畢業(yè)論文--完全壟斷市場(chǎng)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)翻譯中文+英文

完全壟斷市場(chǎng) 完全壟斷市場(chǎng)指在市場(chǎng)上只存在一個(gè)供給者和眾多需求者的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。完全壟斷市場(chǎng)的假設(shè)條件有三個(gè)點(diǎn)：第一，市場(chǎng)上只有唯一個(gè)廠商生產(chǎn)和銷售商品；第二，該廠商生產(chǎn)的商品沒有任何接近的替代品；第三，其他廠商進(jìn)入該行業(yè)都極為困難或不可能，所以壟斷廠商可以控制和操縱市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。 特點(diǎn) 1. 廠商數(shù)目唯一，一家廠商控制了某種產(chǎn)品的全部供給。完全壟斷市場(chǎng)上壟斷企業(yè)排斥其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，獨(dú)自控制了一個(gè)行業(yè)的供給。由于整個(gè)行業(yè)僅存在唯一的供給者，企業(yè)就是行業(yè)。 2. 完全壟斷企業(yè)是市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的制定者。由于壟斷企業(yè)控制了整個(gè) 行業(yè)的供給，也就控制了整個(gè)行業(yè)的價(jià)格，成為價(jià)格制定者。完全壟斷企業(yè)可以有兩種經(jīng)營(yíng)決策：以較高價(jià)格出售較少產(chǎn)量，或以較低價(jià)格出售較多產(chǎn)量。 3. 完全壟斷企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品不存在任何相近的替代品。否則，其他企業(yè)可以生產(chǎn)替代品來代替壟斷企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品，完全壟斷企業(yè)就不可能成為市場(chǎng)上唯一的供給者。因此消費(fèi)者無其它選擇。 4. 其他任何廠商進(jìn)入該行業(yè)都極為困難或不可能，要素資源難以流動(dòng)。完全壟斷市場(chǎng)上存在進(jìn)入障礙，其他廠商難以參與生產(chǎn)。 完全壟斷市場(chǎng)和完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)一樣，都只是一種理論假定，是對(duì)實(shí)際中某些產(chǎn)品的一種抽象，現(xiàn)實(shí)中絕 大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品都具有不同程度的替代性。 原因 壟斷市場(chǎng)形成的原因很多，最根本的一個(gè)原因就是為了建立和維護(hù)一個(gè)合法的或經(jīng)濟(jì)的壁壘。從而阻止其他企業(yè)進(jìn)入該市場(chǎng)，以便鞏固壟斷企業(yè)的壟斷地位。壟斷企業(yè)作為市場(chǎng)唯一的供給者，很容易控制市場(chǎng)某一種產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量及其市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，從而可連續(xù)獲得壟斷利潤(rùn)。具體地說，壟斷市場(chǎng)形成的主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面： 1.生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì) 在生產(chǎn)的社會(huì)化發(fā)展過程中，自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)自然而然在引起生產(chǎn)和資本的集中，而當(dāng)生產(chǎn)和資本的集中發(fā)展到一定階段以后，就必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生壟斷?？梢詮膬蓚€(gè)方面來分析這個(gè)問題：一方面，生 產(chǎn)和資本的集中發(fā)展到一定階段時(shí)就產(chǎn)生了壟斷的可能性。因?yàn)楫?dāng)生產(chǎn)和資本發(fā)展到一定階段后，生產(chǎn)和資本逐步集中到少數(shù)的大企業(yè)手中，他們之間就容易達(dá)到協(xié)議，形成壟斷，使其操縱、控制市場(chǎng)供給成為可能，而其他企業(yè)則無法與之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；另一方面，生產(chǎn)和資本的集中發(fā)展到一定階段后，生產(chǎn)和資本必然集中到了少數(shù)大企業(yè)手中，這些大企業(yè)要在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中打敗對(duì)方單獨(dú)取勝，則很不容易。為了避免兩敗俱傷從而獲取穩(wěn)定的壟斷利潤(rùn)，他們都有謀求妥協(xié)達(dá)成壟斷的共同需要。 2.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求 有些行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)需要投入大量的固定資產(chǎn)和資金，如果充分發(fā)揮這些固定資產(chǎn)和資金的作用，則這個(gè)行業(yè)只需要一個(gè)企業(yè)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)就能滿足整個(gè)市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品供給，這樣的企業(yè)適合于進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)。具有這種規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)就具有經(jīng)濟(jì)性，低于這種規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)則是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。這樣來看，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)就成為壟斷形成的重要原因。同時(shí)，大量的固定資產(chǎn)和資金作用的充分發(fā)揮，使企業(yè)具有了進(jìn)行大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的能力和優(yōu)勢(shì)，因而這個(gè)企業(yè)能夠以低于其他企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本或低于幾個(gè)企業(yè)共同生產(chǎn)的成本、價(jià)格，向市場(chǎng)提供全部供給。那么，在這個(gè)行業(yè)當(dāng)中，只有這個(gè)企業(yè)才能夠生存下來，其他企業(yè)都不具備這種生存能力。 3.保護(hù)專利的需要 專利是政府授予 發(fā)明者的某些權(quán)利。這些權(quán)利一般是指在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)對(duì)專利對(duì)象的制作、利用和處理的排他性獨(dú)占權(quán)，從而使發(fā)明者獲得應(yīng)有的收益。某項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品、技術(shù)或勞務(wù)的發(fā)明者擁有專利權(quán)以后，在專利保護(hù)的有效期內(nèi)形成了對(duì)這種產(chǎn)品、技術(shù)和勞務(wù)的壟斷。專利創(chuàng)造了一種保護(hù)發(fā)明者的產(chǎn)權(quán)，在專利的有效保護(hù)期內(nèi)其他任何生產(chǎn)者都不得進(jìn)行這種產(chǎn)品、技術(shù)和勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn)與使用，或模仿這些發(fā)明進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。若不保護(hù)發(fā)明專利，社會(huì)和生產(chǎn)就難以進(jìn)步與發(fā)展。 4.對(duì)進(jìn)入的自然限制 當(dāng)某個(gè)生產(chǎn)者擁有并且控制了生產(chǎn)所必需的某種或某幾種生產(chǎn)要素的供給來源時(shí)，就形成了自然壟斷。 這種自然壟斷形成以后，其他任何生產(chǎn)者都難以參與此類要素的市場(chǎng)供給，從而就自然地限制或阻止了其他生產(chǎn)者的進(jìn)入，這樣，就維護(hù)了這個(gè)生產(chǎn)者的壟斷地位及其壟斷利益。這種自然壟斷的形成得力于兩個(gè)方面的原因，第一，得力于生產(chǎn)中的先行進(jìn)入。由于先行進(jìn)入某一行業(yè)，從而使其在某種要素或某幾種要素的生產(chǎn)中先行具有了某些優(yōu)勢(shì)，如生產(chǎn)技術(shù)或生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，從而增加了其他生產(chǎn)者的進(jìn)入難度，先行進(jìn)入者就可以逐漸形成壟斷。第二，得力于生產(chǎn)中占據(jù)的自然地理優(yōu)勢(shì)。某種要素或某幾種要素生產(chǎn)的自然地理優(yōu)勢(shì)被某個(gè)生產(chǎn)者占據(jù)以后，其他生產(chǎn)者生產(chǎn)同種 要素或同幾種要素時(shí)就不再具有自然地理優(yōu)勢(shì)，前者就形成了生產(chǎn)中的自然地理優(yōu)勢(shì)壟斷。例如，擁有或控制主要原料可以阻止競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，從而形成壟斷。最常見的是通過對(duì)原料的壟斷來限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 5.對(duì)進(jìn)入的法律限制 政府通過特許經(jīng)營(yíng)，給予某些企業(yè)獨(dú)家經(jīng)營(yíng)某種物品或勞務(wù)的權(quán)利。這種獨(dú)家經(jīng)營(yíng)的權(quán)利是一種排他性的獨(dú)有權(quán)利，是國(guó)家運(yùn)用行政和法律的手段賦予并進(jìn)行保護(hù)的權(quán)利。政府的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)，使獨(dú)家經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)不受潛在新進(jìn)入者的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)威脅，從而形成合法的壟斷。政府對(duì)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行法律限制形成法律壟斷，主要是基于三個(gè)方面的考慮：一是基于某種公司福利需要 的考慮，例如某些必須進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格控制的藥品的生產(chǎn)，必須由政府特許獨(dú)家經(jīng)營(yíng)；二是基于保證國(guó)家安全的考慮，例如各種武器、彈藥的生產(chǎn)必須壟斷；三是基于國(guó)家財(cái)政和稅收收入的考慮，例如國(guó)家對(duì)某些利潤(rùn)豐厚商品進(jìn)行壟斷經(jīng)營(yíng)等。 評(píng)價(jià) 利處 1.完全壟斷市場(chǎng)具有促進(jìn)資源效率提高的可能性 要形成完全壟斷市場(chǎng)，必須要擁有并投入大量的固定資產(chǎn)和資金，只要充分發(fā)揮投入的大量固定資產(chǎn)和資金的效用，企業(yè)就具有進(jìn)行規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的能力，就可以進(jìn)行大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，一方面提高產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量、增加產(chǎn)品的品種，提供全部供給。這時(shí)的產(chǎn)量高于完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量；另一 方面減少資源的消耗，盡量降低產(chǎn)品的成本，這時(shí)的產(chǎn)品成本低于完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)產(chǎn)品的成本；再一方面采用效率高的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)（因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣才能提高產(chǎn)量、降低成本），從而促進(jìn)資源效率的提高。完全從規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性上來考慮，這種可能性是存在的，同時(shí)，壟斷企業(yè)形成的初期也是通過規(guī)模生產(chǎn)來提高資源效率和企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率的。 2.完全壟斷市場(chǎng)具有刺激創(chuàng)新的作用 創(chuàng)新就是指在生產(chǎn)過程中第一次使用某種新知識(shí)，研究出一種新產(chǎn)品、新的勞務(wù)或一種新的加工技術(shù)等。完全壟斷市場(chǎng)類型與創(chuàng)新之間存在著緊密的聯(lián)系。專利是形成壟斷的一種原因 ，只要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造了一種新產(chǎn)品、勞務(wù)或新的加工技術(shù)并獲得了專利，就會(huì)形成對(duì)這種產(chǎn)品、勞務(wù)或加工技術(shù)的壟斷；同時(shí)，只有對(duì)創(chuàng)新進(jìn)行專利保護(hù)，授予創(chuàng)新者以壟斷權(quán)力，才能促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新。這是因?yàn)橥耆珘艛嗍袌?chǎng)通過專利形式給予創(chuàng)新者以壟斷排他性權(quán)利，使創(chuàng)新者在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)享有創(chuàng)新所帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。因而，就會(huì)刺激更多的企業(yè)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)，同時(shí)，也刺激壟斷者繼續(xù)大量投資于科研開發(fā)工作，這樣就能促進(jìn)更大范圍和更高層次創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的開展，從而推動(dòng)社會(huì)的發(fā)展。 弊端 1.完全壟斷市場(chǎng)會(huì)造成市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的損失 完全壟斷市場(chǎng)的物品、勞務(wù)或資源都由一個(gè)供給者提 供，即完全由一個(gè)企業(yè)壟斷，在這種市場(chǎng)類型中，由于法律的和自然的限制，新的企業(yè)無法進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)，因而完全排除了市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。而市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行發(fā)展和技術(shù)進(jìn)步的推動(dòng)力，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系到企業(yè)的生存命運(yùn)和發(fā)展前途，因而市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)迫使企業(yè)不斷改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，降低個(gè)別勞動(dòng)消耗，從而推動(dòng)整個(gè)社會(huì)的技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展。完全壟斷市場(chǎng)排除了市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之后，壟斷企業(yè)無市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力，它不用改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)同樣也可獲得高額壟斷利益，因?yàn)閴艛嗥髽I(yè)的目的是利潤(rùn)最大化，改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)能促進(jìn)利潤(rùn)最大化目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)它就改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，不用改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)也 可實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)最大化目標(biāo)時(shí)它就不會(huì)改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，這樣，就造成了社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的一定損失，使社會(huì)在一定程度上失去了技術(shù)進(jìn)步的推動(dòng)力。 2.完全壟斷市場(chǎng)會(huì)造成生產(chǎn)效率的損失 在完全壟斷市場(chǎng)條件下，壟斷企業(yè)具有進(jìn)行規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的條件和能力。如果壟斷企業(yè)進(jìn)行規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，就可以降低產(chǎn)品成本、提高產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量，獲得最佳的生產(chǎn)效率，在獲得豐厚利潤(rùn)的同時(shí)也促進(jìn)了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)效率的提高。但是，壟斷企業(yè)壟斷了市場(chǎng)供給，沒有供給的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，因而可以通過降低產(chǎn)量、提高產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的手段來獲取豐厚的利潤(rùn)，而不必通過采用花費(fèi)大量投資購買先進(jìn)的機(jī)器設(shè)備和技術(shù)提高生產(chǎn) 效率的方法增加盈利。對(duì)于壟斷企業(yè)來說，通過降低產(chǎn)量、提高產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的辦法比提高生產(chǎn)效率的辦法更容易獲利，同時(shí)獲利的成本更低，因而壟斷企業(yè)就沒有必要去提高生產(chǎn)效率。如果各個(gè)行業(yè)的壟斷企業(yè)都只用降低產(chǎn)量、提高產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的辦法就能獲取豐厚的利潤(rùn)，那么誰也不會(huì)去設(shè)法提高生產(chǎn)效率，這樣一來，就必然會(huì)造成社會(huì)生產(chǎn)效率的損失。 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下，每個(gè)企業(yè)都在長(zhǎng)期平均成本和短期平均成本的最低點(diǎn)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。而完全壟斷條件下，雖然廠商是在所選生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的最低平均成本上生產(chǎn)均衡產(chǎn)量，但這并不是以可能的最低平均成本生產(chǎn)該產(chǎn)品的那種規(guī)模。如果 壟斷廠商擴(kuò)大其長(zhǎng)期均衡產(chǎn)量，它將能以更低的平均成本生產(chǎn)更多的產(chǎn)量。 3.完全壟斷市場(chǎng)會(huì)造成社會(huì)產(chǎn)量的損失 在完全壟斷市場(chǎng)條件下，由于壟斷企業(yè)完全壟斷了市場(chǎng)供給，因而壟斷企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量決定著市場(chǎng)供給的產(chǎn)品總量。一般來說，壟斷市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)量低于完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)量，因?yàn)樵谕耆?jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)條件下，企業(yè)根據(jù)平均成本最低點(diǎn)所決定的產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，即按最佳產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，社會(huì)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量多。而在完全壟斷市場(chǎng)條件下，壟斷企業(yè)則是根據(jù)利潤(rùn)最大化所決定的產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，利潤(rùn)最大化決定的產(chǎn)量只能是較低的產(chǎn)量。因?yàn)閴艛嗥髽I(yè)在壟斷了全部市場(chǎng)供給的情 況下，只有降低產(chǎn)量使供給市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量減少時(shí)，產(chǎn)品才會(huì)供不應(yīng)求，這時(shí)的產(chǎn)品才能在壟斷市場(chǎng)中賣出高價(jià)錢，從而壟斷企業(yè)就能獲得最大利潤(rùn)。這種利潤(rùn)最大化決定的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模對(duì)于社會(huì)來說不是最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，其產(chǎn)量不是社會(huì)最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量。在利潤(rùn)最大化決定壟斷企業(yè)產(chǎn)量的情況下，由于壟斷企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)條件和生產(chǎn)能力沒有充分發(fā)揮其作用，所以，壟斷市場(chǎng)首先造成了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)條件和生產(chǎn)能力的損失，最終造成了社會(huì)產(chǎn)量的損失。 4.完全壟斷市場(chǎng)會(huì)造成消費(fèi)者利益的損失 在完全壟斷市場(chǎng)條件下，由于壟斷企業(yè)壟斷了市場(chǎng)供給，并憑借著壟斷權(quán)力控制了市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，消費(fèi) 者只能被迫接受壟斷企業(yè)控制的市場(chǎng)高價(jià)格。這樣一來，消費(fèi)者出高價(jià)格購買的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，價(jià)格與其價(jià)值嚴(yán)重背離，消費(fèi)者的利益與其權(quán)利嚴(yán)重背離，必然造成消費(fèi)者利益的重大損失。從實(shí)質(zhì)上來看，壟斷企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者造成的各種損失，就是壟斷企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者利益和權(quán)力的掠奪。壟斷企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者造成損失的行為，既違背了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下等價(jià)交換的基本原則，又阻礙了社會(huì)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展。同時(shí)，壟斷企業(yè)對(duì)其損害消費(fèi)者利益的行為很難有正確的認(rèn)識(shí)及改進(jìn)的措施。因而，政府必須采取強(qiáng)有力的措施，進(jìn)行干預(yù)。如對(duì)壟斷企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，甚至直接定價(jià)，對(duì)其征收 合理的高額稅收，從而降低壟斷企業(yè)的超額壟斷利潤(rùn)；加強(qiáng)對(duì)壟斷企業(yè)的監(jiān)管和處罰，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并制止壟斷企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者的損害等等。 綜述：完全壟斷市場(chǎng)是一種極端的市場(chǎng)類型，這種市場(chǎng)類型只是一種理論的抽象，在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中幾乎是不可能存在的。因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中大多數(shù)壟斷企業(yè)總是要受到政府或政府代理機(jī)構(gòu)各個(gè)方面的干預(yù)和調(diào)節(jié)，而不可能任意由壟斷企業(yè)去完全壟斷市場(chǎng)。當(dāng)然，如果政府對(duì)壟斷企業(yè)不進(jìn)行干預(yù)，或者干預(yù)不力，壟斷企業(yè)壟斷市場(chǎng)、損害社會(huì)和消費(fèi)者利益的可能性也是隨時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的。 即使完全壟斷市場(chǎng)在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中幾乎是不存在 的，但是，研究完全壟斷市場(chǎng)還是具有積極意義。例如，研究完全壟斷市場(chǎng)可以方便了解完全壟斷市場(chǎng)條件下出現(xiàn)的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，從而有利于運(yùn)用這種理論來研究現(xiàn)實(shí)市場(chǎng)類型條件下市場(chǎng)主體行為如何最佳化；研究完全壟斷市場(chǎng)理論還可以凸顯政府對(duì)壟斷行為進(jìn)行干預(yù)、調(diào)節(jié)的必要性，以及政府干預(yù)、調(diào)節(jié)活動(dòng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)正常運(yùn)行及對(duì)市場(chǎng)主體利益的協(xié)調(diào)所起的重要作用等。 perfect monopoly market Complete monopoly market means there is only one in the market the market structure of supplier and purchaser. Completely monopoly market hypothesis has three points: first, there is only one manufacturer production and sales of goods on the market； Second, the manufacturers of goods without any close substitutes； Third, other firms enter the industry is very difficult or impossible, so monopoly firms can control and manipulate the market price The characteristics of 1. The number of vendors, only one company controls all the supply of a product. Complete monopoly monopoly to exclude other competitors on the market, control the supply of an industry alone. Because the industry is the only supplier, only is the industry enterprises. 2. Complete monopoly is the market price makers. Due to the supply of monopoly control of the whole industry, also control the price of the whole industry, and become a price maker. Complete monopoly may have two types of management decisions: sold at higher prices less production, or at a lower price to sell more output. 3. Complete monopoly products there are no close substitutes. Otherwise, other companies can produce alternatives to replace the monopoly products, completely monopoly cannot be the only supplier in the market. So consumers have no other choice. 4. Any other firms enter the industry is very difficult or impossible, elements of resources is difficult to flow. There are barriers to entry, complete monopoly market to participate in production from other manufacturers. Complete monopoly market and perfect competition market, is a kind of theoretical assumptions, is a kind of abstraction of some products in actual, in reality the majority of products have different degree of alternative. why Monopoly market formed for many reasons, one of the most fundamental reason is that in order to establish and maintain a legal or economic barriers. To prevent other firms to enter the market, in order to consolidate the monopoly monopoly. A monopoly as the only supplier in the market, it is easy to control the number of a certain product and its market price, thus can obtain monopoly profits continuously. Specifically, the main reason for the monopoly market has the following several aspects: 1. The development trend of production In the process of socialization of production development, free competition in naturally cause the concentration of production and capital, and when the development of production and capital concentrated at a certain stage, will inevitably produce monopoly. Can to analyze this problem from two aspects: on the one hand, the development of production and capital concentrated at a certain stage occurs when the possibility of a monopoly. Because when production and capital development to a certain stage, production and capital gradually concentrated into the hands of a few big companies, they would be easy to reach agreement between, the formation of monopolies, have made it possible to its manipulation, control, market supply, while unable to compete with other enterprises； On the other hand, the development of production and capital concentrated at a certain stage, production and capital will be concentrated in the hands of a few large companies, these large enterprises to win the competition to beat each other alone, is not easy. In order to avoid both to obtain stable monopoly profits, they all have to compromise a monopoly of common needs. 2. The requirements of economies of scale Some industry production need to spend a lot of fixed assets and money, if give full play to the role of the fixed assets and capital, is the industry only need one enterprise production can meet the market products supply, such enterprise suitable for mass production. With the scale of the production is economical, below the scale of the production is not economical. This view, economy of scale has become the important reasons for the formation of monopolies. At the same time, a large number of fixed assets and funds role into full play, make the enterprise have the ability to carry out large-scale production and advantage, therefore the enterprise to be lower than other enterprises the cost of production or lower than the cost of production and development of several companies, price, provide all supply to the market. So, in the industry, only the enterprise to survive, other enterprises dont have the ability to survive. 3. The needs of the protection of patent Inventor patent is a governmental grant certain rights. These rights are generally refers to in a certain period of production, use and processing of the objects of patent exclusive monopoly, so that the inventor of revenues. The inventor of the certain products, technology or services have the patent right, in the period of validity of the patent protection has formed a monopoly on this kind of product, technology and services. Patent inventor created a kind of protection of property rights, effective patent protection within the term of any other producers are not allowed to make this kind of products, the production and use of technology and services, or to imitate these inventions. If we do not protect a patent for invention, the social and production can be difficult to progress and development. 4. On into natural limits When a producer with and control the production required some or certain kinds of sources of supply of factors of production, has formed a natural monopoly. The natural monopoly formed later, any other producers are difficult to participate in the market supply of such elements, thus naturally limit or prevent the entry of other producers, so, maintain the producers of monopoly status and monopoly profits. The formation of the natural monopoly due to two reasons, first, due to the production of the first to enter. Due to advance into a particular industry, making it in some elements or certain kinds of elements of production leading has some advantages, such as production technology or the advantage of production and operation, thus increasing the other producers into difficulty, first entrants can gradually formed a monopoly. Second, due to the production of natural geographical advantage. Some elements or certain kinds of production of natural geographical advantage was dominated by a producer, with several other producers to produce the same element or elements are no longer has natural geographical advantages, the former was formed in the production of natural geographical advantages monopoly. Owned or controlled, for example, the main raw material can prevent competition, thus forming a monopoly. The most common is through to the raw material of monopoly to restrict competition. 5. To enter the legal limits Government through franchising, give some exclusive right to certain goods or services. This exclusive right is an exclusive exclusive right, is the use of administrative and legal means to give and the right to protect. Government franchise, protect exclusive enterprise competitive threat of potential new entrants, forming a legal monopoly. Government to form legal monopoly legal restrictions, to enter the market is mainly based on three aspects: one is based on some kind of corporate welfare need to consider, for example, some must strictly control the production of medicines, must be exclusive franchise by the government； The second is based on the guarantee of national security considerations, such as a variety of weapons, ammunition production must be monopoly； Three is based on the consideration of national finance and tax revenue, such as the state monopoly on some profitable goods, etc. evaluation The place 1. Complete monopoly market is the possibility of improve the efficiency of resources To form a complete monopoly market, must want to have and spend a lot of fixed assets and money, as long as give full play to the investment of the effectiveness of a large number of fixed assets and capital, the enterprise has the ability to scale production, you can proceed to mass production, on the one hand to improve product yield, increase product variety, to provide all supplies. When the yield is higher than the perfectly competitive enterprise production； On the other hand to reduce the consumption of resources, to reduce the cost of the products as far as possible, then the cost of the product cost is lower than the perfectly competitive products； Again on the one hand, the high efficiency of production equipment and advanced production technology, because only in this way can improve yield and reduce cost), so as to promote the efficiency of resources. Fully consider from the economy of scale production, there is the possibility that, at the same time, the monopoly formed early and use scale production to improve the efficiency of resources and the economic efficiency of enterprises. 2. Complete monopoly market can stimulate innovation Innovation is in the process of production for the first time to use some new knowledge, developed a new products, new services, or a kind of new processing technology, etc. Complete monopoly market there is a close link between type and innovation. Patent is a monopoly of a kind of reason, as long as you have created a new product, service or a new processing technology and patented, will form the monopoly on this kind of product, service or process technology； At the same time, only to patent protection, innovation award innovator with monopoly power, to promote innovation. This is because the complete monopoly market through the patent form gives monopoly exclusive rights to the innovator, to innovators in a certain period of innovation brought about by the economic interests. Therefore, will spur more innovation activities of enterprise, at the same time, also stimulate the monopolist to continue investing heavily in research and development work, so it can promote a wider and higher level of innovative activities, thus promote the development of the society. disadvantages 1. Complete monopoly market will cause loss of market competition Complete monopoly market of goods, services or resources provided by a supplier, which completely by a monopoly of the enterprise, in this kind of market type, because of the limitation of law and nature of new companies unable to enter the market, thus completely ruled out the market competition. And the market competition is the motivation for the market development and technological progress, market competition is related to enterprises survival and development of the future fate, and therefore the market competition will force enterprises to constantly improve production technology, improve labor productivity, reduce labor consumption, in order to impel the technology rapid development of the society as a whole. Completely ruled out the monopoly market competition in the market, monopoly market competition pressure, it did not have to improve the production technology is also can obtain high monopoly profits, because the monopoly profit maximization, is the purpose of improving production technology can promote to achieve the goal of profit maximization of it is to improve production technology, without improving production technology can realize the profit maximization goal when it wont improve production technology, so it caused the loss of a certain social competition, cost society to a certain extent, the driving force of technological progress. 2. Complete monopoly market will cause loss of production efficiency Under the condition of complete monopoly market, monopoly has scale production conditions and ability. If a monopoly on scale production, can reduce the product cost, improve product yield, get the best production efficiency, the bumper profits as well as promoting the improvement of the efficiency of social production. But, monopoly, monopoly market supply, there is no supply of competitors, and thus can reduce the means of production, improve product price to get profit, without spending a lot of investment through the adoption of advanced machinery and equipment and technology to improve the production efficiency of method to increase profit. For monopoly, through the ways to reduce the yield, improve product prices are more likely than efficiency way to profit, profit lower cost at the same time, thus a monopoly there is no need to improve the production efficiency. If the monopoly industries are just ways to reduce the yield, improve product price can get good profit, so who also wont go to try to improve production efficiency, thus, it is inevitable that the social productivity losses. Under the condition of perfect competition, each enterprise in the bottom of long-term average cost and short-term average cost of production. And under the condition of complete monopoly, although the manufacturer is the selected equilibrium output on the minimum average cost of production, but it is not possible the minimum average cost of production of the products that scale. If monopoly firms to expand its long-term equilibrium output, it will be able to lower the average cost of producing more output. 3. Complete monopoly market will cause the loss of social production Under the condition of complete monopoly market, due to the monopoly completely monopolized the market supply, thus a monopoly production production determines the amount of product market supply. In general, the output of monopoly market under perfect competition market production, because under the condition of perfect competition, the enterprise according to the average cost of low production of production, the best production according to production, production of social products. And under the condition of complete monopoly market, monopoly, is based on profit maximization of production output, profit maximization to yield is low yield. Because a monopoly in the monopoly of the total market supply situation, only reduce production reduce the number of products supply market, products in short supply, the product can sell high price in the monopoly market, monopoly can get maximum profit thereby. Scale for the production of the profit maximization decisions for society is not the optimal production scale, its production is not social optimal production. Decided to monopoly in the profit maximization under the condition of enterprise production, due to the monopoly of production conditions and production capacity has not give full play to its function, so the first monopoly market leads to the loss of social production conditions and production capacity, resulting in the loss of social production. 4. Complete monopoly market can cause the loss of consumer interests Under the condition of complete monopoly market, due to the monopoly monopoly market supply, and with monopoly power to control the market price, consumers were forced to accept a monopoly control of the market high prices. So that consumers out high price to buy products and service, price and its value serious deviation, the interests of consumers and their rights seriously,