV? 2. In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning. 2. criticism: n 批評，評論； criticize: v 批評； critical: a 批評的、挑剔的、關鍵的； critic: n 評論家 , 請?zhí)钐羁础?1 He is a literary _. 2 We are at a _time in our history. 3 He cant take _. 4 The boy was _ by his father for being late for school. Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized 3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不關心； indifferent: a 冷漠的，反義詞： enthusiastic: 熱情的 cf: different: a 不同的，名詞： difference； 反義詞： same. 4. inefficiency: n 無效，由此聯想得到： efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的 5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n 6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申請某物 e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa. 7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辭勞苦、費力地做某事 e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, youd know what I was talking about. 8. put oneself in somebodys place: 設身處地 If you put yourself in your mothers place, you will understand why she is so worried about you. 9. in hand: 手頭上有，進行中 Ive got enough money in hand to buy a new car. 10. turn down: 調小，降低，拒絕 Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping. He turned down the job because the pay isnt good enough. 課文難句分析 4 1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. （ p2） 譯：這里的關鍵詞是準備和自信，它們將使你前程遠大。 分析： which will carry you far 非限定性定語從句，修飾 preparation and confidence。另外 請注意：key 關鍵的； preparation 是 prepare 的名詞； confidence: n 信心。 Confident: a 有信心的； self-confidence: 自信心。 2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4) 譯：了解你所申請的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。 分析： you are applying for 定語，修飾 the job； you hope to work for 定語修飾 the origination。詞組：apply to sb for sth 向某人申請什么。 3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6) 譯：它表明你對雇主和你的工作的態(tài)度冷漠，不感興趣。 分析： it 主語； shows 謂語； an unattractive indifference 賓語； to your employer and to your job 間接賓語。 Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，請注意： indifference: 冷漠，漠視。 4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7) 分析： who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job 全部都是定語，修飾 somebody。注意介詞 with 表示帶有。； have interest in sth 對有興趣。 5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8) 譯：你找到的任何有關未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費了心思去掌握一些關于你希望為其工作的人的事實。 分析：從這個句子的長度大家也能看出這是一個復雜句。主體結構為： anything can be used to your advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer 是定語從句； during the interview 狀語； to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for 是目的狀語； who you hope to work for 是另外一個定語從句修飾 the people. 詞組： to your advantage: 對你有利；work for sb 為某人工作。 6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. (p10) 譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請對方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。 分析：基本句型： not be afraid to do sth； 不要害怕去做某事； ask for clarification 要求澄清； that has been said during the interview 定語，修飾 something； what was implied 賓語； do be polite: 其中 do 為了強調，如： do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us! 7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16) 譯： 拿著邀請你面試的通知書，以防萬一交談出現困難時顯示。 分析：這是一個祈使句。 Have 動詞，拿著； the letter 賓語； inviting you for an interview 現在分詞做定語； ready to show 狀語； in case there is any difficulty in communication 條件狀語從句；詞組： there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth 在方面有困難。如： We have some difficulty speaking English fluently. 8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. (p20) 譯：由五個人構成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。 5 分析：這句話的重點在于 that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn 是一個同位語從句，是對 little likelihood 的解釋。其中： likelihood: n 可能性，相當于 possibility； go through 經歷； in turn:輪流。 9. Would you mind rephrasing the question, please? (p23) 譯：您介意換個說法來問這個問題嗎？ 分析：考點 mind doing sth. 如： Would you mind turning down the TV? 語法：介紹 as 的相關用法 as 是一個乍一看簡單，但實際在英語中用法很復 雜的小詞。從詞類上講，可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關系代詞；從語法功能角度來看，可以構成介詞賓語，引導原因狀語從句，時間狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，比較狀語從句和定語從句。此外 as 還出現在很多固定搭配中，如： as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc. 請看下列例句 ,并請分析出 as 的具體用法。 1. I work as an English teacher in a middle school. 2. Run as fast as you can. 3. Young as he is, he knows more than I. 4. Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang. 5. Please do as I have told you. 6. As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children. 7. Such people as you have described are rare now Learn new words and phrases 1. astronomer: n 天文學家； astronomy: n 天文學 2.explode: v 爆炸 ,由此聯想： explosive: a 爆炸性的 /n 炸藥； explosion: n 爆炸 1). When the bomb_, many people were seriously wounded. 2). The unexpected _ frightened the little girl. 3). It might be possible to convert _ energy into heat. Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive 3. density: n 密度；聯想產生： dense: a 密度大的，反義詞： sparse； densely: ad 高密度地； densely-populated 人口稠密的； sparsely-populated 人口稀疏的 1). The _ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction. 2). The business area of the city is _ populated. 3). This liquid has a much greater _ than water. Answers: dense, densely, density 4. shrink: v 收縮、退縮、縮水 1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a childs size. 2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood. 5. measurement: n 衡量、測量； 由此聯想： measure: n 措施 /v 衡量、測量； measurable: a 可衡量的，可測量的 1). We must take _ to protect our environment. 2). We have come within _ distance of success. 3). Clocks give us a _ of time. 4). There the rainfall is _ not in inches but in feet. Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured 6.implication: n 含義、暗示； imply: v 暗示 7. basis: n 基礎、根據， 由此可以聯想得到： base: n 底部； v 以為底，為根據； basic: a 基礎的，根本的； 6 basically: ad 根本上來說 , 1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid _. 2). The furniture of out dorm is really _: two beds, two chairs and tables. 3). The charges are false for they are not _ on proven facts. 4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the _ workable one. Answers: basis, basic, based, basically 8. observatory: n 天文臺；由此可以聯想得到： observe: v 觀察； observation: n 觀察； observer: n 觀察家 9. convincing: a 有說服力的，使人信服的； convince: v 使人信服； convinced: a 感到有說服力的，常見搭配： convince sb of sth； convince sb that 1). He gave us a convincing speech. 2). He convinced me f his sincerity. 10. operate: v 運轉、操作、動手術； operation : n 手術，操作； operator: 操作者 11. research into 對進 行研究 She is researching into possible cures for AIDS. 12. swallow up: 吞沒、耗盡 Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies. 13. apply to sb/sth：適用于某人 /某事，請對比： apply to sb for sth 向某人申請某事； apply A to B 將 A 應用于 B 1). You should apply what you have learned to your work. 2). I applied to him for a new job. 3). The study method doesnt apply to everyone Analyze the important sentences among the text 1. Well, its difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1) 譯：哦，這個問題很難回答，因為我們通常用來描述一種科學現象的現有術語在這里不夠用。 句子分析： it 是形式主語， to answer this question 是句子主語； since 引導原因狀語從句， we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon 是定語從句，修飾 terms； inadequate: 不充分的， 不合格的。 2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape-not even light. (p1) 譯：天文學家和科學家認為黑洞是一個空間區(qū)域，而不是一個物體，物質會掉進黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。 句子分析： into which 和 from which 引導兩個定語從句，介詞： into 和 fall 搭配； from 和 escape 搭配。這種介詞 +which 的定語從句的形式請多注意。 3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2) 譯：（關于黑洞形成的）理論就是一些星球的密度增長到某個特定的點就會爆炸。 句子分析：這是一個主系表結構句。 that 用來引導表語從句，不可省略。其中又 包含一個 when 引導的時間狀語從句。 to a particular point 是達到某一個特定的點的含義。 4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2) 譯：但如果星球很大（比我們的太陽還要大得多），其收縮過程可能很劇烈，以致于產生了黑洞。 句子分析：這是一個 if 引導的條件 狀語從句， so that 表示如此以致，是結果狀語從句。 如： Im so tired that I can even sleep on my way home. 7 5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2) 譯：假想一下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大，但仍具有同樣的質量和更強的吸引力，你就會對黑洞的力量又某種概念。 句子分析：該句的主要結構為 imagine .and you 事實上相當于 if you imagine , you will have some idea . 這種句子結構在歷年的考試中曾出現過。請記?。浩硎咕?+ and + 陳述句 = if 引導的條件狀語從句。如： Hurry up and you can catch the last train! 另外，該句還有兩個定語成分 reduced to the size of a marble 和 having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull 用來修飾 the earth.前者為過去分詞，而后者為現在分詞。詞組： have some idea of sth 對有所了解 6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13-14) 譯：只是近來科學家才開始對黑洞進行具體的研究。 句子分析：本句的核心結構為 it is that 的強調句型，強調時間狀語 only recently。詞組： research into sth 對進行研究。 7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4) 譯：有關黑洞最有說服力的證據來自對雙星體系的研究。 句子分析：該句主語 evidence，謂語 comes from；賓語 research into binary star systems。 The most convincing 是定語，修飾 evidence.其中請注意 convincing:令人信服的，通常修飾物的形容詞多以 -ing 結尾；而修飾人的多以 -ed 結尾。如： I feel excited after hearing the surprising news. 8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. (p4) 譯：我們所看到的星球的物質正在被吸引到伴星去。 句子分析：主語 matter； 謂語 is being pulled，這是一個進行被動語態(tài)； towards the companion star介詞賓語； from the one which we can see 定語。 9. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. (p5line4-6) 譯：另一方面，科學家也提出有一天高科技會利用黑洞的力量為人類服務。 句子分析：請注意在本句中 suggest 不是建議的含義，是指出、指明的意思。 advanced 高級的、先進的； make use of sth 利用，該詞組可以拓展成： make good use of 好好加以利用； make full use of 充分加以利用。 10. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5) 譯：他們展示給我們一個不同于我們自己的世界運行方式的世界，并對我們最基本的時空經驗提出了質疑。 句子分析：這個句子復雜在于：從 which 引導的很長的定語從句，特別注意 ；operate： v 操作； in a way以某種方式； be different from 同不同； question: v 質疑，詢問 Learn new words and phrases 1. resolve: v 旋轉，常見搭配關系為： resolve around sb/sth 圍繞轉。 She spends all of her time resolving around her family. The earth resolves around the sun. 2. solar: a 太陽的，日光的 solar energy 太陽能； solar system 太陽系； solar month 陽歷月 3. concerned: a 有關的、擔心的 Her job is something concerned with computer. He is concerned about the result of the exam. 8 4. colored: a 有色的，對比； colorful: a 豐富多彩的 I like orange-colored coat. Everybody likes colorful life. 5. religion: n 宗教， religious: a 虔誠的； 請對比： region: n 地區(qū)； regional: a 地區(qū)的 6. circumstance: n 情況、境遇； Under no circumstances can we waste time. 7. a great many = a number of = many 很多，修飾復數名詞。而 a great deal of + u.n A great many students are absent today. I have wasted a great deal of time. 8. above all: 首先、首要 After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family. 9. as a rule: 通常、一般而言 As a rule, I only watch sports news. Analyze the important sentences among the text: 1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1) 譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運行的一顆行星。 句子分析： first of all 首先，詞組： consider sth as sth 把當作，與之類似的詞組還有： look up sth as sth； review sth as sth； treat sth as sth ； revolving around the sun 是現在分詞短語作定語修飾 a planet。 2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1) 譯：這九大行星和太陽一起構成我們所說的太陽系。 句子分析：該句主語為： These nine planets；謂語是 make up； what is called our solar system 是賓語； together with the sun 是狀語，而并非句子主語。關于該語法內容請見本講后面的 grammar-主謂一致。 3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery (p1) 譯：這個奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的？什么使它保持極其精確的運轉，很大程度上現在還是一個謎。 句子分析：這也是一個主語很復雜的句子： How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy 是主語，它是一個主語從句。關于該語法內容請見本講后面的 grammar-主謂一致。 4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4) 譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。 句子分析：該句的核心句型是 A + be + 倍數 + as + adj + as + B. e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean. 5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5) 譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因為他們影響著所流經區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因為它們攜帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構成魚類食品的一大部分。 句子分析：這是一個由 because引導的主從復合句，其中 close to where they flow是定語，修飾 the land areas；詞組： large quantities of + c.n/u.n； which forms a large part of the food for fishes 是定語從句修飾 animal and vegetable life。其中 life 是指生命，不可數名詞。 9 6. The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it o