2019_2020學年高中英語Module4SandstormsinAsiaSectionⅢGrammar——動詞不定式.docx

Section Grammar動詞不定式&but動詞不定式語 境 自 主 領(lǐng) 悟先觀察原句后自主感悟1.Scientists have tried many ways to solve this problem and in China，a mass campaign has been started to help solve it.2.They are often so thick that you cannot see the sun，and the wind is sometimes strong enough to move sand dunes.3.There was nothing to be done.It was the most frightening and the most dangerous situation Ive ever been in.4.Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of “desertification”.5.The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.6.When a sandstorm arrives in the city，weather experts advise people not to go out.7.The winds are very strong.Its difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill.8.To prevent it coming nearer，the government is planting trees.9.And yet we do nothing but talk about it.1.1句中，第一個和第二個不定式在句中分別充當狀語和賓語；2句和8句中的不定式作狀語；5句中，it為形式賓語；7句中，it為形式主語。2.由6句可知，不定式的否定式為not to do。由3句可知，不定式的被動式為to be done。由4句可知，不定式的完成式為to have done。3.由9句可知，不定式在介詞but后面時，如果but之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，則介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則帶to。一、動詞不定式1動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)語態(tài)主動被動一般式to doto be done進行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done(1)不定式的一般式：表示不定式的動作與謂語動詞同時(幾乎同時)發(fā)生或在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生。He asked me to help him with the task.他讓我?guī)退瓿蛇@項任務(wù)。(2)不定式的進行式：表示不定式的動作正在進行且與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。He is said to be studying abroad but I dont know which country it is.據(jù)說他正在國外學習，但我不知道是哪個國家。(3)不定式的完成式：表示不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。The engine just wont start.Something seems to have gone wrong with it.發(fā)動機發(fā)動不起來了。似乎出問題了。(4)不定式的被動式：當動詞不定式的邏輯主語是動詞不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，一般使用動詞不定式的被動形式。There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我們準備在月球上長住之前，還有很多問題需要解決。2動詞不定式的語法功能(1)作主語當不定式作主語時，表示一次具體的動作，并且常用it作形式主語，把不定式后置。No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when its better to remain silent.無論你是多么健談的人，有些時候保持沉默更好。名師點津不定式作主語時謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。(2)作表語不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。At college，Barack Obama didnt know that he was to become the first black president of the United States of America.在大學時，貝拉克奧巴馬不知道他會成為美國第一任黑人總統(tǒng)。如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或是what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語用來說明主語的內(nèi)容。Her wish is to become a key college student after graduation.她的愿望是畢業(yè)后成為一名名校大學生。(3)作賓語常用帶to的不定式作賓語的動詞有afford，agree，ask，decide，expect，hope，learn，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，want，wish等。She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting to be served.她坐在餐館里的一張小桌子旁等著被服務(wù)。有些動詞后面可以跟不定式作賓語，也可以跟動名詞作賓語，但意思不同，如forget，remember，try等；有些動詞后面接不定式和動名詞作賓語時意思差別不大，如start，begin，hate，like 等。I remembered to lock the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.我離開辦公室之前記得鎖門卻忘記關(guān)燈了。名師點津feel，find，think，believe，consider，make這幾個動詞后面接不定式作賓語，且賓語后面有形容詞/名詞作賓補時，常用it作形式賓語，而把不定式放到賓補之后。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.我們都認為學好一門外語對我們來說非常重要。(4)作賓語補足語不定式作賓語補足語，常用于下列動詞后：ask，cause，call，help，force，allow，permit，advise，order，get，want，wish，tell等。Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.乘客只允許攜帶一個手提行李包登機。名師點津(1)在“五看(see，watch，observe，notice，look at)三使(make，let，have)兩聽(hear，listen to)一感(feel)” 等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式不帶to，但當以上動詞(let，have除外)用于被動語態(tài)時需要帶to。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.讓那些需要幫助的人們明白我們會全力以赴去幫助他們。The person was seen to enter the shop by us.我們看見那個人進了商店。(2)help后跟不定式作賓語補足語時，不定式可帶to也可不帶to，即help sb.(to) do sth.。(5)作定語不定式作定語，置于被修飾詞之后，常表示未發(fā)生的動作。The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area.明年將竣工的機場將會幫助推進該地區(qū)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。中心詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、最高級、 only等修飾時，用不定式作定語。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他總是第一個到校，最后一個離校。常用不定式作定語的名詞：promise，plan，offer，decision，ability，warning等。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表達觀點的能力與觀點本身同等重要。名師點津被修飾的名詞與不定式存在被動關(guān)系時，不定式的動詞必須是及物動詞，若為不及物動詞，則后面必須要有適當?shù)慕樵~。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一個好主意，但是她找不到寫下它的紙。(6)作狀語原因狀語。不定式作原因狀語時，通常位于情感類形容詞或表示心理活動的形容詞/過去分詞之后，表示產(chǎn)生某種情感或心理活動的原因。We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我們吃驚的是，這座寺廟仍保持著最初的樣子。目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語時可位于句首和句末，且不定式前可加in order/so as，但so as to不能位于句首。To make it easier to get in touch with us，youd better keep this card at hand.為了更容易與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系，你最好把這張卡片放在手邊。The boy worked very hard in order to/so as to make up for the lost time.這個男孩工作非常努力，為的是彌補失去的時間。結(jié)果狀語。不定式作結(jié)果狀語常表示意外的結(jié)果，常在不定式前加only。I arrived at the shop only to find I had left all my money at home.我到了商店卻發(fā)現(xiàn)錢全落在家里了。 3不定式用主動形式表示被動意義的常見情況(1)在“主語系動詞表語(形容詞)(for sb.) to do” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語與構(gòu)成不定式的動詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有easy，hard，difficult，fit等。The book is so difficult to understand that I want to give it up.這本書如此難懂以至于我不想讀了。(2)不定式作定語時，若構(gòu)成不定式的動詞與不定式所修飾的詞之間為動賓關(guān)系，并且句子的主語是不定式動作的發(fā)出者時。He has a large family to support.他有一個大家庭要養(yǎng)。(3)在“too.to.” 和“enough.to.” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，若構(gòu)成不定式的動詞與句子的主語之間為動賓關(guān)系，不定式可以用主動形式表示被動意義。The book is cheap enough to buy.這本書很便宜，可以買。The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.這道數(shù)學題太難我不能解出它。(4)在“特殊疑問詞to do” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，do與特殊疑問詞之間為動賓關(guān)系時，不定式常用主動形式。I dont know what to do next.我不知道接下來該做什么。即時演練1單句語法填空He seems to understand (understand) what I said.When I came in，he pretended to be reading (read)It is difficult for him to get(get) along with other kids of his age.二、but動詞不定式1當but(表示“除之外”)前有實義動詞do的某種形式時，其后的不定式通常不帶to。其他情況不定式通常都要帶to。If he takes on this work，he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge.(have no choice but to do.別無選擇只好做)他如果接受這項工作的話，必然會遇到更大的挑戰(zhàn)。He does nothing but complain，which bothers almost everyone around him.他除了抱怨無所事事，這讓他周圍的幾乎每個人都煩。2but用于cant but，cant help but，cant choose but等短語后，意為“不得不，只能”，不定式不帶to。We cant but face the reality.我們只能面對現(xiàn)實。I couldnt choose but speak the truth.我不能不說真話。Whenever I think of the story，I still cant help but laugh at myself.每當我想起我那個故事，我就會忍不住地笑起自己來。即時演練2單句改錯I cannot but to admire your decision.去掉toHe has nothing to do but watching TV at home.watchingwatchWhen the streets are full of melting snow，you cant help but got your shoes wet.gotget.單句語法填空1The weather seems to be improving(improve) now.Lets go for a picnic.2All through the morning，Mary did nothing but sit(sit) on the sofa，watching TV.3Although it is a hard task to protect our environment，we cant help but go(go) ahead.4When I returned to Beijing from Shanghai，the sandstorm had just ended.My friends all said I was lucky to have missed(miss) it.5Were having a meeting in half an hour.The decision to be made (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company.6He promised to help(help) us whenever we were in trouble.7To catch (catch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.8It seems that we have no choice but to wait(wait)9Its silly of you to have left (leave) your bike outside unlocked.10Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem to be getting(get) worse