名詞性從句(修改版).doc

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句 (Noun Clauses）。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連詞：that（無(wú)任何詞意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, whichever,whomever連接副詞：when, where, how, why,how many,how much,how often不可省略的連詞：1. 介詞后的連詞2. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為是否的意思。 但在下列情況下，只可用whether：1. whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句 3. whether從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)4. 從句后有or not Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match.主語(yǔ)從句(作句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句)1、 主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞：通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無(wú)詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說(shuō)什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰(shuí)能贏得這場(chǎng)比賽還不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒(méi)有宣布。有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語(yǔ)it代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首，而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名詞 + that從句 （2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從（3）It + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 + that從句（4）It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 +that從句（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小結(jié):（1)以that 引出的主語(yǔ)從句,常以形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo). It is +形容詞/名詞/某些動(dòng)詞ed + that 從句.（2) 在有些that從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11.注意在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2、主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小結(jié):（1)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)連詞位于句首不能省略（3)主語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)情況下視為三單,但也有例外,如例93、主語(yǔ)從句的用法主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1.It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較 It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況 (1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 3. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 What 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right. 賓語(yǔ)從句名詞句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。1.關(guān)聯(lián)詞：引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞從屬連詞： that, if, whether. that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語(yǔ)從句, 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語(yǔ)從句.其主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)；b. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；c . 引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；d. 從句后有“or not”時(shí)；e. 后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有沒(méi)有生命是個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是她是否應(yīng)該有一個(gè)低意見(jiàn)的測(cè)試？ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他來(lái)還是不來(lái)。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告訴我是去還是留？He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告訴我他明年上大學(xué).I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒(méi)人知道他是否會(huì)通過(guò)考試.連接代詞who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever連接代詞主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.連接代詞一般指疑問(wèn),但what, whatever除了指疑問(wèn)外,也可以指陳述. who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是誰(shuí)贏得了紅色警報(bào)的游戲？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 這本書(shū)會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你決定好是買 諾基亞 還是 摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?連接副詞： when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever ,howeverwhen, where, why, how, whenever, wherever ,however引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。 He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他沒(méi)有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見(jiàn)面.Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?你能告訴我怎么用這個(gè)新的操作盤嗎? She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.沒(méi)有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪里買到.注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。2.時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)序：注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。1.主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可用任意時(shí)態(tài)。I know (that) he will study english next year. （從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)）2.主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.我只知道他當(dāng)時(shí)在西方的一個(gè)國(guó)家讀書(shū),可不知道是哪個(gè)國(guó)家.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他問(wèn)我他進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候我是否正在讀.從句過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告訴我他已經(jīng)把有關(guān)會(huì)議的事情告訴的了Mary.從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.記者問(wèn)政府是否會(huì)采取必要的措施鎮(zhèn)壓騷亂.3.主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句是客觀真理時(shí)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如果從句是一個(gè)客觀真理,那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)不根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)而變化The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老師昨天說(shuō)月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn).當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問(wèn)時(shí),不能按正常語(yǔ)序安排,經(jīng)常將這類引導(dǎo)詞置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你認(rèn)為今年公眾會(huì)選誰(shuí)為他們最喜歡的歌手. he studies English every day. （從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）he studied English last term. （從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）he has studied English since 1998. （從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）3.不同的賓語(yǔ)從句動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我們都預(yù)料他們會(huì)贏,因?yàn)樗麄兊年?duì)員更強(qiáng)壯.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告訴我們?cè)谡麄€(gè)工作中,他都會(huì)幫忙的. 部分“動(dòng)詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)的所有票都賣光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能計(jì)算出這次旅行我們將花費(fèi)多少錢嗎?動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)的這些詞有:make sure確保 make up ones mind下決心 keep in mind牢記Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交試卷前確保沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤.可運(yùn)用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替的賓語(yǔ)從句動(dòng)詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,則需要用it做形式賓語(yǔ)而將that賓語(yǔ)從句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我認(rèn)為每天多喝開(kāi)水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我沒(méi)去聚會(huì),感覺(jué)非常遺憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天寫日記成了習(xí)慣.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我們都認(rèn)為對(duì)這件事馬上做出決定很重要. 有些動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)需要在賓語(yǔ)與從句前加it這類動(dòng)詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時(shí)說(shuō)話.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他會(huì)認(rèn)為我們的計(jì)劃確實(shí)可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我們認(rèn)為你會(huì)同意我們的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.開(kāi)啟發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí), 一定要使汽車的離合器處于空擋位置.若賓語(yǔ)從句是wh-類,則不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我們都認(rèn)為你所說(shuō)的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所學(xué)到的東西都是有用的.介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用wh-類的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的俱樂(lè)部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.這本新書(shū)是關(guān)于神州6號(hào)載人航天飛船是如何升入太空的.用that,if引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)候except,but,besides三個(gè)介詞后可見(jiàn)到that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.對(duì)于我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無(wú)所知.形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我確信我會(huì)通過(guò)考試.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間在打擾你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高興在他生病的時(shí)候李明能去看望他.if,whether在賓語(yǔ)從句中的區(qū)別 if和whether在作“是否”解時(shí),引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句常放在動(dòng)詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語(yǔ)從句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether.（如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。） 避免歧異時(shí),我們常用whether而不用if.4.其他哪些賓語(yǔ)從句不可以省略引導(dǎo)詞that1 that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí);2.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí);3.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)置于主句尾,賓語(yǔ)從句之前時(shí);4.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(包括非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí);5.當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),此時(shí)第一個(gè)that可以省略,第二個(gè)that不可以省略;6.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)是this,that或this,that做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)時(shí);7.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或主語(yǔ)從句時(shí);8.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是固定詞組時(shí);9.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句有it做其先行詞時(shí);10.在直接引語(yǔ)中,轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語(yǔ)從句隔開(kāi)時(shí).賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移think, believe, imagine, suppose consider, espect, fancy, guess等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語(yǔ)從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來(lái),其反義疑問(wèn)句一般與賓語(yǔ)從句一致.We dont think you are here. 我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。We dont think you are here. 我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。I dont think he will come to my party.而不能說(shuō)成I think he wont come to my party.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)我的舞會(huì).I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我認(rèn)為那個(gè)人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?如果賓語(yǔ)從句中有某個(gè)含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問(wèn)句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來(lái)不仔細(xì)聽(tīng)老師講課,是不是?表語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)。簡(jiǎn)介：定義：表語(yǔ)從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ) 連系動(dòng)詞 一個(gè)句子作表語(yǔ)-表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞。名詞性從句在be等系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)時(shí)被稱為表語(yǔ)從句，The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候我們可以得到加薪.He has become a teacher. 他已經(jīng)成為一名教師。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已經(jīng)成為了他10年前想成為的。She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一個(gè)小時(shí)。 She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一個(gè)小時(shí)。His suggestion is good. 他的建議是好的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。The question is confusing. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題令人困惑.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 問(wèn)題是，他什么時(shí)候可以到達(dá)酒店。 who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.誰(shuí)與我明天將前往北京。 why he cried yesterday. 昨天他為什么哭。 how I can persuade her to join us in the party. 我怎么能說(shuō)服她加入我們的派對(duì)。 whether the enemy is marching towards us. 是否敵人正向我們行進(jìn).關(guān)聯(lián)詞：引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣。that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.If和whether不可以用if，而用whether 連接表語(yǔ)從句(as if 例外）。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以互換if/whether 位于介詞后要用whether 位于句首時(shí)要用whether 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要用whetherFalse: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.as if表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。That1.其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。2. that作為表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在該表語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分， 不能省略What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告訴他的是我會(huì)給他找個(gè)好劇本。(what在主語(yǔ)從句中作直接賓語(yǔ))3.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morningwhat, who, when, where, which, how.Thats just what I want. 這正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 這就是我們的問(wèn)題所在。The problem is how we can get the things we need.問(wèn)題是我們?cè)鯓幽芘轿覀冃枰臇|西。(how 在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ))The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ))That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對(duì)你講的。(what在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ))Why“That is why.”是常用句型，意為“這就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作表語(yǔ)，該句型通常用于針對(duì)前面已經(jīng)說(shuō)明過(guò)的原因進(jìn)行總結(jié)，That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因。That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ))That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮這就是現(xiàn)在這個(gè)老太婆出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne對(duì)老婦人顯得蒼老憔悴深感詫異， 說(shuō)話人對(duì)她講述了其中的原因之后，用這一句來(lái)進(jìn)行概括)。That is why I came. 這就是我來(lái)的原因。“That is why.”與“That is the reason why.”和 “That is because.”區(qū)別(1)“That is why.”與“That is the reason why.”同義， “That is why.”是名詞性從句作表語(yǔ)從句，意為“這就是的原因/因此” “That is the reason why.”是why引導(dǎo)的是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 這就是我不能同意的理由。 (2) “That is why.”與“That is because.”均為名詞性從句作表語(yǔ)， “That is because.”指原因或理由，意為“這就是為什么/因?yàn)椤??！癟hat is why.”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果。意為“這就是的原因/因此”He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他沒(méi)有去看電影， 那是因?yàn)樗脦椭拿妹米鲎鳂I(yè)。(第一句話說(shuō)明結(jié)果， 第二句話說(shuō)明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看過(guò)那部電影， 因此他昨天晚上沒(méi)有去看。(第一句話說(shuō)明原因， 第二句話說(shuō)明結(jié)果)時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)序：時(shí)態(tài)：不像賓語(yǔ)從句，在有表語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，主句時(shí)態(tài)和從句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.D that在表語(yǔ)從句中不可以省掉。語(yǔ)序：表語(yǔ)從句一定要用陳述語(yǔ)序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.同位語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)介同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)部分是個(gè)句子,就是同位語(yǔ)從句,這種用法比較固定,把關(guān)鍵的幾個(gè)詞背下來(lái).引導(dǎo)詞That同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。whether，連接副詞 how,when,where（注：if,which 不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。）某些名詞在復(fù)合句中用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫同位語(yǔ)從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說(shuō)明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z(yǔ)從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。如： l have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題。Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon我從王先生那里來(lái)，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來(lái)看你了。I heard the news that our team had won我聽(tīng)到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在這里。【注意】有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開(kāi)。Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 幾年以后，有消息傳來(lái)說(shuō)拿破侖要親自視 察他們。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。 試比較下面兩個(gè)例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）關(guān)于名詞從句名詞性that-從句1）由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。 That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒(méi)有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主 語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：主語(yǔ)：That she is still alive is her luck.他還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。賓語(yǔ)：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦去。表語(yǔ)：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。同位語(yǔ)：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他，這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興。2）That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是It is obvious that很明顯b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句It is believed that人們相信 It is known to all that眾所周知It has been decided that已決定c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句It is common knowledge that是常識(shí) It is a surprise that令人驚奇的是It is a fact that事實(shí)是d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-從句It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起名詞性wh-從句1）由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語(yǔ)法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)等，例如：主語(yǔ)： How the book will sell depends on its author.書(shū)銷售如何取決于作者本人。直接賓語(yǔ)：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。間接賓語(yǔ)：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱樂(lè)部將給得勝者設(shè)獎(jiǎng)。表語(yǔ)： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)將接任該基金會(huì)主席職位。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位語(yǔ)：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請(qǐng)。介詞賓語(yǔ)：That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?）Wh-從句作主語(yǔ)也常用先行詞it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒(méi)決定誰(shuí)做這項(xiàng)工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他們何時(shí)結(jié)婚依然不明。 if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句1）yes-no型疑問(wèn)從句從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的，因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問(wèn)句從句和選擇型疑問(wèn)從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同， 例如