2%2B2作文策略(1).doc

CET-4/6作文題評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一、評(píng)分原則l、 CET是檢查大家是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)和2+2教學(xué)要求，對(duì)作文的評(píng)判 應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則，2、CET作文題采用總體評(píng)分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分 (Reward Scores)，而不是按語言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。3、從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想， 也要考慮是否用英語清楚而合適地表達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解 上的障礙。4、避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分給低分,包括零分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。二、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)l、本題滿分為15分2、閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至二份。3、閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似，即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(即8分)；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分?jǐn)?shù)則可加一分(即9分)或減一分(即7分)。但不得加或減半分。4、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2分一條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分一基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。8分一基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫：語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分一切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。14分一切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給0分5、字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分：累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)CET-4110-119100-10990-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949CET-6140-149130-139120-129110-119100-10990-9980-8979扣 分12345679 注： 1、如題目中給出主題句，起始句，結(jié)束句，均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。 2、規(guī)定的內(nèi)容未寫全者，按比例扣分。 3、如果扣為0分，要慎重處理。My View on University Ranking1.目前高校排名相當(dāng)盛行2.對(duì)于這種做法人們看法不一3.在我看來14分Nowadays, university ranking is very popular in China. Every time a new edition of university ranking is released, it will attract considerable public attention, and a heated debate will arise on whether the ranking fairly reflects the strength of each college.Proponents of the ranking claim that it has lots of positive effects. First, it is a kind of stimulus for universities to improve their research and teaching quality. Good research and teaching will lead to higher ranking, meaning that they can attract more excellent students and professors. In addition, university ranking helps high-school students to choose which university to attend since they lack related information.Opponents argue that university ranking brings far more negative than positive effects. It is reported that some universities bribe the ranking organization to improve their ranking, instead of enhancing their own strength in teaching and research. Besides, many people question the method of evaluation and the accuracy of the information the ranking is based on.From my prospective, while university ranking may have its defects, it does serve good purposes. What we need to do is to make it fairer and more transparent. Only in this way, could this practice provide incentives to universities and win trust from the public.11分Nowadays people pay more attention to education, which makes university ranking more and more popular. There are many heated discussions on whether that is necessary.Opinions are divided on this issue. On one hand, some people hold the opinion that university ranking has more advantages thandisadvantages. For the measures of the ranking depend on many different facts and figures, it can make a fair comment on the universities. On the other hand, some people think that the ranking may mislead students. Influenced by the university ranking, many students may have a wrong view of the universities they are longing for or they are already in.As far as I can see, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. If the ranking is used in a good way, it can stimulate our education system. The universities ranked high can attract more excellent students, and the universities ranked comparatively low can pay more attention to improve themselves. But if it is not used in a good way, the ranking may do harm to the universities as well as students.8分The popularity of university Ranking is rising, which has drawn great attentions and debates. Many famous websites, such as Sina, have the university Ranking, especially during the time of University Entrance Test. Whats more, the high schools and family members always emphasize the Ranking, which bring a great pressure to students.The views to the university Ranking are varied. Some approve it. They hold the opinion that we can choose the university which fits us best. The Ranking is valueable information about universities. However, others are in the opposite. Their reasons are as follows. Firstly, we cant make sure the truth of the Ranking. If its not true, it will mislead students. Secondly, the Ranking may encourage some universities do something to enhance the rank, such as give benefit to the Ranking makers, which is called Buy Ranking. So, in this way, how can a university focus its attention on Teaching, and how can they foster students well? Last but not least, there are so many Rankings now. How we know which is true.In my opinion, both sides have merits and drawbacks. We should judge a university by more than a university Ranking.5分In the latest few years, people may find kinds of university ranking reading newspaper, surfering the internet and even watching the news reports. As we all know, one thing may be evaluated quiet different by groups with distinct opinions. Things go the same in such a phonomenion. Supporters may think that university ranking can help senior high school students to make an aproprWt choice of which university to go, while some institutions are in need of graduates can rank the applicants by checking their schools. However, people with the opposite view may say: Evaluating a university asks for many elements such as culture, faculties, avarange level of students and so on. Then we can hardly come to a quant result.In my opinion, views mentioned above can be complements to each other. General speaking, we should try to develop a better method which covers as many as possible facets of a certain university. The result may be high-dimention, so it doesnt have to be ordered. As a result, people can judge a university in personalized view. It may be better.2分As the level of peoples life proving, people take more attention on education. Now days, university ranking is pouple in China. And there are differet companies produce so many differet rankings .Its no denying that university ranking help people to choice. But some people do not agree so. Because differet ranks offen be linked with such as money, power and so on. Some universites had a good poision in rankings maybe give money to the company produced the rank.On my opinions, university ranking is useful. By university ranking, and by compair differet rankings, we can no which university maybe better. Besides the leavl of differet mayer, more important about university is the culture. A good university conclude a lot of great students and teachers. Theres a better envirement for students to study. University ranking tell us good university to go.Apart from ablove, I think that we couldnt only take attention on university ranking. We also should think about the mayer. A good mayer is more important for us. We should choice a good mayer which we like.寫作流程一、審題審題是命題作文寫作過程中必不可少的第一步，建議大家用2分鐘來完成這個(gè)重要的步驟。一般作文給出的都是中文提示，在理解上不會(huì)存在問題，但大家一定要仔細(xì)研究題目，若審題不慎，則會(huì)滿盤皆輸。一般來說，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從以下三個(gè)方面入手：1.確定文章的類型。讀完作文的題目和提綱后，首先要弄清楚這篇作文屬于哪一類，是比較對(duì)照型、現(xiàn)象/觀點(diǎn)闡釋型、問題分析型、應(yīng)用書信型還是圖表作文型？確定了作文類型后，才能緊扣題目中心，按照各類型作文的寫作規(guī)范進(jìn)行寫作。2.確定文章的體裁。確定了文章的類型后，就要弄清楚試題對(duì)大家的要求，分清是記敘文、說明文，還是議論文。3.明確題目給定的題材及寫作考查的重點(diǎn)。通過審題，明確作文談?wù)摰闹饕掝}是什么，是校園熱點(diǎn)話題，如關(guān)于學(xué)生應(yīng)該住在校內(nèi)還是校外、關(guān)于學(xué)生評(píng)教、關(guān)于學(xué)生社會(huì)實(shí)踐的重要性、關(guān)于大學(xué)教育的目的等，還是社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問題，如關(guān)于旅游、關(guān)于健康、關(guān)于公交車票價(jià)等。然后從題目及提示中找出關(guān)鍵詞， 得出寫作的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。例如：Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes?(2009 年 12月2+2真題作文）側(cè)重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在should or not和send kids to art classes 上面，重點(diǎn)對(duì)比分析不同看法，然后總結(jié)“我”的觀點(diǎn)。二、構(gòu)思列提綱2+2考試中，作文一般都給出了中文提示，也就相當(dāng)于給出了一個(gè)粗略的中文提綱。因此，在這一步中，我們只需要在題目給出的中文提綱的基礎(chǔ)上，用3分鐘左右的時(shí)間對(duì)提綱材料進(jìn)行加工、補(bǔ)充和擴(kuò)展，以利于我們?cè)谛形牡臅r(shí)候能緊扣提綱確定的重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充，使抽象而簡單的內(nèi)容變得具體，將觀點(diǎn)闡述得透徹明了。下面以2008年12月2+2真題作文How to Improve Students Mental Health為例，具體分析該提綱內(nèi)容是怎樣發(fā)展和深化的。Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How to Improve Students，Mental Health. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.大學(xué)生的心理健康十分重要2.為此，學(xué)?？梢?3. 我們自己應(yīng)當(dāng) 根據(jù)提綱要求，可以進(jìn)行如下構(gòu)思：第一段：說明對(duì)于大學(xué)生來說，保持心理健康的重要性，并提出大學(xué)生心理不健康可能帶來的問題，引出討論。第二段：提出學(xué)校應(yīng)對(duì)大學(xué)生心理健康問題采取哪些措施。 第三段：指出我們自己應(yīng)該怎么做，并給出適當(dāng)?shù)睦樱缭趬毫Υ蟮臅r(shí)候如何緩解壓力，在迷茫的時(shí)候該怎么做，等等。 根據(jù)上面的構(gòu)思，可以列出如下提綱： Topic ： How to Improve Students Mental Health Outline ：I.Students mental health is very important.1.Students mental health is playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.2.There are more and more discussions about mental disorder.II.It is necessary to take some measures to prevent the problems. Authorities in universities play a critical role in the situation.1. Provide chances for the young men to ease their mood.2. Find potential psychological problems.3. Specialists are required.III.We should.由于考試時(shí)間有限，建議大家構(gòu)思列提綱時(shí)，直接用英語列出細(xì)致的提綱。這樣既可以節(jié)約不少寶貴的時(shí)間，又可以提高寫作速度。三、正式寫作擬好了提綱之后，就可以開始最重要的寫作階段了。此步驟建議用時(shí)20分 鐘。這是一個(gè)遣詞造句，連句成篇，將不同信息組合排列的過程。寫作過程中一定要注意以所擬定的提綱為指導(dǎo)，將詞語和句子通過一些過渡手段連接成完整的文章。注意句子和段落之間的銜接與連貫，以及語言表達(dá)的正確性和流暢性。此外，還要注意每一段句子的數(shù)量配比，使整體結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡；盡量使用一兩句格言警句；保持卷面的整潔。四、復(fù)査修改寫出來的初稿往往在語法、用詞乃至文章的結(jié)構(gòu)上會(huì)存在這樣那樣的問題，因此我們需要做一些復(fù)査修改工作，此步驟建議用5分鐘時(shí)間完成，主要從以下三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行：1.檢查語篇結(jié)構(gòu)。這一步主要是檢查文章的主題是否明確，篇章層次是否明顯， 段落銜接是否連貫，內(nèi)容是否切題等。2.具體檢查每個(gè)段落。這一步主要檢查段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段內(nèi)各句是否銜接緊湊，句式變化是否多樣，詞匯運(yùn)用是否地道豐富等。3.檢查語法及拼寫。這一步主要檢査用詞是否恰當(dāng)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)是否正確，句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整，是否有邏輯錯(cuò)誤，語句是否通順以及是否有拼寫錯(cuò)誤等。以上的寫作流程我們可以歸納為下圖：快速寫作流程圖一、審題（2分鐘）1.確定文章的類型。2.確定文章的體裁。3.明確題目給定的題材及寫作考查的重點(diǎn)。二、構(gòu)思列提綱（3分鐘）1.根據(jù)中文提綱要求進(jìn)行構(gòu)思。2.對(duì)提綱材料進(jìn)行加工、補(bǔ)充和擴(kuò)展，列出相對(duì)詳細(xì)具體的英文提綱。三、1. 以提綱為指導(dǎo)進(jìn)行寫作。2.句子的使用多樣化，長短句交替使用，使作文有層次感。寫作（20分鐘）3.注意開篇和結(jié)尾要有特色。4.注意每段句子的數(shù)量，使文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)平衡。5.注意使用一兩句格言諺語。6. 保持卷面整潔。四、1.語篇結(jié)構(gòu)：主題是否明確，層次是否清晰，段落是否銜接，內(nèi)容是否切題。2.段落結(jié)構(gòu)：段落是否完整，中心是否突出，句式變化是否多樣，詞匯運(yùn)用是否豐富。3.拼寫及語法：單詞拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、時(shí)態(tài)、主謂、人稱以及各種詞性的使用是否正確， 詞組和短語的搭配是否恰當(dāng)?shù)取?復(fù)查修改（5分鐘）如何遣詞一、用詞三原則從學(xué)生的應(yīng)試作文來看，學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的掌握存在詞匯量小、褒貶不分、搭配不當(dāng)和對(duì)詞義欠缺理解等問題。一篇優(yōu)秀的作文，其用詞應(yīng)是豐富貼切、恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w的。詞語的選用直接關(guān)系到句子的優(yōu)劣，也勢必關(guān)系到段落的主題思想，進(jìn)而關(guān)系到整篇文章的質(zhì)量，所以“把恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~用到恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤健背闪藢懽鞯闹晾砻?。在寫作中選擇準(zhǔn)確的詞匯，使用地道的語言，不僅可以使文章的表達(dá)更加到位，更重要的是能起到 “點(diǎn)睛”的作用，成為作文獲得高分的亮點(diǎn)。首先，作文用詞做到準(zhǔn)確很重要，這也是準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)自己思想的需要。而且，準(zhǔn)確用詞關(guān)系到表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和地道性，是獲得高分作文的關(guān)鍵。如：Recently, another online activity has become very “in”, That is online education.此句中用到了 in 詞，表示“目前流行的”，既地道又準(zhǔn)確，為句子增色不少。我們?cè)賮砜匆粋€(gè)例子：Learning is a process which requires both intelligence and zest.此句中用到了 “zest” 一詞，表示“熱情，強(qiáng)烈的興趣”，非常到位。第二，作文的用詞要遵循簡潔的原則。所謂簡潔，是指在用詞的時(shí)候要找到最合適、最貼切的詞，以便簡潔而準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出作者的思想，切忌啰里啰嗦卻又不知所 云。如：The increasing filthy water in some areas through pollution has troubled and upset environmental scientists for a period of one and a half decades.句中用到”filthy water in some areas through pollution， “troubled and upset， a period of one and a half decades,致使句子顯得啰嗦冗長，不簡潔，可更改為：The increasing water pollution in some areas has upset environmental scientists for 15 years.我們?cè)賮砜匆粋€(gè)例子：All students in college are required to take different tests. These tests are for the purpose of determining what courses the students are suitable to take.此例句同樣是用詞不簡潔，顯得冗長拖沓，可更改為：All college students are required to take different tests to determine what courses suit them. 第三，在遣詞的時(shí)候要注意搭配的合理性，要符合英語的語言習(xí)慣和規(guī)則。如：Nevertheless, it is difficult to weigh the merits and demerits of mass media since they are often closely related to each other.此句中的 be related to (與息息相關(guān)），weigh the merits and demerits (權(quán)衡利弊)搭配都是非常合理到位的。在用詞的時(shí)候如果能注意到以上所提到的三點(diǎn)，做到準(zhǔn)確、簡潔、搭配合理，一定能為我們的作文加分。又如：Some people say that some numbers will bring them good luck. Take 8 for example. The Chinese pronunciation of the number “ 8 ”，has almost the same sound as that of the Chinese character “發(fā)”，which means making a fortune. Therefore, many Chinese people spare no money to get their telephone number or car number to include this number “ 8 ”. They believe without any doubt that the number will bring them money.該段落選自1998年6月2+2考試真題作文范文的第一段，此段所用詞句簡潔明了， 但能夠緊扣話題，做到用詞準(zhǔn)確地道。如第四句中spare (吝惜，節(jié)約）一詞就用得很 準(zhǔn)確，與money詞搭配也很合理，spare no money這個(gè)短語形象地刻畫出這類人的心態(tài)。緊接著第五句中的without any doubt (不假思索地）的使用也非常恰當(dāng)。再如：As far as I am concerned，I agree with the latter. Obviously，such belief is only a kind of superstition. Perhaps it holds true for some cases，but often it does not. Numbers can never bring good luck to a person at all and our fortune is in our own hands. Therefore, everyone can have good fortune only if he tries his best. Lets always remember “Opportunities are only for the prepared mind ” and “No pains, no gains.”此段中的superstition 詞意為“迷信”，用在這里很準(zhǔn)確；such belief短語用得比較簡潔；As far as I am concerned, hold true是典型的英語表達(dá)方式，搭配非常合理。連接詞及副詞的運(yùn)用1.連接詞連接詞在保持文章的連貫性方面發(fā)揮著重要作用，下面簡單地列舉一些常見的連接詞，以供大家構(gòu)建文章框架時(shí)使用。表示舉例的連接詞:for example, for instance, such as, take . for example, a case inpoint, take . as an illustration, to illustrate, namely, in other words, that is, especially, in particular表示列舉的連接詞first(ly) , second(ly)，third(ly)，to begin with, for one thing, for another, on the one hand, on the other hand, in the first place, in the second place表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連接詞moreover, furthermore, whats more， in addition, besides, also, next表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞so, consequently, as a result, since, therefore, accordingly, because (of)，thanks to, due to, owing to, for this reason, hence, thus, on account of, on that account, on the grounds of, therefore表示總結(jié)和結(jié)論的連接詞in general, generally speaking, in fact, in effect, at last, finally, in a word, in conclusion, in short, in brief, on the whole, all in all, in summary, as a general whole, to sum up, to conclude, in my opinion, as far as 1 am concerned, in my view, in my viewpoint, as for me, to some extent, in a way表示條件的連接詞if, providing, provided that, granted that, unless, of course, to be sure表示讓步的連接詞although, even though, even if, however, nevertheless, yet, in spite of, despite, admittedly, after all, still表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞but, however, otherwise, in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, similarly, likewise, like, conversely, rather than, instead, on the other hand, equally ( important) , nevertheless, yet, unlike, still, in the same way, compared with, compared to表示時(shí)間順序的連接詞at the present time, at the same time, presently, soon, beforehand, in due time, at this point, until now, later, meanwhile, once, afterwards, at times, sooner or later, up to the present time, then, during, eventually, at last, finally, currently表示空間順序的連接詞nearby, opposite to, to the left /right, in the middle, adjacent to, next to, across, alongside, in front of, at this point表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的連接詞anyway, especially, even worse, particularly, obviously, above all, no doubt, indeed, needless to say, to be sure，surely, more often than not, unquestionably, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, most important of all, after all2. 程度副詞和評(píng)論性副詞 1)程度副詞程度副詞如果運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，可使作文增色不少。1.If I am fully prepared, Ill apply for the test without hesitation.2.This is an extremely difficult task.3.Some elder people enjoy Beijing opera immensely.4.Although hes over eighty, his mind is still remarkably alert.5.Your composition has improved tremendously.6.Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.7.She has not been sufficiently stretched at school this term.8.We utterly failed to convince them.9.He immersed himself totally in his work.10.His attitudes were shaped partly by early experiences.11.Most people thoroughly disapprove of that opinion.12.Life can be absolutely phenomenal, and it should be.13.Market value is a completely different concept.14.This is entirely normal.15.Budget will have to be drastically pruned.16.His death was awfully sudden.17.Life will change dramatically and move you in the right direction.18.Tobacco is significantly becoming a greater cause of death and disability than any other single cause.19.These two components are profoundly interrelated, and both are essential.20.He spent considerably more time on translating the novel. 2)評(píng)論性副詞評(píng)論性副詞如果運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，也可使作文增色不少。1.Above all, do not be proud to ask for advice.2.They unfortunately turned out to be the victims of the event.3.Undoubtedly, more hasty, less speed.4.Without exception, everything needs a procession.5.There is no denying that diligence will lead to success.6.At present, piracy is becoming unprecedentedly visible in China.7.The youngsters optimistically believe they will have a promising future.8.Obviously, he is against our plan.9.Fortunately, I am in time for the interview.10.Hopefully, I can visit your hometown one day.11.They will surely meet with due punishment.12.Possibly this will relieve me of concern regarding that place.13.Exactly, you got ninty-nine point five marks.14.Honestly, I dont agree with you.15.Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization.應(yīng)用文及圖表作文中的功能詞匯1.應(yīng)用文中的功能詞匯下面分類列出了一些常見的應(yīng)用文功能詞匯。感謝信Id like to extend my sincere thanks to. I am sincerely/extremely grateful to you for. It is generous/nice/kind/good of you to.道歉信Id like to express my deepest apology to.I would like to apologize for the inconvenience I have caused you. I hope you will accept my sincere apologies. I must apologize for.申請(qǐng)信Id like to apply for. I am particularly interested in.I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to.咨詢信We would appreciate some information from you about. Id like to know if./have some information about. I wonder/am wondering if you could/would let me know.祝賀信It was delightful news for me to learn of. Warm/Sincere/Hearty congratulations. I was delighted to learn of your success/achievement in. Congratulations and all best wishes for an even more prosperous future ！投訴信I am writing to complain about. I must protest against./complain about. I was extremely disappointed with.求職信I am applying for/writing to apply for the vacancy/job/post/position of.I would like to apply for/be considered as a candidate for the job/post/position advertisedin.推薦信It is my pleasure/privilege to recommend to you. I have no hesitation in recommending sb. to you. I recommend sb. without reservation.演講Im very gl