譯林版高中英語(yǔ)必修四教案：：Unit 2 Sporting events 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.doc

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的概念： 所謂情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是指它含有一定的含意可以表達(dá)某種感情和說(shuō)話(huà)的口氣，但是它不可以單獨(dú)使用作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can(could)，may(might)，must(must)，have to，shall(should)，will (would)，need(need)，dare(dared)，ought to。要注意的是：1).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。2).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。3).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng),數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)不加-s。4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非謂語(yǔ)形式，即沒(méi)有不定式，分詞等形式。二 . can, could 和be able to 1. cancould表示能力或客觀可能性，還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如:(1). can you finish this work tonight? (2). man cannot live without air(3).can i go now? yes，you can.(4).they will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告訴你消息了。2. 只用be able to ：a. 位于助動(dòng)詞后。 b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。 c. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。 d. 用于句首表示條件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。如：he was able to flee europe before the war broke out. = he managed to flee europe before the war broke out.3. could也可表示請(qǐng)求。語(yǔ)氣委婉主要用于疑問(wèn)句不可用于肯定句，答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用can。 如:1) .- could i have the television on?- yes, you can. / no, you cant. 2). -could i come to see you tomorrow? -yes, you can . (否定答語(yǔ)可以用no, im afraid not)在否定，疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。如：he couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人。4. 表示驚異懷疑，不相信態(tài)度。（主要用在否定旬、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中）can this be true? how can you be so careless! this cannot be done by him5. can (could)+have+過(guò)去分詞”的疑問(wèn)或否定形式表示對(duì)過(guò)發(fā)生的行為懷疑或不肯定。例如:he cannot have been to that town can he have got the book?cant/couldnt可表否定推測(cè)。 如：if tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開(kāi)這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。6. can 習(xí)慣用法： cannot but不得不；如：i cannot but admire his courage我不得不佩服他的勇氣。 cannot (couldnt) help + doing 情不自禁；如：when i heard what the little girl said i couldnt help laughing當(dāng)我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)小女孩所講的，不禁大笑起來(lái)。 can but只好，不得不；如： we can but agree with him我們只好同意他。 cannot .too.怎么也不過(guò)分；如：you cannot be too careful in the choice of your friends你在選擇朋友時(shí)，怎么小心也不過(guò)分。 三may和might 1表示許可。表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí)，might比may的語(yǔ)氣更委婉一些，否定回答時(shí)要用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。例如：you may drive the carmight i use your pen? no，you mustnt(用may i征詢(xún)對(duì)方許可在文體上比較正式，在口氣上比較客氣。在日常用語(yǔ)中用can。)2表示推測(cè)、可能(疑問(wèn)句不能用于此意) he may be very busy now3用于析使句中表示祝愿。may you succeed ！4表示請(qǐng)求或規(guī)勸。you might pay more attention to me5“may(might)+have+過(guò)去分詞”表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。例如：he may not have finished the work6may/might的其他用法：may not表示一種禮貌的“不可”。如：you may not leave the thing half donemight可表示忠告，責(zé)備。如：yon have broken two dishesyou might try to be more carefulmay well +原形， 理所當(dāng)然you may well say so你當(dāng)然可以這樣講。may/might as well=had better 最好 如：we may as well stay where we are我們最好是留在原處。 if that is the case, we may as well try.may/might as well+原形+as+原形 與其不如； 最好不要；如：you might as well throw your money away as lend it to him你要借給他錢(qián),不如把錢(qián)扔了。peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. a. mustb. may c. can d. will四。 have to和must 1. must表示必須，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一種主觀看法。也表示責(zé)任或義務(wù)而have to表示必須時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是客觀需要。have to可以用在更多的時(shí)態(tài)中。my brother was very ill, so i had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來(lái)。(客觀上需要做這件事)he said that they must work hard.他說(shuō)他們必須努力工作.（主觀上要做這件事） you must obey the rules(責(zé)任或義務(wù))you will have to do it again你將不得不再做一次?；卮餸ust引出的問(wèn)句時(shí)如果是否定的回答不能用mustnt而要用neednt或dont have to。如： must we hand in our exercise books today?yesyou must(noyou dont have to)2 “must be+表語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問(wèn)形式用can代替must。this must be your pen3must+have+過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問(wèn)形式用can代替must。he must have been to shanghai4 .must一般只表現(xiàn)在，have則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。5.二者的否定意義不大相同mustnt表“禁止”, dont have to(=neednt)表沒(méi)有必要。例如： yon mustnt go你可不要去。you dont have to go你不必去。6詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用must。例如： must i clean all the room?五 will和would 1. 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等，would 比will委婉客氣. would you pass me the salt?2表示意志、愿望和決心。i will never do that again.they asked us if we would do that again.3表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 fish will die without water.4表示預(yù)言。oil will float on water5用“will be”和“will十have十過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，主要用于第二、三人稱(chēng)。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測(cè)，后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)的推測(cè)。this will be the book you wanthe will have arrived by now6would可表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。would表過(guò)去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式。并沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。the wound would not healduring the vacation he would visit me every week7表料想或猜想。it would be about ten when he left homewhat would she be doing there?i thought he would have told you all about it8would like； would like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。 would you like to go with me?9. will you?would you like? 表示肯定含義的請(qǐng)求勸說(shuō)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句中一般用some, 而不是any。 would you like some cake?10. 否定結(jié)構(gòu)中用will，一般不用would, wont you是一種委婉語(yǔ)氣。 wont you sit down?六shall, should 和ought to1. shall用于第一人稱(chēng)表示征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)： what shall we do next?2. shall用于第一、第三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句中表示說(shuō)話(huà)人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。shall we begin our meeting? when shall we leave the hospital?3. shall用于第二 、第三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。you shall fail if you dont work harder(警告) ; he shall have a book when i finish reading (允諾); he shall be punished(威脅) 4. 表示推測(cè)或可能。 they should finish the work by now.5. should表示勸告、義務(wù)、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問(wèn)句中。通常用should代替ought to。we should learn some english. you should go to class right away. should i open the window?注意： should的含義較多，用法靈活?，F(xiàn)介紹三種其特殊用法。請(qǐng)看下面句子： i should think it would be better to try it again.我倒是認(rèn)為最好再試一試。 you are mistaken. i should say.依我看，你是搞錯(cuò)了。i should advise you not to do that我倒是勸你別這樣做。this is something i should have liked to ask you.這是我本來(lái)想問(wèn)你的。從以上例句可以看出：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should用于第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)可以表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語(yǔ)氣。此外,why / how_+ should結(jié)構(gòu)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)某事不能理解，感到以外、贊嘆、憤怒、驚異等感情，意思為“竟會(huì)”。例如：why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么來(lái)這么晚？-where is betty living? betty住哪兒？ -how should i?我怎么回知道。i dont know why you should think that i did it.我真不知道你憑什么認(rèn)為這件事是我干的。6. should表示允許。it should be ready at noon.7. should +have +過(guò)去分詞, 表示應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到. you should have started earlier.8. should 和ought to 都為應(yīng)該的意思，可用于各種人稱(chēng)。-ought he to go?-yes. i think he ought to. 9. 表示要求，命令時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣由 should（應(yīng)該）、had better最好）、must（必須）漸強(qiáng)。七need和dare1need表示 “需要或 必須”。作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用must，have to，ought to，或should代替。例如：you neednt come so early-need i finish the work today? -yes，you must / no, you neednt.注意neednt+不定式的完成式，表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事。you neednt have waited for me2dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于疑同句、否定句和條件從句中，一般不用在肯定句中。how dare you say im unfairhe darent speak english before such a crowd, dare he?3dare和need常作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化所不同的是作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在肯定句中，dare后面常接帶to的不定式。在否定和疑問(wèn)同中，dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。i dare to swim across this river he does not dare(to)answer dont you dare(to)touch it! i wondered he dare(to)say that he needs to finish it this evening4. need 的被動(dòng)含義：need, want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)：need doing = need to be done八 had better表示最好 1 . had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。had better do sth ；had better not do sth 如：it is pretty cold. youd better put on my coat.shed better not play with the dog. 2. had better have done sth表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為本來(lái)最好。you had better have come earlier.九 would rather表示寧愿 would rather do；would rather not dowould rather than 寧愿而不愿。 還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示寧愿、寧可的意思。if i have a choice, i had sooner not continue my studies at this school.i would rather stay here than go home. = i would stay here rather than go home.- shall we go skating or stay at home? -which _ do? a. do you rather b. would you rather c. will you rather d. should you rather十情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答方式 問(wèn)句肯定回答否定回答need you?yes, i must.no,i needntmust you?/dont have to. 1）-could i borrow your dictionary?-yes, of course, you_. a. mightb. will c. can d. should 答案c. could表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣，并不為時(shí)態(tài)。答語(yǔ)中of course，表示肯定的語(yǔ)氣，允許某人做某事時(shí)，用can和 may來(lái)表達(dá)，不能用could或might。2）-shall i tell john about it?-no, you _. ive told him already. a. needntb. wouldntc. mustntd. shouldnt 答案a。neednt 不必，不用。 wouldnt 將不, 不會(huì)的。 mustnt 禁止、不能。 shouldnt不應(yīng)該。本題為不需要，不必的意思，應(yīng)用neednt。3）-dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.-_.a. i dont b.i wont c. i cantd. i havent 答案b.will既可當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表請(qǐng)求、建議、也可作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表意愿、意志、決心，本題表示決心，選b。十一。帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四個(gè)：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，為六個(gè)。它們的疑問(wèn)，否定形式應(yīng)予以注意： do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month? she didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen. you ought not to have told her all about it. ought he to see a heart specialist at once.? ought to 本身作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。其他的詞作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用，變疑問(wèn)，否定時(shí)，須有do 等助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助。如：tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm. a. have toldb. tellc. be tellingd. having told答案a。由于后句為過(guò)去時(shí)，告訴秘密的動(dòng)作又發(fā)生在其前因，此地應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，但它在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ought to 后，所以用 have。十二。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +過(guò)去分詞 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示過(guò)去，推測(cè)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情。philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，具有肯定，諒必的意思。- linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. -she must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本應(yīng)該做某事，而事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有做。否定句表示不該做某事而做了。you ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.he ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事實(shí)上已扔了。） ought to 在語(yǔ)氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。4) neednt have done sth 本沒(méi)必要做某事i dressed very warmly for the trip, but ineednt have done so. the weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事i would like to have read the article, but i was very busy then.1. he_you more help, even though he was very busy. a. might have given b. might give c. may have given d. may give2. jenny_have kept her word. i wonder why she changed her mind. a. must b. should c. need d. would3. . -could i borrow your dictionary? -yes, of course you_ a. mightb. will c. cand. should 4. i told sally how to get here, but perhaps i _ for her. a. had to write it out b. must have written it out c. should have written it out d. ought to write it out5. shall i tell john about it?no, you _ . ive told him already. a. neednt b. wouldnt c. mustnt d. shouldnt6. there were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. it_a comfortable journey.a. cant be b. shouldnt bec. mustnt have been d. couldnt have been7. its nearly seven oclock. jack_be here at any moment.a. must b. need c. should d. can8. .when he was there, he_ go to that coffee shop at the corner after workevery day. a. would b. should c. had betterd. might9. .sir, you _ be sitting in this waiting room. it is for women and children only. a. oughtnt to b. cant c. wont d. neednt10. the fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. a. had tob. wouldc. couldd. was able to11. -when can i come for the photos? i need them tomorrow afternoon. -they _be ready by 12:00. a. can b. should c. might d. need12. .-i stayed at a hotel while in new york.-oh, did you? you_ _with barbara. a. could have stayed b. could stay c. would stayd. must have stayed13. will you stay for lunch? sorry, ,my brother is coming to see me. a. i mustnt b.i cant c. i neednt d.i wont14. sorry im late. i _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. a. mightb. shouldc. can d. will15. i should have been there, but i _ not find the time. a. would b. couldc. mightd. should 16. my sister met him at the grand theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _ your lecture. a. couldnt have attendedb. neednt have attended c. mustnt have attendedd. shouldnt have attended17. - are you coming to jeffs party? - im not sure. i _go to the concert instead.amust bwould cshould dmight18. mr. bush is on time for everything. how _ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? acan bshould cmay dmust19 he hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal. ahad scored bscored cwould score dwould have scored20. write to me when you get home. _ ai mustbi should ci willdi can21. i was really anxious about you. you _ home without a word. a. mustnt leave b. shouldnt have left c. couldnt have left d. neednt lea