中考長(zhǎng)難句翻譯.doc

中學(xué)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句子的翻譯一、英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)的不同1、英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念，而漢語(yǔ)則不同，常常使用若干短句，作層次分明的敘述。Although these stores arent very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.天目山林深人少，古樹(shù)掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu): “葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)（grapevine structure），意為在短短的主干上派生出長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的枝蔓和豐碩的果實(shí)；漢語(yǔ)句子因?yàn)楹苌侬B床架屋，節(jié)外生枝，而是一個(gè)短句接一個(gè)短句地往下延伸，因此被稱(chēng)為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)（bamboo structure）。因此，在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí)，要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異，將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解，翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。2、英譯漢的翻譯方法和技巧是建立在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的對(duì)比之上的。這兩種語(yǔ)言在詞匯和句法方面的一些表達(dá)手段上各有其特點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)序調(diào)整主要指詞序、句序兩方面的調(diào)整。首先我們談?wù)勗~序的調(diào)整。英漢語(yǔ)句中的主要成分主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的詞序基本上是一致的，但各種定語(yǔ)的位置和各種狀語(yǔ)的次序在英、漢語(yǔ)言中則有同有異。漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“他正在臥室里睡覺(jué)”，而在英語(yǔ)中卻說(shuō)He is sleeping in the bedroom.（他睡覺(jué)在臥室。）；英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)都說(shuō)“他出生于北京”，He was born in Beijing。一）定語(yǔ)位置的調(diào)整1. 單詞作定語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中，單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在它所修飾的名詞前，漢語(yǔ)中也大體如此。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)中有后置的，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)一般都前置。something important（后置） 重要的事情（前置）如果英語(yǔ)中名詞前的定語(yǔ)過(guò)多，譯文中則不宜完全前置，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)不習(xí)慣在名詞前用過(guò)多的定語(yǔ)。a little, yellow, ragged beggar（前置） 一個(gè)要飯的，身材矮小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸。（后置）2. 短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中，修飾名詞的短語(yǔ)一般放在名詞之后，而漢語(yǔ)則反之，但間或也有放在后面的，視漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣而定。their plan to cross the river （后置） 他們渡江的企圖（前置）One day an earthquake rocked the mountain, causing one of the eggs to roll down the mountain to a chicken farm, located in the valley below.二）狀語(yǔ)位置的調(diào)整1. 單詞作狀語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中單詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞或其他狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在它所修飾的形容詞或狀語(yǔ)的前面，這一點(diǎn)與漢語(yǔ)相同。He was very active in class.（前置） 他在班上很活躍。（前置）英語(yǔ)中單詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般放在動(dòng)詞之后，而在漢語(yǔ)里則放在動(dòng)詞之前。Modern science and technology are developing rapidly（后置）現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)正在迅速發(fā)展。（前置）英語(yǔ)中表示程度的狀語(yǔ)在修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可前置也可后置，而在漢語(yǔ)中一般都前置。He is running fast enough.（后置） 他跑得夠快的了。（前置）2短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中短語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)可放在被修飾的動(dòng)詞之前或之后，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)則大多數(shù)放在被修飾的動(dòng)詞之前，但也有放在后面的。Seeing this, some of us became very worried（前置）看到這種情況，我們有些人心里很著急。（前置）A jeep full sped fast, drenching me in spray（后置）一輛坐滿(mǎn)人的吉普車(chē)急駛而過(guò)，濺了我一身水。（后置）英語(yǔ)中地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)一般在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)之前，而漢語(yǔ)中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)則往往放在地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)之前。He was born in Beijing on May 20,1970（地點(diǎn)在前）他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（時(shí)間在前）英語(yǔ)中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的排列一般是從小到大，而漢語(yǔ)中則是從大到小。三）其次我們談?wù)劸湫虻恼{(diào)整這里，句序是指復(fù)合句中主句和從句的時(shí)間和邏輯關(guān)系敘述的順序。（1）時(shí)間順序的調(diào)整1英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中，表示時(shí)間的從句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，漢語(yǔ)中則通常先敘述先發(fā)生的事，后敘述后發(fā)生的事。I went out for a walk after I had my dinner（從句在主句之后）我吃了晚飯后出去散步。（從句在主句之前）2. 英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中有時(shí)包含兩個(gè)以上的時(shí)間從句，各個(gè)時(shí)間從句的次序比較靈活，漢語(yǔ)則一般按事情發(fā)生的先后安排其位置。He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin他本來(lái)在天津開(kāi)會(huì)，會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飛機(jī)回來(lái)。（2）英漢語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中的邏輯順序的調(diào)整1. 表示因果關(guān)系的英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中，因果順序靈活，在漢語(yǔ)中多數(shù)情況是原因在前，結(jié)果在后。He had to stay in bed because he was ill（后置）因?yàn)樗×?，他只好呆在床上。（前置?. 表示條件（假設(shè)）與結(jié)果關(guān)系的英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中，條件（假設(shè)）與結(jié)果的順序也不固定，在漢語(yǔ)中則是條件在前，結(jié)果在后。I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made（后置）如果安排得好，我還是希望你來(lái)。（前置）3. 表示目的與行動(dòng)關(guān)系的英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中，目的與行動(dòng)的順序比較固定，多數(shù)是行動(dòng)在前，目的在后，漢語(yǔ)也如此，但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可把目的放在行動(dòng)之前。Better take your umbrella in case it rains（后置） 最好帶上傘以防下雨。（前置）二、對(duì)長(zhǎng)句的認(rèn)識(shí)英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句，這是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)可以有后置定語(yǔ)。擴(kuò)展的后置定語(yǔ)可以是帶從句或長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)的復(fù)雜句。英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是什么?一般說(shuō)來(lái)，英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn): 1）結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯層次多; 2）常須根據(jù)上下文作詞義的引申; 3）常須根據(jù)上下文對(duì)指代詞的指代關(guān)系做出判定; 4）并列成分多; 5）修飾語(yǔ)多，非凡是后置定語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng); 6）習(xí)慣搭配和成語(yǔ)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。三、如何構(gòu)成長(zhǎng)句英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句一般指的是各種復(fù)雜句，復(fù)雜句里可能有多個(gè)從句，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。所以翻譯長(zhǎng)句，實(shí)際上我們的重點(diǎn)主要放在對(duì)各種從句的翻譯上。從功能來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)有三大復(fù)合句，即:名詞性從句，包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)從句;狀語(yǔ)從句。造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。四、英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)句的處理手段英文長(zhǎng)句皆由充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、介詞(短語(yǔ))、不定式、分詞短語(yǔ)或由關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的各種從句所形成。這些成分所處的位置通常就是應(yīng)該作拆分處理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常帶有從句、較多短語(yǔ)或較多并列成分。有時(shí)，意義比較復(fù)雜的形容詞或副詞也可能被譯為短句，甚至于分拆成獨(dú)立的句子。這些從句、短語(yǔ)或并列結(jié)構(gòu)等成分分拆出來(lái)后，單獨(dú)譯成句子，對(duì)句子主干部分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。 有些句子僅僅剝離其修飾成分還不夠，還需要將句子結(jié)構(gòu)打亂，重新組合。有時(shí)需要在譯文句子當(dāng)中添加表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞。1. 長(zhǎng)難句拆分原則：把主句和從句拆分出來(lái)，把主干部分和修飾部分拆分出來(lái)。2. 5個(gè)拆分信號(hào)：標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：或顯或隱隔離主干兩個(gè)逗號(hào)形成插入語(yǔ)、破折號(hào)解釋說(shuō)明、分號(hào)兩句并列。連詞：并列句的并列連詞and，or，but，yet，for；從句的從屬連詞which，that，when，if等。介詞：引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)，充當(dāng)修飾語(yǔ)。不定式符號(hào)to：引導(dǎo)不定式做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。分詞：過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞充當(dāng)修飾語(yǔ)。3. 五步拆分步驟：隔離插入成分，尋找特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)尋找連詞，確定句子種類(lèi)并列句，主從句；尋找句中的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)確定整句框架標(biāo)出主句主干部分及從屬連詞；確定從句框架標(biāo)出從句主謂部分；*分別翻譯主從句分別進(jìn)行翻譯；*詞句推敲中文語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行表述。注：*部分為翻譯要求步驟。We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time.You have noticed and yet, not being blind, perhaps you wont how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter. The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.五、翻譯方法在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中，一般采取下列的方法： (1) 順譯法。 即順著英文原有的順序翻譯，條件是英語(yǔ)句子的內(nèi)容與敘述方式同漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣基本一致。 如：Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. (2) 逆譯法。 即不再遵照英文原有的順序，甚至完全逆著原有順序翻譯，如果英文的表達(dá)次序和漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同甚至相反的話。 The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通訊設(shè)備). “At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. (3)分譯法。 如果句子中的從句(或修飾語(yǔ))與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，可以將它們與主句分割開(kāi)來(lái)，使譯文變成好幾個(gè)短句。這與英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)較復(fù)雜的意思的習(xí)慣是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有許多重層次的主從復(fù)合句或并列復(fù)合句，而后者往往崇尚“言簡(jiǎn)意賅”。 如：Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. (4)綜合法。 上面講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的順譯法、逆譯法和分譯法，事實(shí)上，在翻譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí)，并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法，而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用，這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下，英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句如果單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便，這就需要我們仔細(xì)分析，或按照時(shí)間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結(jié)合，主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理，以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。 如：people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us. Teaching them small acts of kindness,such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open,may seem unimportant, but it can go a long way toward helping students realize how to be polite and thank others .2.從句的譯法 英語(yǔ)中主從復(fù)合句十分常見(jiàn)，但漢語(yǔ)中卻沒(méi)有這樣頻繁使用從句句式的習(xí)慣。因此，在翻譯時(shí)需要將各種從句進(jìn)行處理，使之符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。 1)名詞性從句 名詞性從句包括：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句等等。通常名詞性從句可被譯成名詞詞組，有時(shí)原文語(yǔ)序不需變化。 主語(yǔ)從句 What he said was recorded in this book. 譯文：他的話被記錄在這本書(shū)里。 主語(yǔ)從句譯為名詞詞組，原句語(yǔ)序不變。 From some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards譯文：嬰兒和其他動(dòng)物由于某些做法有回報(bào)才學(xué)著做事情，這種觀點(diǎn)在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間里一直為人們所廣泛接受。主語(yǔ)從句提前，符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。 賓語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句譯為漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常不需要改變語(yǔ)序。 Many people believe that man is not solving these problems of pollution quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions take him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage. 譯文：許多人認(rèn)為，人類(lèi)沒(méi)有盡快的解決這些污染問(wèn)題而只顧謀求私利，以至于錯(cuò)過(guò)了悔改的機(jī)會(huì)，以后才充分認(rèn)識(shí)到這種損害。 原文中有兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句由and連接，翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)其邏輯關(guān)系，添加“而”。 表語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句翻譯時(shí)通常也不用改變?cè)恼Z(yǔ)序。 What he cares is how much profit he can get from the project. 譯文：他關(guān)心的是他從該項(xiàng)目中能獲得多少利潤(rùn)。 句中表語(yǔ)從句仍按原文順序，主語(yǔ)從句譯為名詞詞組。 同位語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯主要按照該從句與主句的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)確定，在漢語(yǔ)中譯為賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等，通常不改變?cè)漤樞颉?The belief that failure is the mother of success has kept him go on experimenting. 譯文：失敗是成功之母的信念使他繼續(xù)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。 同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容，譯做定語(yǔ)從句。 They jumped to the conclusion that all our flights out of China had been made from Beijing. 譯文：他們匆忙作出了結(jié)論：我們從中國(guó)飛出的飛機(jī)都是從北京起飛。 同位語(yǔ)從句前用冒號(hào)，原句順序不變。 There were indications that the enemy had retreated. 譯文：有種種跡象表明敵軍已經(jīng)撤退。 根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系同位語(yǔ)從句譯為賓語(yǔ)從句，原句順序不變。2)定語(yǔ)從句的譯法 定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。由于二者在翻譯時(shí)無(wú)大差異，所以討論時(shí)不加嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。定語(yǔ)從句的譯法一般有三種： (1)譯成含“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)的定語(yǔ)，放在先行詞之前。由于定語(yǔ)從句的作用相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)，所以這種譯法是最普遍的。不過(guò)，條件是定語(yǔ)不可過(guò)長(zhǎng)。 (2)采用“分譯法”，將較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句獨(dú)立出去，并將先行詞重復(fù)一次。 (3)譯成狀語(yǔ)從句。 如：Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences.走在一起，我父親和我曾經(jīng)有很多對(duì)話，我從他的經(jīng)歷中吸取了教訓(xùn)。Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believe it.研究人類(lèi)大腦并試圖解釋為什么人們?nèi)绱诵袨榈尼t(yī)生和其他科學(xué)家，被稱(chēng)為心理學(xué)家，開(kāi)始相信這一點(diǎn)。He called himself “the first clown in space”who enter-tained the crew of the ISS and hosted a show from space他自稱(chēng)是“太空中的第一個(gè)小丑”，他參加了國(guó)際空間站的機(jī)組人員，并在太空舉辦了一場(chǎng)表演。3)狀語(yǔ)從句的譯法 由于在句中用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、目的、讓步、比較等等，這類(lèi)從句往往用在主句后面，而漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣則要求將狀語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容先于主句表達(dá)，即要用逆譯法。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句例外。 Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy. He often drew pictures on the floor with chalk and when his mother saw what he had done, she would quickly clean them with a mop.因?yàn)槲蚁胱寣W(xué)生在教室里充分學(xué)習(xí)這些材料，互相討論，所以我有一個(gè)規(guī)則沒(méi)有電腦、iPad、電話等等。當(dāng)學(xué)生被告知我的規(guī)則時(shí)，他們中的一些人并不開(kāi)心。他經(jīng)常用粉筆在地板上畫(huà)畫(huà)，當(dāng)他母親看到他做了什么時(shí)，她會(huì)用拖把迅速清洗干凈 中考英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)難句子分析The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通訊設(shè)備). 利用現(xiàn)代交通和現(xiàn)代通訊手段，世界變得越來(lái)越小。Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems. 今天的生活比幾百年前要容易得多，但它帶來(lái)了新的問(wèn)題。They stop people from burning coal (煤) in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air. 他們阻止人們?cè)诔鞘欣锏姆课莺凸S里燃燒煤，并把臟煙放在空氣中。Third，compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands(品牌)and different sizes of the same brand.第三，比較價(jià)格：也就是說(shuō)，你應(yīng)該檢查不同品牌（品牌）和同一品牌不同尺寸的價(jià)格Although these stores arent very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.雖然這些商店不是很有吸引力，而且通常沒(méi)有單獨(dú)的更衣室，不僅價(jià)格很低，而且你經(jīng)?？梢哉业脚c高價(jià)百貨公司相同的名牌Wise shoppers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials(商業(yè)廣告)，but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads.聰明的購(gòu)物者看雜志廣告和電視廣告（商業(yè)廣告），但他們這么做有一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)：對(duì)廣告背后的心理知識(shí)。Today, though, a growing number of mental health experts think that anger is a serious problem that needs its own treatment. 今天，越來(lái)越多的心理健康專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為憤怒是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，需要自己的治療。An example: While most people would get upset if a driver cut them off, someone with disordered anger might try to chase down the car and force it off the road.舉個(gè)例子：雖然大多數(shù)人會(huì)因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)攔截他們而感到不安，但是有些怒氣沖沖的人可能會(huì)試圖追下車(chē)子并強(qiáng)迫它離開(kāi)公路。But people with anger problems often stay angry for days, weeks or even years; their feelings of anger dont disappear over time.但是，有憤怒問(wèn)題的人往往會(huì)生氣好幾天、好幾周甚至好幾年；他們的憤怒情緒不會(huì)隨著時(shí)間而消失The programs sometimes include life-skills training as well: increasing someones level of competence (競(jìng)爭(zhēng)) whether on the job or as a parent or partner helps bring down stress and cut angry feelings. 這些計(jì)劃有時(shí)也包括生活技能培訓(xùn)：提高某人的能力水平，無(wú)論是在工作中還是作為父母或伙伴，都有助于降低壓力并減少憤怒情緒Not only can the whole family get involved, but everyone can benefit from the harvest. 全家人不僅可以參與，而且每個(gè)人都可以從收獲中受益Taking part in nature clean-ups or volunteering to do path maintenance(維護(hù))teaches kids that they have the ability to do something positive for the environment and communities.參與自然清理或志愿做道路維護(hù)（維護(hù)）教育孩子他們有能力為環(huán)境和社區(qū)做一些積極的事情。When parents get involved, they can set a good example for their children to follow, which will help children realize their responsibility to protect the environment. 當(dāng)父母參與時(shí)，他們可以為孩子樹(shù)立一個(gè)好榜樣，幫助孩子認(rèn)識(shí)到保護(hù)環(huán)境的責(zé)任。Just remember: be prepared，know your subject and your audience，say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together. 只要記?。鹤龊脺?zhǔn)備，了解你的主題和聽(tīng)眾，說(shuō)出你要說(shuō)的話，做你自己，這樣你的想法就會(huì)把你和你的聽(tīng)眾聚集在一起。Twenty Chinese students talked directly to an astronaut (spaceman) in the International Space Station (ISS) on radio in Nanjing, capital of east Chinas Jiangsu Province on Sunday, 2007. 2007年星期日，中國(guó)東部江蘇省省會(huì)南京，20名中國(guó)學(xué)生通過(guò)無(wú)線電與國(guó)際空間站（ISS）的宇航員（宇航員）直接交談。The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing. 這20名學(xué)生年齡從10歲到19歲，分別來(lái)自上海、廣州和南京，當(dāng)國(guó)際空間站經(jīng)過(guò)南京時(shí)，他們?cè)谀暇┑谌袑W(xué)下午18:50開(kāi)始與48歲的美國(guó)宇航員克萊頓安德森交談。Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials.保持這個(gè)空間，它可以是一個(gè)書(shū)桌或者僅僅是你房間的一個(gè)角落，除了學(xué)習(xí)材料之外什么都沒(méi)有。You have noticed and yet, not being blind, perhaps you wont how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter. 你已經(jīng)注意到然而，不是盲目的，也許你不會(huì)注意到太陽(yáng)是如何通過(guò)窗戶(hù)照進(jìn)塔里的，到處都是，這樣你就可以感覺(jué)到?jīng)鏊呐_(tái)階突然變得相當(dāng)溫暖，甚至在冬天也是如此。Then, in March, he entered a free-throw competition at the school, and the town saw just how big a team player Guei really isboth on and off the court (球場(chǎng)).然后，在三月份，他在學(xué)校參加了一個(gè)罰球比賽，全鎮(zhèn)的人都看到了蓋伊到底有多大場(chǎng)上場(chǎng)下。Since that time, a growing number of private companies have come on the market mostly through the Internet, offering to scan (掃描) your personal DNA and compare it to some disease markers of the blueprint, called DTC genetic tests.從那時(shí)起，越來(lái)越多的私營(yíng)公司主要通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)，提供掃描（掃描）你的個(gè)人DNA，并將其與藍(lán)圖的一些疾病標(biāo)志物（稱(chēng)為DTC基因測(cè)試）進(jìn)行比較。But over the last five years the medical world has been discussing excitedly about whether these DTC tests are helpful or harmful, scientifically believable or completely useless. 但是在過(guò)去的五年里，醫(yī)學(xué)界一直在興奮地討論這些DTC測(cè)試是有益還是有害，科學(xué)上是可信的還是完全無(wú)用的。“At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. 美國(guó)國(guó)家人類(lèi)基因組研究所基因組醫(yī)學(xué)主任的特別顧問(wèn)格雷格費(fèi)羅博士指出：“目前，它們基本上還停留在研究階段。Other worries include the privacy of the results and how your personal genetic information might be used by insurance (保險(xiǎn)) companies to refuse your insurance or your boss to dismiss you. 其他的擔(dān)心包括結(jié)果的隱私以及你的個(gè)人基因信息如何被保險(xiǎn)公司用來(lái)拒絕你的保險(xiǎn)或者你的老板解雇你。It was Professor Albert Mehrabian who discovered that we express our feelings and attitudes with 55 percent body language, 38 percent tone of voice and only 7 percent actual words.正是Albert Mehrabian教授發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們用55%的肢體語(yǔ)言、38%的語(yǔ)調(diào)和7%的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)我們的情感和態(tài)度A person touching his nose, pulling at his ear or rubbing his eye with his left hand might be lying to you. 一個(gè)人觸摸他的鼻子，拉著他的耳朵或者用左手揉揉眼睛可能對(duì)你撒謊。I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us. 我認(rèn)為使用這些工具來(lái)控制或欺騙人是錯(cuò)誤的，但是我們需要意識(shí)到我們正在傳遞的信號(hào)，這樣才能讓人們知道他們確實(shí)對(duì)我們很重要。We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading. 我們都知道，在課堂上學(xué)習(xí)每一樣?xùn)|西都很難，例如，今天英國(guó)人的生活和工作方式可以通過(guò)閱讀來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.因?yàn)槲蚁胱寣W(xué)生在教室里充分學(xué)習(xí)這些材料，互相討論，所以我有一個(gè)規(guī)則沒(méi)有電腦、iPad、電話等等。當(dāng)學(xué)生被告知我的規(guī)則時(shí)，他們中的一些人并不開(kāi)心。Ive seldom had students make wrong use of technology in my classes; however, I have been e-mailed by students while they were in other teachers classrooms.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations. 我很少讓學(xué)生在我的課堂上錯(cuò)誤地使用技術(shù)；然而，我在其他老師的課堂上被學(xué)生發(fā)電子郵件。我讓學(xué)生們把技術(shù)放在門(mén)口的真正原因是我認(rèn)為很少有地方可以讓我們進(jìn)行深入的交談。I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.我希望他們互相推動(dòng)不同的想法，并在課程材料和課堂討論之間建立聯(lián)系I have been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations (評(píng)價(jià)) show student satisfaction with the environment that I create. 我已經(jīng)用這種方式教歷史課很多年了，這些評(píng)價(jià)（評(píng)價(jià)）表明學(xué)生對(duì)我創(chuàng)造的環(huán)境很滿(mǎn)意。Students realize with deep conversation and difficult tasks, they learn at a deeper level a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.學(xué)生們意識(shí)到，通過(guò)深入的對(duì)話和艱巨的任務(wù)，他們?cè)谝粋€(gè)更深的層次上學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)層次幫助他們將課程內(nèi)容保持在課堂之外。I am not saying that I wont ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I will continue my plan.我并不是說(shuō)我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變我對(duì)歷史課中使用技術(shù)的看法，但是直到我聽(tīng)到一個(gè)真正好的改變?cè)?，我才?huì)繼續(xù)我的計(jì)劃Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. 常識(shí)告訴您，您帶傘出門(mén)遇到暴雨，但是當(dāng)您聽(tīng)到天氣預(yù)報(bào)說(shuō)有陽(yáng)光時(shí)，您將傘留在家里。One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time.When students and parents are asked to grade subjects according to their importance, the arts are usually at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. 找借口的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題是，人們，尤其是年輕人，會(huì)認(rèn)為不總是完全誠(chéng)實(shí)是可以的。當(dāng)學(xué)生和家長(zhǎng)被要求根據(jù)他們的重要性給課程打分時(shí)，藝術(shù)通常排在列表的底部。音樂(lè)似乎很好，人們似乎說(shuō)，但并不重要。Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it shows their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. 因?yàn)橐魳?lè)是創(chuàng)造它的人的一種表達(dá)，它顯示了他們的思想和價(jià)值觀，以及它來(lái)自的社會(huì)環(huán)境When we do not give children an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses. 當(dāng)我們不給孩子一種表達(dá)自己的重要方式，比如音樂(lè)，我們就剝奪了他們音樂(lè)所表達(dá)的意義。Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have cho