NCE1.語法總結及練習.doc

NCE(一)語法總結一、 物主代詞、人稱代詞 人稱數(shù)單 數(shù)復 數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱形容詞性物主代詞myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey賓格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves練習題：( ) 1. Help to the cakes, boys and girls. A. yourself B. your C. myself D. yourselves( ) 2. All of come from France. A. we B. our C. us D. ours( ) 3. My brother will take to the park this Sunday. A. I and my brother B. my brother and me C. me and my brother D. my brother and I( ) 4.Whose pen is this? Its . A. he B. his C. him D. hes( ) 5. Its not classroom. Its . A. their; our B. theirs; our C. them; us D. their; ours( ) 6. is a good teacher. We all like . A. He; him B. They; them C. You; yours D. She; hers( ) 7. Lucy wants some bananas. Give to . A. they; she B. them; her C. them; he D. they; her( ) 8. Let have a look. I think can. A. me; I B. her; me C. I; I D. us; me二、 祈使句表示請求、要求、命令、建議等方面意義的句子稱為祈使句。祈使句以動詞原形開頭，省略主語you。祈使句的否定形式是在動詞原形前加dont.Come in!Dont come in! Stop talking!Dont stop talking.Let her in!Dont let her in! Open the door, please!Dont open the door!練習題：用括號內所給動詞的正確形式填空。1. Its an important meeting. (not, be) late.2. (not, make) any noise! Your mother is sleeping.3. (not, speak) with your mouth full of food and (be) polite.4. (not, leave) your homework for tomorrow, Mary.5. (not, talk) and (read) aloud.三、 復數(shù)名詞表示一個以上概念時，要用名詞的復數(shù)。 名詞復數(shù)形式構成的規(guī)則變化1、 在名詞后直接加s 清輔音后讀s。例如：book-books map-maps lake-lakes desk-desks濁輔音后讀z。例如：pen-pens lesson-lessons table-tables bag-bags元 音后讀z。例如：boy-boys ruler-rulers banana-bananas 2、以s, x, ch, sh, o結尾的名詞加es，讀iz。 bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes tomato-tomatoes3、 以f或fe結尾的名詞, 把f, fe變成v加es。 knife-knives life-lives thief-thieves wife-wives leaf-leaves4、 以輔音加y結尾的名詞，把y變成i ,再加es。country-countries family-families factory-factories city-cities story-stories 5、特殊形式：woman-women man-men child-children tooth-teeth練習題：( ) 1. There are forty in our school A. women teachers B. teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher ( ) 2. John is very happy to have a training(培訓).A. two week B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months以正確的形式將括號內的名詞填入空內1. He bought ten (pencil) and two (knife).2. I have three (book).3. They have five (car) in their garage.4. Two (housewife) are chatting at our gate.5. They need three (umbrella)6. Give me three wine (glass), please.8. There are only ten (match) in the box.9. There are three (policeman) in the street.10. I want two (ticket) but he gives me only one.11. They will invite two (man) and four (woman) to their party.12. She has many (dress).13. Mr. and Mrs. Smith havent any (child).四、不可數(shù)名詞 單數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞 復數(shù) 普通名詞 名詞 不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式；不能用a/an修飾） 專有名詞 *可數(shù)名詞一般不分單數(shù)和復數(shù)。有許多名詞在漢語中是可數(shù)的，在英語中是不可數(shù)的，如要表示“一個”的概念是，就必須用表示量的名詞詞組。例如： a piece of news 一條消息 a piece of paper 一張紙 a bottle of orange 一瓶桔子汁 a glass of milk 一杯牛奶練習題：將下列量詞填入空格內：piece, loaf, bar, pound, kilo, box, bag, cup, bottle1. I am going to buy a of bread, a of sugar, a of matches, and a of salt this afternoon.2. Give me a of paper and a of chalk, please.3. He always has a of milk, a of chocolate.4. She asks for a of wine and a of rice.五、There be 句型：1. 概念：某地有某人或某物。2. 構成：1) 肯定句：There is +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+地點 There is a book on the desk. /There is some milk in the bottle. 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞2) 否定句：There is +not +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+地點 There is not (isnt) a book on the desk. /There is not (isnt) any milk in the bottle.3) 疑問句：Is there +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+地點 Is there a book on the desk? /Is there any milk in the desk？ Yes, there is. No, there isnt.3. 構成： 1) 肯定句：There are +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+地點 There are some books on the desk. 2) 否定句：There are +not+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+地點 There are not (arent) any books on the desk.3) 疑問句：Are there +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+地點 Are there any books on the desk? Yes, there are. No, there arent.*some用于肯定句，any用于否定和疑問句。練習題：翻譯下列句子。1. 在這個賓館里有許多房間。 .2. 在那個盒子里有一些糖。 .3. 在那個房間里有幾個(several)人嗎？ .是的，有幾個人。 不，沒有人。 . .4. 我一點錢都沒有。 .*there be與have的區(qū)別： there be與have漢語意思都是表示“有”。Have前必須有主語，而“there be”則是一種特殊結構；have表示所有關系，意為“所有”，一般指某人“有”，there be則表示“存在”。例如： Today we have two new students. 今天我們有兩名新同學。 There are some apples over there. 在那邊有一些蘋果。六、年、月、日和時刻的表達法1、 表示“在某年某月”：用介詞in.例如：在1999年9月：in September 19992、 表示“在某日”：用介詞on例如：在1999年5月1日：on May 1st, 1999 在星期六：on Sunday3、 表示“在幾點”：用介詞at例如：在6點鐘：at six oclock練習題：用in，on, at填空1、Tom arrived the office ten oclock.2、He is going to New York January 1st.3、He often comes to visit us Saturday.4、She was born(出生) 1990.5、Tom was at school five oclock.七、too和enough1、 too的用法：(1) 表示“太”，修飾形容詞She cant move the case. Its too heavy. 她移不動那只箱子，它太沉了。The water is too hot and we cant bath. 水太熱了，我們沒有辦法洗澡。(2) sth+be+too+形容詞+for sb to do sth 對于某人太，以至于不能做The house is too expensive for me to buy. 那房子太貴了，我買不起。(3) sb+be+too+形容詞+to do sth 某人太，以至于不能做She was too busy to have a talk with me. 他太忙了，以至于不能和我說話。They are too young to elect. 他們太小，不能參選。2、 enough的用法：(1) enough+名詞There is enough room. 有足夠的空間。There are enough books for the children to read. 有足夠的書供孩子們閱讀。(2) 形容詞+enoughIts warm enough, we can wear sweaters. 天氣足夠暖和的， 我們可以穿毛衣了。 (3) sth+be+形容詞+enough+for sb+to do sth. 某物對于(某人)足夠; 可以做The exam is easy enough for her to pass. 這個考試對于她來說足夠簡單，可以通過。(3) sb+be+形容詞+enough to do sth。 某人很，可以做He is old enough to make his own decision. 他已經長大了，可以自己做決定了。練習題：用enough, too填空1、The question is easy for me.2、These exercises are difficult for him to finish in half an hour.3、That box is heavy for him to move alone.4、Hes rich to buy that house.5、Shes clever to solve the difficult problem.6、Tom is stupid to be able to do it.7、The distance is short for us to walk.8、The car was expensive for us to buy.9、Hes tall to reach that top shelf.10、Its hot to sleep well at night.八、形容詞的比較級和最高級形容詞比較級、最高級的形式變化規(guī)則構成法原級比較級最高級單音節(jié)詞末尾加er和estcheap, tallcheaper, tallercheapest, tallest重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫最后一個輔音字母，然后加er和estbig, hot, thinbigger, hotter, thinnerbiggest, hottest, thinnest以輔音字母+y結尾的形容詞把y變i加er和estangry, happy, heavyangrier, happier, heavierangriest, happiest, heaviest以e結尾的形容詞加r和stnicenicernicest其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞useful, interestingmore useful, more interestingmost useful, most interesting不規(guī)則形容詞比較級及最高級原級比較級最高級goodbetterbestwellbetterbestbadworseworstmanymoremostmuchmoremostlittlelessleast形容詞比較級的用法：比較級用于兩者的比較。其結構是：A+be+形容詞的比較級+than+B.例 如：Sam is younger than Mike. 薩姆比邁克年輕。形容詞最高級的用法：最高級用于二者以上的比較。 其結構是：主語+be+the+形容詞的最高級+(n.)表示范圍的短語或從句 例 如：Sam is the youngest student in my class. 練習題：用比較級和最高級填空。1、Jane is (tall) than Tom and she is (tall) girl in the class2、English is (important) than French and it is (useful) of all the languages(語言) in the world.3、Betty is (pretty) girl in this town.4、Their house is (beautiful) in the country and the garden is (large), too.5、Mr. Smith is (busy) man in our company.6、They have bought (expensive) car in the shop.7、Well move to a house much (big) than this one.8、Every foreigner says that Chinese is (difficult) language to learn.9、Her husband is eleven years (old) than she is.10、Mrs. Brown is (fat) woman Ive ever seen.11、He always wins a prize for the (good) garden in the town.12、Ill buy the one that costs (little) in the shop九、同級比較：asas形容詞原級用法：1) 肯定句：A+be+as+形容詞原級+as B 例 如：My cat is as old as that one. 我的貓和那只一樣大。2) 否定句：A+be+not+as(so)+形容詞原級+as B 例 如：He is not as (so) tall as I. 他不如我高。3) 疑問句：Be+A+as+形容詞原級+as B？ 例 如：Is she as busy as before? 她還象以前那么忙嗎？十、so和neither引導的簡短回答當有人說了一句肯定意義的話，其肯定內容也適于你或另外的人或事物時，可以采用這種簡略的句式。構成：肯定句. So +be/情/助+主語例如：Lucy is a student. So am I. / So are they. / So is her brother. I like music. So does my brother. / So do they. They went to the party. So did I. 當有人說了一句否定意義的話，其否定內容也適于你或另外的人或事物時，可以采用這種簡略的句式。構成：否定句. Neither+ be/情/助+主語例如：I dont like music. Neither does my brother. They didnt go to the party. Neither did I.練習題：1、I have read it. (John) .2、I havent seen it. (Tom) .3、You dont know the way. (your aunt) .4、He is a writer. (she) .5、Tom can speak French. (his wife) .6、He wants to help us. (she) .7、He cant come. (his sister) .8、Alice couldnt understand. (Andrew) .9、I dont believe him. (Ann) .10、The pork was bad. (the beef) .十一、反意疑問句這種疑問句分為兩部分：前一部分為陳述句，后一部分為簡短問句。 前肯定后否定; 前否定后肯定*反意疑問句的否定部分必須用縮略形式，同時它的主語必須用人稱代詞。 例如：You have been learned English for years, havent you? -前肯定后否定 He is unhappy, is he? -前否定后肯定練習題：1、He didnt see it. .2、The meeting wont be long. .3、She didnt find it. .4、They neednt pay the money. .5、She doesnt know you. .6、It isnt expensive. .7、The food wasnt bad. .8、You arent angry. .9、You dont like him. .10、We shant go there. .十二、no和none的用法no：是個限定詞，可以用在單數(shù)(可數(shù)及不可數(shù))名詞和復數(shù)名詞前，他的意思和not a或not any幾乎一樣，可以代替這些詞語。*not a=no not any=no例如：There isnt any water left. =There is no water left. I havent got any time to read the newspaper. =I have got no time to read the newspaper.none： 在the, my, your等詞和this, that等詞前面要表達no的含義，應該用none of來表示no的意思。None of既可用于句子的開頭也可用在句子的其他地方。例如：None of the trains go to the small city. 沒有一輛貨車通過那座小城。 Youve got many gifts, but Ive got none. 你有許多禮物，而我一個也沒有。練習題：用not, no, none填空。1、They had warm clothing and food.2、 of the drivers have come.3、I cant get there. Theres bus.4、I have any time to spare.5、There are stupid students in this class.6、 of the telephones are working.7、Sorry I cant stop. Ive got time.8、There is any food in the house.9、I asked for two tickets but there was left.10、There were letters for you this morning. Im afraid.十三、定語從句定于從句在句子中作定語，修飾句子中的某一名詞或代詞。被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。例如：I have a sister who lives in Paris 先行詞 關系代詞1、 先行詞是人，用關系代詞who，在定于從句中做主語和賓語。例如：The woman who is talking with a boy is my teacher Miss. Gao. 做主語那位和一個男孩談話的婦女是我的老師高小姐The man who we met is my uncle. 我們遇見的那個男人是我的叔叔。 做賓語2、 先行詞是人，用關系代詞whom，在定于從句中只能作賓語。例如：The little girl whom she is playing with is her daughter. 做賓語3、 先行詞是物，用關系代詞which，在定于從句中做主語和賓語。例如：The factory which well visit next week isnt far from here. 做賓語 The car which is repairing is Toms. 做主語4、 先行詞是人或物，用關系代詞that，在定語從句中做主語和賓語。例如：The policeman that is helping the old man is my brother. 先行詞是人 做主語 The pen that he gave me was made in the USA. 先行詞是物 做定語*關系代詞在賓語從句中做主語不可以省略，做賓語可以省略。練習題：用who, whom, that和which將下列各組句子改寫成含有一個定語從句的句子。1、 This is the dog. It is bit a policeman. .2、I spoke to the man. He couldnt understand me. .2、 We bought a loaf of bread. It had just come out of the oven. .4、A waitress served me with beer. It was too cold. .5、I didnt recognize the tall young man. He was standing at the door. .十四、表示推測的情態(tài)動詞 1、 表示“一定”/不可能(must be的否定形式)：對現(xiàn)在的推測：must be cant be對過去的推測：must have done cant have done2、 表示“可能”對現(xiàn)在的推測：may/might be 對過去的推測：may/might have done練習題：用must be, must have done, cant be, cant have done 1、Look at his face! He be very angry.2、It be John you see. Hes in Caracas(加拉斯).3、I saw Ann in the library yesterday. You (see) her; she is still abroad.4、Im feeling cold. The windows be open.5、The carpet was made by hand. It (take) a long time.6、The door was open when I arrived. It (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.7、Theres the milkman at the door. No, it be the milkman. It be the postman.8、Jane be over thirty-five. Her son is only three years old now.9、Per haps he swam across the river. No, he (do) that, he cant swim.10、Whos at the door? It be Susan.十五、直接引語變間接引語1、 如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，則直接引語是什么時態(tài)間接引語就是什么時態(tài)。例如：He says, “I like the film of Titanic.” 他說：“我喜歡泰坦尼克這部電影。” He says (that) he likes the film of Titanic. 他說他喜歡泰坦尼克這部電影。2、 如果主句是一般過去時，則間接引語的時態(tài)要向后退一個時態(tài)時態(tài)的變化直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時She said, “I am a teacher.”She said that she was a teacher.現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時He said, “We are having dinner.”He said they were having dinner.現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時She said, “I have finished my homework.She said that she had finished her homework.一般過去時過去完成時She said, “I saw you last week.”She said she had seen me the week before.一般將來時過去將來時She said, “Ill go there.”She said she would go there.cancould; maymightShe said, “I may get married next year.”They said, “We cant afford a new house.”She said she might get married the next year.They said they couldnt afford a new house.客觀真理的事態(tài)不發(fā)生改變She said,