江西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)國際貿(mào)易與金融必考簡答題.docxVIP

第2章3. 在國際化基礎(chǔ)上，產(chǎn)品分工是部分還是完全的成因。Under constant opportunity cost conditions, specialization is complete. 機(jī)會成本不變的條件下，專業(yè)化是完整的。 A country can devote all of its resources to the production of a good without losing its comparative advantage. Under increasing cost conditions, specialization tends to be partial.增加成本的條件下，化偏 As production costs rise with expanded production, the home country eventually loses its comparative advantage. 4. 相對需求理論的含義。它是如何解釋國際貿(mào)易條件的。The law of reciprocal demand suggests that if we know the domestic demands expressed by both trading partners for both products, the equilibrium terms of trade can be defined.5. 為什么在成本遞增條件下，不存在貿(mào)易時的生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)會影響相對成本，而成本不變的條件下則不存在這種影響。Where a nation produces along its production possibilities curve in autarky affects the nations comparative costs under increasing cost conditions. This is because the slope of a bowed-out production possibilities curve, which indicates the marginal rate of transformation, varies at each point along the curve. Under conditions of constant costs, the production possibilities curve is a straight line. The marginal rate of transformation does not change in response to movements along the production possibilities curve. 成本不變的條件下，生產(chǎn)可能性曲線是一條直線。邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率不應(yīng)在生產(chǎn)可能性曲線運(yùn)動的變化。 6. 為什么李嘉圖的貿(mào)易模型無法準(zhǔn)確地決定收益。The gains a country enjoys from free trade depend on the equilibrium terms of trade, which is determined by world supply and demand conditions. 一個國家的收益享有自由貿(mào)易依賴貿(mào)易的平衡，這是由世界的供給和需求條件確定。 By recognizing only the role of supply, Ricardo was unable to determine the equilibrium terms of trade.7. 機(jī)會成本不變和機(jī)會成本遞增的含義。在什么條件下一國的成本保持不變或遞增。Constant opportunity costs refer to a situation where the cost of each additional unit of one product in terms of another product remains the same. Constant costs occur when resources are completely adaptable to alternative uses. Under increasing cost conditions, a nation must sacrifice more and more of one product to produce each additional unit of another product. Increasing costs occur when resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses. 固定的機(jī)會成本是指一種情況中，在另一個產(chǎn)品一個產(chǎn)品每增加單位成本保持不變。固定成本發(fā)生資源完全適用于其他用途。增加成本的條件下，一個國家必須犧牲更多的一個產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)另一種產(chǎn)品的一個單位。成本增加時出現(xiàn)的資源并不完全適用于其他用途。9. 比較成本和生產(chǎn)可能性曲線的關(guān)系。闡述對于不同的機(jī)會成本，生產(chǎn)可能性曲線形狀有何不同。The principle of comparative advantage can be explained in opportunity cost, which indicates the amount of one product that must be sacrificed in order to release enough resources to be able to produce one more unit of another product. The slope of the production possibilities curve (i.e., the marginal rate of transformation) indicates this rate of sacrifice. A nation facing a straight-line production possibilities curve produces under conditions of constant costs, while production under increasing costs refers to a bowed-out (i.e., concave) production possibilities curve. 比較優(yōu)勢原理可以解釋機(jī)會成本，這表明一種產(chǎn)品要犧牲為了釋放足夠的資源能夠生產(chǎn)更多的單位另一種產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量。的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線的斜率（即，邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率）表明該速率的犧牲。一個國家面臨的一個直線生產(chǎn)可能性曲線生產(chǎn)成本不變的條件下，當(dāng)生產(chǎn)成本增加是指一個退出（即，凹）生產(chǎn)可能性曲線。第3章3. 里昂惕夫之謎如何挑戰(zhàn)要素稟賦模型的普遍適用性。The Leontief paradox questioned the applicability of the factor-endowment theory by concluding that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. This was the opposite conclusion that would be expected when applying the factor endowment theory to the United States. 里昂惕夫悖論質(zhì)疑的要素稟賦理論的適用性的結(jié)論，美國出口勞動密集型產(chǎn)品。這是相反的結(jié)論，將運(yùn)用要素稟賦理論去美國的時候。5. 林德的理論：（1）對制成品（2）對初級農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品。Linder maintains that the factor-endowment theory is valid for trade in primary products, but that the theory of overlapping demands best applies to trade in manufactured goods. 林德認(rèn)為要素稟賦理論在初級產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易是有效的，但最好的重疊需求理論應(yīng)用于制造品貿(mào)易。6. 國家干預(yù)總呢觀測如何影響一個行業(yè)的國際競爭力。Governmental regulations imposed on domestic producers lead to higher production costs and a decrease in competitiveness. Such regulation is a negative determinant on trade performance. Nations that impose more stringent and costly governmental regulations on their producers, relative to those abroad, tend to lessen their international competitiveness. 政府規(guī)定，對國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)商征收導(dǎo)致較高的生產(chǎn)成本和降低競爭力。這樣的規(guī)定是對貿(mào)易績效負(fù)行列式。國家實(shí)施更嚴(yán)格的和昂貴的生產(chǎn)商的政府規(guī)定，相對于國外，傾向于減少其國際競爭力。7. 要素稟賦理論證明了貿(mào)易如何影響貿(mào)易伙伴間的收入分配，解釋。The Heckscher-Ohlin theory reasons that exports of products embodying large amounts of relatively cheap, abundant factors makes those factors less abundant domestically. This leads to higher prices and thus an increased share of national income for these factors. 赫克歇爾俄林的理論原因，體現(xiàn)了大量相對便宜的出口產(chǎn)品，豐富的因素使得這些因素不太豐富的國內(nèi)。這導(dǎo)致了這些因素更高的價格，從而增加國民收入的份額。8. 產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的含義。政府如何創(chuàng)造新興產(chǎn)業(yè)的比較優(yōu)勢。在制定產(chǎn)業(yè)政策時會遇到的問題。Industrial policy refers to a governmental strategy intended to revitalize, improve, and/or develop an industry. Governmental policies intended to foster an industrys development include loan guarantees, research and development subsidies, low interest rate loans, trade protection, and the like. Creating comparative advantage requires the government to identify industries with the highest growth prospects. Problems of industrial policy include: (a) identifying growth oriented industries; (b) government policy makers may be unduly influenced by their voting constituents. 產(chǎn)業(yè)政策是指政府為了振興戰(zhàn)略，改善，和/或發(fā)展一個產(chǎn)業(yè)。政府的政策旨在促進(jìn)行業(yè)的發(fā)展包括貸款擔(dān)保，研發(fā)補(bǔ)貼，低利率貸款，貿(mào)易保護(hù)，等。創(chuàng)造比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)業(yè)需要政府確定的最高增長前景。產(chǎn)業(yè)政策存在的問題包括：（一）確定的增長型行業(yè)；（b）政府的政策制定者可以通過他們的投票選民的過度影響。10. 區(qū)分產(chǎn)業(yè)貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易。產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的主要決定因素是什么。Interindustry trade refers to the exchange between nations of products of different industries. Intraindustry trade refers to two-way trade in a similar product. Among the determinants of intraindustry trade are: (a)overlapping demand segments in trading countries, (b) the extent to which domestic producers ignore minority consumer tastes, and (c) economies of scale associated with differentiated goods. 行業(yè)間貿(mào)易是指不同行業(yè)產(chǎn)品的國家之間的交流。產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易是指在一個類似產(chǎn)品的雙向貿(mào)易。產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的決定因素之間的是：（一）在交易的國家，重疊的需求部分，（b）在何種程度上忽視國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者的“少數(shù)民族”消費(fèi)者的口味，和（c）與差異產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。11. 商品和要素投入的國際流動如何促使國家間要素價格均等化。The factor endowment theory suggests that a capital-abundant nation enjoys relatively cheap capital. It thus specializes in and exports a capital-intensive good. This leads to increased demand for capital, which forces up the price of capital and thus the price of the capital-intensive good. The opposite occurs in the capital-scarce country. The basis for further specialization and trade ceases when the capital prices and product prices in each nation equate. 要素稟賦理論認(rèn)為，資本豐富的國家享有相對廉價的資本。因此，專業(yè)出口資本密集型商品。這導(dǎo)致資本需求的增加，迫使了資本的價格從而對資本密集型商品的價格。相反的情況發(fā)生在資本稀缺的國家。在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的專業(yè)化和貿(mào)易停止時，在每個國家的首都的價格和產(chǎn)品價格等同。12. 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)如何影響國際貿(mào)易模式。Adam Smith recognized that the division of labor is limited by the size of the market; world trade can permit longer production runs for domestic manufacturers, which leads to increasing efficiency and increasing competitiveness. 亞當(dāng)史密斯認(rèn)為勞動分工是市場規(guī)模的限制；世界貿(mào)易可以允許較長的生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行的國內(nèi)廠商，這導(dǎo)致提高效率和增加競爭力。13. 運(yùn)輸成本對國際貿(mào)易模式的影響。Transportation costs affect the location of industry since firms recognize that transportation costs in addition to production costs affect profitability. A firm achieves its best location when it can minimize its total operating costs, including production and transportation costs. When adding transportation costs to the prices of traded goods, a nations volume of trade decreases. 運(yùn)輸成本影響產(chǎn)業(yè)的位置，因?yàn)楣菊J(rèn)識到，除了生產(chǎn)成本影響盈利能力的運(yùn)輸成本。一個公司達(dá)到其最佳的位置時，它可以最小化總經(jīng)營成本，包括生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸成本。對貿(mào)易商品的價格加上運(yùn)輸成本時，一個國家的貿(mào)易額下降。第4章2. 欠發(fā)達(dá)國家認(rèn)為，工業(yè)國的關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)不利于欠發(fā)達(dá)國家發(fā)展本國工業(yè)，請解釋。Developing countries have argued that industrial countries allow raw materials to be imported at low nominal tariff rates while maintaining high nominal tariff rates on finished products. 發(fā)展中國家認(rèn)為，工業(yè)國家允許進(jìn)口原材料在較低的名義關(guān)稅稅率的同時保持較高的名義關(guān)稅率對成品。4. 描述從量關(guān)稅、從價關(guān)稅和混合關(guān)稅的概念，并區(qū)分其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed amount of money per unit of the imported product. An ad valorem tariff is a fixed percentage of the value of the imported product as it enters the country. A compound tariff combines a specific tariff and an ad valorem tariff. 一個特定的關(guān)稅是對一定數(shù)量的進(jìn)口商品的每單位的錢。從價關(guān)稅是固定比例的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的價值作為進(jìn)入中國。復(fù)合關(guān)稅將特定的關(guān)稅和關(guān)稅。5. 在什么情況下，對進(jìn)口商品征收的名義關(guān)稅高估或低估了實(shí)際關(guān)稅或名義關(guān)稅的有效保護(hù)性。When material inputs or intermediate products enter a country at a low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the nominal tariff rate on the final product overstates the effective rate of protection. The opposite also applies. 當(dāng)材料的投入或中間產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入一個國家在一個較低的關(guān)稅而最終的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的高關(guān)稅保護(hù)，對最終產(chǎn)品的名義稅率夸大的有效保護(hù)率。相反的也適用。8. 保稅倉庫和對外貿(mào)易區(qū)的含義。為什么它們能夠幫助進(jìn)口商減輕國內(nèi)進(jìn)口關(guān)稅的影響。A bonded warehouse is a storage facility for imported goods; it allows imported goods to be put into storage without the payment of duties. Goods may be later sold overseas duty free or withdrawn for domestic sale upon payment of import duties. A foreign trade zone is a site where foreign merchandise can be imported with no import duty; merchandise in the zone can be stored or used in the manufacturing of final products. 保稅倉庫是一個進(jìn)口貨物的倉儲設(shè)施；它允許進(jìn)口入庫貨物未支付的義務(wù)。貨物可以免稅或撤回后在海外銷售的內(nèi)銷的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅支付。對外貿(mào)易區(qū)是一個網(wǎng)站，外國商品可以沒有進(jìn)口稅進(jìn)口；在區(qū)商品可以存儲或用于最終產(chǎn)品的制造。13. 有關(guān)關(guān)稅的討論，你認(rèn)為哪一種與當(dāng)今的世界最相關(guān)。Economists generally contend that most arguments for trade restrictions cannot withstand searching analysis. The infant industry and national security arguments may have some validity, but they must be highly qualified. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家普遍認(rèn)為，大多數(shù)參數(shù)的貿(mào)易限制，不能承受搜索分析。幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)和國家安全的爭論可能會有一定的道理，但他們必須是合格的。15. 征收關(guān)稅對一個國家的貿(mào)易條件和貿(mào)易量產(chǎn)生的影響。Terms of trade improve, while trade volume declines. 貿(mào)易條件的改善，而貿(mào)易量下降。第5章3. 進(jìn)口配額可能帶來的收益和成本。The import quota tends to permit domestic firms and workers to enjoy higher sales, profits, and employment levels. Consumers tend to face higher prices and expenditure levels. The economy as a whole faces deadweight losses in production and consumption. 進(jìn)口配額會使國內(nèi)企業(yè)和工人享受更高的銷售額，利潤，和就業(yè)水平。消費(fèi)者往往面臨更高的價格和支出水平。整個經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨的無謂損失的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)。5. 哪種趨勢會造成家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)更大的福利損失：（1）由本國政府實(shí)行進(jìn)口配額（2）由外國政府自愿實(shí)行出口配額。Under an import quota, the distribution of the revenue effect is indeterminate, depending on the relative bargaining power of foreign producers and domestic buyers. Because voluntary export quotas are typically administered from the supply side of the market, the largest share of the revenue effect tends to be captured by foreign exporters. 進(jìn)口配額的影響下，收入分配是不確定的，根據(jù)相對議價能力的外國生產(chǎn)商和國內(nèi)買家。由于自愿出口配額通常是從供應(yīng)方的市場管理，對收入影響最大的份額往往受到外國出口商捕獲。6. 日本對出口到美國的汽車數(shù)量進(jìn)行限制，給美國帶來的影響。Same general answer as Question 5. The distribution of the revenue effect tends to accrue to foreign auto-makers. 同一般回答問題5。的收入效應(yīng)的分布趨于增加外國汽車制造商。7. 針對在美傾銷的外國鋼材實(shí)施配額時，為什么美國剛才消費(fèi)企業(yè)會向政府游說。By contributing to a scarcity of steel in the domestic market, quotas lead to higher steel prices and production costs for domestic steel-using firms. Such cost increases detract from their international competitiveness. 通過有助于在國內(nèi)市場上稀缺的鋼，配額導(dǎo)致更高的鋼鐵價格和生產(chǎn)成本為國內(nèi)用鋼公司。這樣的成本增加影響其國際競爭力。8. 考慮國際傾銷，區(qū)別以價格為基礎(chǔ)和以成本為基礎(chǔ)確定的國際市場價值。According to the priced-based definition, dumping occurs whenever a foreign firm sells a product in the importing countrys market at a price below that for which the product is sold in the firms home market. According to the cost-based definition, dumping occurs when foreign merchandise is sold in the domestic market at less than fair value (i.e., price is less than average total cost). 根據(jù)價格基礎(chǔ)的定義，傾銷發(fā)生在一個外國公司銷售的產(chǎn)品在進(jìn)口國的市場價格低于，該產(chǎn)品是在該公司的國內(nèi)銷售。根據(jù)定義的成本，當(dāng)反傾銷的外國商品在國內(nèi)市場銷售的“低于公平價值”（即，價格小于平均總成本）。10. 主要的非關(guān)稅壁壘有:Nontariff trade barriers include import quotas, voluntary export agreements, subsidies, buy-national policies, product and safety standards, and content requirements. 非關(guān)稅壁壘包括進(jìn)口配額，自愿出口協(xié)議，補(bǔ)貼，購買的國家政策，產(chǎn)品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，內(nèi)容要求12. 政府給予國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者的補(bǔ)貼方式主要有哪些？Subsidies include domestic subsidies and export subsidies. Methods used to subsidize producers include tax concessions, low interest rate loans, and loan guarantees. 補(bǔ)貼包括生活補(bǔ)貼和出口補(bǔ)貼。方法用于補(bǔ)貼生產(chǎn)者包括稅收優(yōu)惠，低利率的貸款，貸款擔(dān)保。13. 自動出口限制的含義。它和其他的貿(mào)易保護(hù)壁壘有何不同。Voluntary export restraints are market-sharing agreements negotiated by producing and consuming countries. Because voluntary export quotas are typically administered from the supply side of the market, the foreign exporter tends to capture the largest share of the quota revenue. 自愿出口限制的市場共享協(xié)議的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國的談判。由于自愿出口配額通常是從供應(yīng)方的市場管理，外國出口商傾向于捕捉到的配額收入的最大份額。16. 偶發(fā)性、持續(xù)性、掠奪性傾銷之間的區(qū)別。Sporadic dumping-firms with temporary inventories sell their products overseas at lower prices than at home. Predatory dumping-firms cut prices overseas to eliminate competitors. Persistent dumping-in an effort to maximize profits, firms continuously sell abroad at lower prices than at home. 偶發(fā)性傾銷臨時庫存公司海外銷售產(chǎn)品以較低的價格比在家里。掠奪性傾銷公司削減價格海外排擠競爭對手。持續(xù)性傾銷為了利潤最大化，企業(yè)不斷向國外以更低的價格比在家里。第6章2. 戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策的目的。Strategic trade policy refers to governmental assistance provided to support key industries that are considered important to future domestic economic growth and provide widespread benefits to society. 戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策是指提供支持，被認(rèn)為是未來國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的重要和向社會提供廣泛的效益的關(guān)鍵產(chǎn)業(yè)的政府援助。3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁的目的。Economic sanctions refer to trade and financial restrictions levied against a foreign country. Such restrictions are designed to impose economic hardship on the people of the foreign nation which will lead to their pressuring the government to modify its political behavior. A country facing economic sanctions may initiate offsetting sanctions such as stockpiling crucial imports or purchasing goods from countries that do not participate in the sanctions. 經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁是指貿(mào)易和金融限制向國外。這種限制是為了對外國的國家，會導(dǎo)致其政府施壓以改變其政治行為人實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。一個國家面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁可能會引發(fā)抵消制裁如儲存關(guān)鍵進(jìn)口或購買商品，不參與制裁的國家。5. 敘述美國政府實(shí)行的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，這些政策和日本的政策有何不同。Industrial policies of the United States have been less formal than those of Europe and Japan. The U.S. government encourages exports via its Export-Import Bank and Commodity Credit Corporation. Firms are also allowed to form export trading companies and export trade associations. 美國的工業(yè)政策已經(jīng)比歐洲和日本不太正式的。美國政府鼓勵出口通過其進(jìn)出口銀行和產(chǎn)品信貸公司。公司也允許出口貿(mào)易公司和出口貿(mào)易協(xié)會。9. 什么是貿(mào)易補(bǔ)救法案？面對不公平（公平）的商品貿(mào)易，它們?nèi)绾伪Ｗo(hù)美國企業(yè)。These laws attempt to redress hardships for U.S. producers resulting from policies of foreign firms and governments, thus resulting in a fair trading environment. They consist of the escape clause, countervailing duties, antidumping duties, and Section 301 of the 1974 Trade Act that deals with unfair trading practices by foreign nations. 這些法律試圖糾正美國生產(chǎn)商從外國公司和政府的政策造成困難，從而導(dǎo)致在一個公平的貿(mào)易環(huán)境。他們組成的例外條款，反補(bǔ)貼稅，反傾銷稅，而301款的1974的貿(mào)易行為，由外國不公平貿(mào)易行為的研究。13. 在美國貿(mào)易歷史上，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義在什么時期達(dá)到最高峰。Protectionism in the United States culminated with the passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930.在美國是1930的斯穆特-霍利關(guān)稅法案通過保護(hù)主義。第7章5. 為什么發(fā)展中國家擔(dān)憂商品價格穩(wěn)定。Many developing countries find that their economies are greatly tied to the export of one commodity, such as tin. Since the price elasticities of supply and demand of most commodities are low, modest changes in supply or demand can exert large swings in commodity prices and export earnings. 許多發(fā)展中國家發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)大大依賴于一種商品的出口，如錫。由于供應(yīng)和大多數(shù)大宗商品需求的價格彈性低，供給或需求的變化可以產(chǎn)生適度的大宗商品價格大幅波動和出口收入。6. 進(jìn)口替代和出口導(dǎo)向型政策如何幫助發(fā)展中國家實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化。Developing countries use import substitution policies to restrict the import of manufacturers so that domestic producers can take over established markets. Export promotion policies attempt to replace commodity exports with exports of processed primary products, semi-manufacturers, and manufacturers. 發(fā)展中國家使用進(jìn)口替代政策限制制造商的進(jìn)口，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)商可以在既定的市場。促進(jìn)出口的政策，試圖與加工的初級產(chǎn)品，出口替代商品出口半制造商，制造商。7. 國際商品協(xié)定的例子。為什么許多這樣的協(xié)定經(jīng)過一定時期后會解散。International commodity agreements have been applied to commodities such as tin, cocoa, coffee, sugar, and wheat. Deciding on acceptable ranges for price and output fluctuations has been difficult. Convincing countries to accept production and export quotas has also been difficult, especially during periods of falling market demand. 國際商品協(xié)定已應(yīng)用于商品如錫，可可，咖啡，糖，小麥。決定對價格和產(chǎn)出波動范圍已經(jīng)很難接受。令人信服的國家接受生產(chǎn)和出口配額也非常困難，尤其是在市場需求下降的時期。8. 20世紀(jì)70-90年代，東亞實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長所采取的戰(zhàn)略政策。東亞奇跡在新千年能否實(shí)現(xiàn)。 East Asias growth strategy has emphasized high rates of investment combined with high and increasing endowments of human capital due to universal primary and secondary education. East Asias economies have followed a flying geese pattern of growth in which countries gradually move up in technological development by following in the pattern of countries ahead of them in the development process. Moreover, industrial policies have attempted to support selected sectors of East Asias economies. Economic growth for East Asia has been export oriented. 東亞的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，強(qiáng)調(diào)高投資率結(jié)合高和增加人力資本的稟賦由于普及初級教育和中等教育。東亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)體都跟著雁行模式的增長，國家逐漸走高技術(shù)發(fā)展的國家的模式在發(fā)展過程中，在他們前面。此外，工業(yè)政策試圖支持東亞經(jīng)濟(jì)體的經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇的行業(yè)。東亞經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長一直以出口為導(dǎo)向的。10. 普遍優(yōu)惠制度的目的在于幫助發(fā)展中國家進(jìn)入國際市場，對此進(jìn)行解釋。Under the GSP program, industrial countries reduce tariffs on imports from developing countries below the levels applied to imports from other industrial countries. 普惠制方案下，工業(yè)化國家減少對發(fā)展中國家的水平以下，適用于其他工業(yè)國家的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。第8章1. 貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移的靜態(tài)福利效應(yīng)如何影響一國建立關(guān)稅同盟的決策，動態(tài)福利效應(yīng)對這一決策有何重要意義。The formation of a customs union results in static, or once-and-for-all, welfare effects. Included are a welfare-increasing trade creation effect and a welfare-reducing trade diversion effect. A countrys decision to participate in the customs union depends on which of these effects is the most significant. Over the long run, the formation of a customs union affects national welfare via economies of scale, investment incentives, and the level of competition. 關(guān)稅同盟的結(jié)果在靜態(tài)的形成，或一勞永逸，福利效應(yīng)。包括福利增加的貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造效應(yīng)和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移效應(yīng)的福利減少。一個國家的決定參加關(guān)稅同盟，取決于這些影響是最重要的。長期以來，形成關(guān)稅同盟的國家福利的影響通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，鼓勵投資，和競爭水平。3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的含義。包括哪些階段。Economic integration refers to the process of eliminating restrictions on international trade, payments, and factor m