初中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句講解及練習(xí).doc

初中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句講解及練習(xí)一.定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞 關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。 關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.who指人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)(1) the boys who are playing football are from class one.(2) yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。(1) mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) mr. ling is just the boy whom i want to see. 注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替，可省略。(3) the man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略(1) football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) this is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。(5) the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) where is the man that/whom i saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)(1) he has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) i once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替(3) the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) do you like the book the color of which is yellow?三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1) the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) the school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t)(2) this is the watch for which i am looking. (f)2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose(1) the man with whom you talked is my friend. (t)(2) the man who/that you talked with is my friend. (f)(3) the plane in which we flew to canada is very comfortable. (t)(4) the plane in that we flew in to canada is very comfortable. (f)3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) there are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.解答介詞+關(guān)系代詞 類型的定語(yǔ)從句題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵在于分析定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（該動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞）習(xí)慣上常與什么介詞搭配使用。這就需要同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要注重某些不及物動(dòng)詞和介詞慣用的情形，并要靈活運(yùn)用。例如：in the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom簡(jiǎn)析:本題定語(yǔ)從句中的turn 與介詞 to 構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）。所以，d是正確選項(xiàng)。四關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1. when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(1) i still remember the day when i first came to the school.(2) the time when we got together finally came.2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(1) shanghai is the city where i was born.(2) the house where i lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)(1) please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) i dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換(1) the reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) from the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) great changes have taken place in the city in which/where i was born.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如： there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。 beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。 is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？五限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：(1) the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on.(2) china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：(1) his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.(2) china, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同(1) his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）(2) his brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個(gè)哥哥）難點(diǎn)分析 （一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that 的幾種情況1當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修飾時(shí)(1) have you taken down everything that mr. li has said?(2) there seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) all that can be done has been done.(4) there is little that i can do for you.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who(4) any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾(1) the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)(1) this is the best film that i have seen.4.當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)(1) this is the very dictionary that i want to buy,(2) after the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who(3) wang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)(1) who is the man that is standing there?(2) which is the t-shirt that fits me most?6.當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)(1) can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：1as和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。(1) he married her, as/which was natural.(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) as is known to all, china is a developing country.(2) he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) john, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) he has been to paris more than several times, which i dont believe.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which(5) tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3.當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as(1) i have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) he is not such a fool as he looks.(3) this is the same book as i lost last week.注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同(4) she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding.她穿著她在mary婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。(5) she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。（三）以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴?1) the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(1) there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont )(五)區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句1定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的關(guān)系(1) the plan