高中英語 直接引語和間接引語講解.doc

直接引語和間接引語不同句式的間接引語定義引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語（direct speech），即原封不動地引用原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語（indirect speech），即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。直接引語變間接引語直接引語為陳述句 直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，引述動詞通常是say, tell等。主句中如果有say to sb., 通常變?yōu)閠ell sb. 與此同時，間接引語中的人稱、時態(tài)和其他方面也要相應(yīng)有所變化。the foreigner said to me, “ i like beijing very much”.那老外告訴我：我很喜歡北京。 the foreigner told me that he she liked beijing very much. 那老外告訴我說他（她）很喜歡北京。she said, “we are very fond of sports”. 她說：我們都喜歡體育運(yùn)動。 she said that they were very fond of sports. 她說他（她）們都喜歡體運(yùn)動?！癷ll go over the grammar lesson once again”, he said. 他說：我將把語法課再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。he said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他說他將要把語法課再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。（that可省略）直接引語為疑問句一般疑問句和反意疑問句一般疑問句改為間接引語時，要用陳述語序，并要加連詞if 或 whether，其主句動詞常用ask, wonder, want to know, didnt know等。句末不用問號。my teacher asked me, “do you like american country music” 我老師問我：你喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂嗎？ my teacher asked me if/whether i liked american country music. 我老師問我是否喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂。 “you havent been to beijing, have you?” asked he. 他問：你沒去過北，是嗎？ he asked me if/whether i had been to beijing. 他問我是否去過北京。否定一般疑問句和選擇問句如果直接引語為否定的一般問句或選擇疑問句時，用whetheror 連接。she said, dont you know my telephone number 她說：你難道不知道我的電話號碼嗎？ she asked me whether i knew her telephone number or not. 她問我是知道她的電話號碼。do you like this one or that one tom asked. 湯姆問：你是喜歡這個還是那個？ tom asked me whether i liked this one or that one. 湯姆問我是喜歡這個還是那個。特殊疑問句 間接引語為特殊疑問句時，間接引語前仍然用特殊疑問詞作為連詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句，注意從句必須用陳述語序，主句謂語動詞常用ask。he asked, “how do you like it?”. 他問：你覺得怎樣？ he asked me how i liked it. 他問我覺得它怎樣。she asked me, “whats the matter with you?” 她問我：你怎么啦？ she asked me what was the matter with me. 她問我我怎么啦。 其它英語中有些疑問句并非提出疑問，而是表示請求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，往往采用其他的形式。suggest doing“shall we all go to the film tonight “, said michael. 邁克爾說：我們今晚都去看電影，好嗎？ michael suggested going to the film tonight. 邁克爾建議今晚都去看電影。“what about having a drink?” he asked. 他問：喝杯怎么樣？he suggested having a drink. 他建議喝一杯。advise sb to do“why dont you go hiking”, asked james. 詹姆士問：你為什么不徒步旅行？james advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建議我去徒步旅行。. offer to do he said, “would you like me to post the letter?” 他說：你要我寄信嗎？ he offered to post the letter. 他主動提出寄信。ask sb to do“will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow?”, she said to me. 她對我說：勞駕你明天把你的參考書帶來好嗎？she asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她讓我第二天把我的參考書帶去。直接引語為祈使句 1直接引語為祈使句時，間接引語往往用復(fù)合賓來表示，其結(jié)構(gòu)為主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語（動詞不定式）。引述動詞可根據(jù)口氣選用tell, ask, order, command, request等詞，句中please去掉。 she said to me, “please have a res”t. 她對我說：請休息一下。 she asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。 “dont all answer at once”, she said to the pupils. 她對學(xué)生說：大家不要齊聲回答。 she told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫學(xué)生不要齊聲回答。2帶有l(wèi)et的祈使句（表示請求，建議或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that從句來表示其相應(yīng)的意思。 “l(fā)ets go for a walk”, said the girl. 那姑娘說，讓我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨伞?the girl suggested going for a walk. 這女孩建議去散散步。 the teacher said, “l(fā)et lily tidy the classroom”. 老師說：讓莉莉整理教室。 the teacher suggested that lily should tidy the classroom. 老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。直接引語為感嘆句1直接引語是感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，多采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。 “what a clever boy you are!”, my teacher said to him. 老師對他說，你是個聰明的孩子??！ my teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老師對他說他是一個多聰明的孩子啊。 he said, “how well you look!”. 他說：你看起來氣色多好??！ he said how well i looked. 他說我看起來是氣色多好啊。 2有些感嘆句可以根據(jù)原句的意思，采用適當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌恍栌瞄g接賓語來轉(zhuǎn)述。 “help!”, he cried. 他喊到：救命啊！ he called for help. 他大聲呼救。 “what terrible weather it is!”, he said. 他說：多么糟糕的天氣！ he complained about the terrible weather. 他抱怨這糟糕的天氣。 “happy christmas!”, he said. 他說：圣誕快樂！ he wished me a happy christmas. 他祝我圣誕快樂。引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的各種相應(yīng)變化時態(tài)的變化現(xiàn)在時間推移到過去時間直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時 1時態(tài)的變化現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時過去完成進(jìn)行時過去時間推移到過去的過去直接引語間接引語一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時（不變）過去進(jìn)行時過去完成進(jìn)行時或不變將來時間推移到過去將來時間直接引語間接引語 一般將來時 一般將來時間接引語中保持原來時態(tài)不變 a. 主句為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，間接引語的時態(tài)保持不變。 he thinks, “she will be back in a month”. he thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她將在一個月后回來。 he says, i have accepted her invitation. he says he has accepted her invitation. 他說他已接受了她的邀請。比較： 間接引語中的謂語動詞時態(tài)對比。 sarah said to me,i have two brothers. 莎莎對我說：“我有兩個弟弟?！?sarah told me that she has two brothers. 莎莎告訴我說她有兩個弟弟。（說話才認(rèn)為這情況是真實(shí)的） sarah told me that she had two brothers. 莎拉告訴我說她有兩個弟弟。（說話者對此沒有什么把握） b. 間接引語表示的是現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動作、科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)、格言等。 the geography teacher said to the students, “the earth moves round the sun”. the geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老師告訴學(xué)生地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 he said, “every dog has his day”. he said that every dog has his day. 他說是人皆有出頭日。 c. 間接引語中動詞表示的動作說話時仍在進(jìn)行或狀態(tài)仍然存在，時態(tài)可保 持不變。 he said, “the window is broken”. he said that the window is broken.他說玻璃窗碎了。 just now brown said, “my son is ill today”. brown told me just now that his son is ill today. 布朗剛才告訴我說，他兒子今天病了。 d. 間接引語中有明確的過去時間狀語，仍可用一般過去時，不必改為過去 完成時。 the girl said, “i was born in 1978”. the girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩說她生于1978年。 she said, “ my teacher was busy yesterday”. she said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她說她老師昨天很忙。2情態(tài)動詞的變化情態(tài)動詞在間接引語中都可以改為過去式，must表示必、推測、禁止等意思時，可不變；表示必須時可不變，也可用had to 或would have to。 the senior said, “all men must die”. the senior said that all men must die. 那老者說人總是要死的。 she said, “i must go to see the doctor tomorrow afternoon”. she said she must would have to go to see the doctor the next afternoon. 她說第二天下午她一定得去看醫(yī)生。 he said to me, “we used to go there every year”. he told me that they used to come here every year. 他對我說他們過去每年都來這里。（used to在間接引語中不變）3代詞的變化1人稱代詞的變化 當(dāng)主句的主語是第一人稱時，引語中的人稱代詞不變。 i said, “you did quite well in the exam yesterday”. i said that you had done quite well in the exam the day before. 我說你那天考得不錯。 直接引語中主語是第一人稱時，在改為間接引語時，其人稱與主句中的 主語的人稱一致。 he said to tom, “ill do my best to catch up with others”. he told tom that he would do his best to catch up with others. 他告訴湯姆他將盡他所能趕上其他人。 直接引語中主語是第二人稱時，在改為間接引語時，其人稱和主句的賓 語相一致。 he said to her, “where did you put the glasses” he asked her where she had put the glasses. 他問她，她把杯子放哪兒了。 提示： 如果主句中無賓語，應(yīng)根據(jù)語境或想象，自添適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語；如果直接引語中有呼語，則將其改為間接引語的賓語。 mother asked, “where have you been?”. mother asked me where i had been. 母親問我去哪兒了。 “why are you late again?”, john the teacher asked. the teacher asked john why he was late again. 老師問約翰為什么他又遲到。 直接引語中主語是第三人稱時，在改為間接引語時不發(fā)生變化。 he said to tom, “she can help them”. he told tom that she could help them. 他告訴湯姆她能夠幫助他們。 2物主代詞的變化 “you should not overlook your fault”, mum said to me. mum told me that i should not overlook my fault. 媽媽對我說我不應(yīng)該忽略我的缺點(diǎn)。 the two boys said, we have lost ur dog. the two boys said they had lost their