材料導(dǎo)論總結(jié)范文.doc

材料導(dǎo)論總結(jié)范文 Module1:1-1Understand thefollowing terms(a)engineering materials:a term often looselyused todefine mostmaterials thatgo intoproducts andsystems.(b)engineering materialstechnology:covers fieldsof appliedscience relatedto materials,materials processing(處理，加工),and themany engineeringspecialties（特性）dealing withmaterials,such asresearch anddevelopment,design,manufacturing,construction,and maintenance（維護，保持）.(c)materials:the matterof theuniverse whichhave properties that make them usefulin structures,machines,devices(裝置),products andsystems.(d)materials science:(e)materials engineering:deals with the synthesis（合成）and usedof knowledgein properties,processing and behavior,prepare,modify（修飾）,and applymaterials tospecific needs.(f)materials scienceand engineering:a majorfield ofstudy,which involvesthe generationand applicationof knowledgerelating the position(構(gòu)成),structure（結(jié)構(gòu)）,and processingof materialsto their properties anduses.(g)properties:describes thebehavior of materials when subjected tosome externalforce orcondition.1-5Understand the two terms,Life CycleAnalysis(LCA):products todetermine theirimpact on the globalenvironment.and LifeCycle Inventory(LCI);what in the mainpurpose ofLCA?Dealing with the materials and processesinvolved inproducts in terms ofcost andenvironmental impacts.1-11What isthe difference between designfor assemblyand designfor disassembly?Design for assembly（裝配）emphasizes(著重)easy productassembly byrobots andother automatedequipment;Design fordisassembly is a conceptthat placesrecycling at the beginningor designstage of the materialscycle toensure thatwaste goinginto municipallandfills will be minimized.1-14How canthe stageof recycling/disposal beethe firststage in the materialscycle?1-18Understand theterms of metals,alloys andpowdered metals.Metals areelements thatcan bedefined by theirproperties,such asductility(延展性),toughness（韌性）,malleability（可鍛性）,electrical andheat conductivity（導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)）,and thermal expansion（熱膨脹）.Alloy（合金）consists（由組成）ofmetalelements binedwith other elements.Powdered metals:alloying of metals involvesmelting(融化)the mainingredients（材料）together sothat oncooling,the metalalloy isgenerally anonporous（無孔的）solid.1-19List thesubgroups（子組）of metallics.Ferrous,Nonferrous andPowdered metal1-20Give some examples forferrous metalsand nonferrous metals.Ferrous(黑色金屬):Iron,Steel,Cast ironNonferrous（有色金屬）:Cooper,Aluminum,Tin Powderedmetals（粉末金屬）:Sintered（燒結(jié)的）steel,Sintered brass（黃銅）1-21Describe themain stagesin preparingpowdered metals1-26List the two types of plasticsregarding processingmethod,and givesomeexamplesfor eachtype.Thermosets（熱固）:epoxy（環(huán)氧樹脂）,phenolic（酚醛樹脂）,and polyurethane（聚氨酯）.Thermoplastics:acrylics（丙烯酸樹脂）,nylon andpolyethylene（聚乙烯）.1-32List thetypical properties of ceramics（陶瓷）.Hard,brittle,stiff andhave high melting points.1-33What type of chemicalbonds existingin ceramics?Ionic bondsand covalent bonding1-49Understand thefollowing terms;(a)catalyst(催化劑):a substancethat entersinto achemical reactionin sucha wayas tomakethereaction gofaster withoutitself beingconsumed.(b)stoichiometry（化學(xué)計量數(shù)）:the branchof chemistrythat dealswith calculationof massimplied inchemical equations.(c)factor ofsafety（安全系數(shù)）:defined as the ratio of unnormaloperation conditions(d)allowable stress(許用應(yīng)力)(or design,working,safe stress):the maximumlevel of stress thata partwillbepermitted（允許）to endureunder operationconditions.Module2:2-2What ismatter（物質(zhì)）?Anything that has massand oupiesvolume.List thefour statesin whichmatter exists.Liquid,Solid,Gas andPlasma（等離子體）2-7Describe theatomic structure（原子結(jié)構(gòu)）,and exemplify（示例）the standardnotation（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符號）for expressingthe positionof nucleus.Proton,Neutron,Electron,.2-9What isthe Valence Electron(價電子)?Describe itsinfluences on the chemicalpropertiesof an elementand onthe formation（構(gòu)造）of chemical bonding.ValenceElectron:Those electronsthat oupythe outermostring orshell fromthe nucleus.Valenceis thecapacity of an elementto binewith otherelements.2-10Explain thefollowing terms:ionization（離子化）,ionization potential（電離勢能）,electronegativity（電負(fù)性）,electron affinity（電子親和性）,electron configuration（電子排布）.Ionization:the process of pullingaway(removing)or addingvalence electronsfrom abalanced orneutral atom.Ionization potential:the energyrequired tocause theloss of a valenceelectron.Electronegativity:the degreeto which an atomattracts electrons.Electron affinity:the sameas electronegativityElectron configuration:the mannerin which the electronsof an atom distributethemselves in the ground,or lowestenergy,state2-11Describe the electron structure with Classical Theory andQuantum Mechanical Theory（量子力學(xué)）,listing fourquantum（量子數(shù)）numbers tocharacterize（描繪）an electronas toits size,shape andspatial orientation（空間環(huán)境）.Classical Theory:the positionof electronsin relationto thenucleus of anatommust bedescribed in terms of a probabilitydistribution（概率分布）rather thanby theprecisely determinedvalue（精確值）.Quantum Mechanical Theory:the basisforanew branchof physics.-the ideathat lightis quantizedthat it is madeup ofdiscrete（離散）amounts of energy.Four quantumnumbers:1.shells orprinciple energy levels;2.sublevel,subshell（亞層）or orbital（軌道）;3.the number of energystates for each subshell;4.theelectronspin（電子自旋）moment.2-13Exemplify therelationship thatcan be used todetermine the maximum number of electronsat anyenergylevel.2*n22-19What isthe ChemicalBonding?What are the groupsand subgroupsof thechemical bounding?Chemical bonding:explained simply as theend productof theinteraction（相互作用）of theelectrical forcesof attractionand repulsion（排斥）between oppositelycharged orsimilarly chargedparticles（帶電粒子）of matter.Groups:Primary bonding（主價鍵）and secondarybonding Subgroups:Primary bonding:covalent bonding,ionic bonding,metallic bonding;Secondary Bonding:hydrogen boning,van derwaals forces2-20Understand theterms:(a)chemicalbonding;(b)covalent orshared electron-pair bonding;(c)triple covalent:one in which twoatoms sharethree of their electronswith eachother.(d)ionic bonding;some elementsactually swapor transferelectrons tootherelements(e)metallic bonding;these areshielded fromthe strongattractive forcesof thepositive nucleusby theinner electronsand thusthey bondto thenucleus relativelyweakly(f)polar molecule:both thepositive andnegative chargesare localizedwithin themolecule(g)nonpolar molecule;each atomshares the bonding electronsequally,producing anelectrical charge distribution that is symmetricalabout a line joiningthetwonuclei(j)hydrogen bond.The oxygenatom,having aslight negativecharge,attracts apositive hydrogenatom belongingto anadjacent watermolecule2-21What keyword can beused to describecovalentbonding,ionic bonding,and metallicbonding?Ionic bondingelectronswapping Covalentbonding:electron sharingMetallic bonding:electron swarming2-23How isthe hydrogen bond formed?The covalent bonds betweenthe hydrogenand oxygenatoms in a watermolecule,being polar,result in an asymmetricalchargedistribution.The oxygenatom,having aslight negativecharge,attracts apositive hydrogenatom belongingto anadjacent watermolecule andforms ahydrogen bond.Exemplify thecontributions ofhydrogenbondto the properties andbehavior ofpolymeric materials.The hydrogenbond affectsthepropertiesandbehaviorof materials.In thermoplastics,the hydrogenbond joinslong,chainlike moleculesto eachother.These relativelyweak bondscan beeasily loosenedor brokenby heating,permitting flow(流動)to takeplace.2-24List thetwo formsof microstructure（微觀結(jié)構(gòu)）of solid.What isthe differencebetween themin termsof atomicarrangement?Amorphous（無定型的）:contains norepetitious（重復(fù)的）pattern ofatom locationsto anyextent（范圍）.Crystalline（晶體）:possesses（控制）an ordered,three-dimensional（三維的）,geometric arrangementthat repeatsitself.2-26Define theterms:unit cells（晶胞）,space lattices（空間點陣）,and intercepts.Unite cell:used to describe thebasic buildingblock orbasic geometricarrangement of atoms in a crystal.Space lattices:repeat theunit cellin allthree dimensions,you createa crystallinestructurewith a definitepattern.This largerpattern ofatoms in a singlecrystal isknown asa space lattices.Intercepts:The sidesof thebox,labeled a,b,c,arethelattice parameters（晶格參數(shù)）in x,y,and zdirections,respectively.These distancesare alsoknown as intercepts.2-27What arethe sevencrystal systems?How manyspacelatticescan atomsform?1.simple cubicunit cell:2.body-centered cubic;3.face-centered cubic;4.body-centered tetragonal（四邊）crystal latticeunit cell;5.hexagonal（六邊）crystal system;6.close-packed hexagonalcrystal latticeunit cell7.orthorhombic（正交晶）and monoclinicunit cell2-28Describe theintercepts ofcubic,tetragonal,and hexagonalcrystal systems.Cubic:a=b=c Tetragonal:a=bc Hexagonal:a=ac2-29What arethe threebasic cubirystal systems?What aretheir abbreviations（縮寫）?Simple cubicsc Body-centered cubic-b Face-centered cubic-f2-37【polymorphism（多態(tài)性）,allotropy（同素異形）,atomic packingfactor（原子堆積因數(shù))）Understand theterms:coordination number（配位數(shù)）,polymorphism,allotropy,atomic packingfactor andvoid fraction（空隙率）.Coordination number():todescribehow manyatoms aretouching eachother ina groupof coordinatedatoms.Polymorphism:the phenomenonthat elementsthat existin morethan onecrystal structure,depending primarilyonthetemperature.Allotropy:the sameas polymorphismAtomic packingfactor:the ratioof the volume ofatoms present ina crystal to thevolume of theunit cell.Void fraction:2-39What isthe differencein the crystal structuresof polymorphicand allotropic(同素異形materials?Polymorphic materials:dont possessthis reverse(顛倒)phenomenon.Allotropic materials:can,after changingto onestructure,reverse thephenomenon andreturn toits previous（早先的）structure.2-42Describe thelong-range-order（長程有序）materials andshort-range-order materials.Long-range-order materials:the orderlyarrangement ofatoms extendsthroughout theentire materials,forming aregular gridlike lattice（柵格）or pattern（模式）.Short-range-order materials:their orderis limitedto anatoms nearestneighboring atoms.2-45What arecrystal impurities（雜質(zhì)）and crystal defects（缺陷）?Crystalimpurities:there is some disorderin theatomic structurebrought aboutby somethingother thanimpurity atoms.Crystal defects:a disorderof thecrystal structure,which isbrought aboutby somemechanism suchas thermalagitation(劇烈振動)of thecrystal duringits formation,the effects of gravity,or theresult ofhigh-energy radiation（輻射）.2-46Group,subgroup thecrystal imperfections.List twocrystal impuritiesand threecrystal defects.Group:Crystalimpurities&crystaldefectsSubgroup:Crystal impurities:a mixture;diffusion（擴散）;the doping（摻雜質(zhì)）;Crystal defects:point defects;line defectsand areadefects2-47What aresubstitutional solid solutions(置換固溶體)and interstitial（填隙式固溶體）solid solutions?What arethe conditionson whichthetwosolid solutionsform?Substitutional solid solutions:the soluteatoms replacesome of the solvent atoms inacrystal structure of the solvent.Interstitial solidsolutions:if impurityatoms takeup sitesin thelattice structure（晶格）that arenormally unfilledor unoupied（空閑）bythesolventatoms,they forman interstitialsolidsolution.2-48Define theterms:solution,solvent,solute,mixture,solidsolution,alloy,plastic alloy,diffusion,and vacancy（空白）.Solution:a homogeneous（均勻的）mixture ofchemically distinct（獨特的）substances thatforms aphase.Solvent:the substancepresentin the greatestproportion.Solute:the othersubstance orsubstances present.Mixture:a materialthat hasno fixedposition andcontains morethan onephase.Solid solution:simplyasolution in the solidstate thatconsists of two kindsofatomsbined inone type of spacelattice.Alloy:a binationofametal andone ormore otherelements formingeither amixture ora solidsolution.Plastic alloy:blends(混合)of polymers or copolymers（共聚）with otherpolymersorelastomers(彈性體).2-61What arethe functionsof grain boundaries（晶界）?Grain boundarieswith differentorientations（方向）of grainsand graingrowth intwo dimensions（規(guī)模）.Remember thata solidcontains crystals,each havingthe samelattice structure.What isdifferent betweenthe individualgrains isthe orientationof thatstructure within each grain.2-62Understand theterms:long-range-order materials,short-range-order materials,point defect,dislocation,and aredefect.Long-range-order materialsShort-range-order materialsPoint defect:only affectthe smallvolume of thecrystalsurrounding asingle latticesite.Dislocation:alinearray ofatoms alongwhich there issomeimperfection in thebondingof theatoms thatcauses distortion（變形）of thecrystalstructure.3-1Understand thefollowing terms:(a)Physical properties(b)Chemical properties(c)Mechanical properties(d)Stress(e)Strain(f)Deformation(g)Youngs modulus(h)Elastic deformation(i)Plastic deformation(a)Physical properties:Physical propertiesinvolve nochange in thepositionof the material.(b)Chemical properties:Chemical propertiesare associatedwiththetransformation ofone materialinto another.(c)Mechanical properties(機械性能):a measure ofa materials abilityto carryor resistmechanical forces or stresses(d)Stress:stress,defined as the resistance offered bya materialto external forcesor loads,is measuredin termsof the force exertedper area.(e)Strain（張力）:Strain,or unitdeformation（形變）,is defined astheunit changeinthesize orshape ofmaterial asa resultof forceonthe material.(f)Deformation（形變）:Regardless ofhow small theforce,a bodywill alter（改變）its shapewhensubjected to aforce.In otherwords,the bodywill changeits dimensions（大小）.The changeinaphysical dimensionis calleddeformation.(g)Youngs modulus（楊氏模量）:Youngs modulusor elastic modulus(E)is definedasthe ratioofengineering stress()to engineeringstrain(?)inthelinear orelastic regionof thestress-strain diagram（圖表）.(h)Elastic deformation（彈性形變）:(i)Plastic deformation（塑性形變）:When a material isloaded withexternalforcesintheelastic region,the material withthehighest modulusvalue experiencesthe leastamount ofdeformation orstrain,which maybe eitherelastic orplastic deformation.If the material revertsback toits normalsize andshape uponremoval of the load,it iselastic deformation.If the applied forceor load is removedand the material ispermanently deformed(changed inshape),thematerial is saidto haveundergone plastic deformation.3-5Describe the differencebetweenelastic andplastic deformationand givean exampleof each.Elastic deformation:If thematerial revertsback toits normalsize andshape uponremoval of the load,itiselastic deformation.Plastic deformation:If theapplied forceorloadis removedand thematerial ispermanently deformed(changed inshape),thematerialis saidto haveundergone plastic deformation.3-6Draw astress-strain diagramthat isobtained（獲得）from atensile test（拉力實驗）,a)Label（標(biāo)注）at leastfour importantpropertiesthatcan bedetermined fromthe diagram;b)Indicate elastic region andplastic region;c)Indicate thearea thatrepresents themodulus ofresilience（回彈模量）;d)Indicate thearea thatrepresents themodulus oftoughness（韌性系數(shù)）.3-7Name thedifferent names of elastic modulus andrelate thisproperty tothe structureand stiffnessof materials.The differentnamesofelasticmodulus:The modulus of elasticity,elasticmodulus,tensile modulus,Youngs modulus,modulus of elasticity in tension,or coefficientof elasticity（彈性系數(shù)）.The stiffness（堅硬）ofa materialisdefinedastheratiooftheload tothe deformationproduced.The higherthe value of Youngs modulus,the stiffer（更硬的）thematerial.Reinforced metalposites possessgreater stiffnessthan non-reinforced metals.3-8Which mechanicalproperty（機械性能）refers tothe lowest stress at which plastic deformation ours?Yield strength.(補充yield strength屈服強度lThestress corresponding（與一致）totheelastic limitlTheloweststressatwhichplasticdeformationours lFor mostdesign,the yieldstrength（屈服強度）is assumed（假定）to bethe sameintensionasinpression（壓縮）.)3-10Which typeof materialsshows alittle differencebetween yieldstrength and tensile strength（抗張強度）,brittle materials（脆性材料）or ductile materials（延性材料）?Brittle materialsshow verylittle differencebetween yieldstrength andtensile strength,3-11Which mechanicalproperty isa measureofthe energy per unit volume that thematerial can absorb without plasticdeformation?Modulus ofresilience（補充lthearea underwhichthestraight-line portion(elasticregion)ofthestress-strain curvel Ameasureofthe energyper unitvolumethatthematerialcanabsorbwithoutplasticdeformation.l SIunit:1MPa)3-12Calculate（預(yù)測）ductility（延展性）by usingtwo methods.How todistinguish（區(qū)分）a ductilematerial froma brittlematerialwiththe aidofastress-strain diagramor thevalueofductility?3-13Is thespecimen（樣品）that has5%or lesselongation（延展率）considered asa brittlematerial orductilematerial?A specimenthat has5or lesselongation isconsidered asa brittlematerial3-14Which mechanicalproperty representsthe energyper unitvolume ofa materialrequired toproduce fracture（斷裂）under stationditions（靜態(tài)條件）.Modulus oftoughness.(T)(補充lThetotal areaunder thestress-strain curveup tothe pointof rupture（斷裂）.l Representstheenergyperunitvolumeofamaterialrequired toproduce fractureunder stationditions.l3-15Which propertiesof metalsdoes thetemperature affectthe most?Impact resistance（抗沖擊性）(effectsoftemperature overa widerange onthe impactresistanceofmetals)3-16List threemon brittlefracture（脆性破壞）forms.1)Cleavage（分裂）2)Intergranular path3)Chevron pattern(具體:l cleavagecrackspropagate mostrapidly alongspecific crystallographicplanes.開裂破裂l intergranularpath:crack growsalong the grainboundariesparticularly whenthegrainboundaries areweakened byinclusions orsegregation.晶粒間斷裂l Chevronpattern:crack frontspropagate atdifferent levelsinthematerials froma monorigin.回紋狀破裂3-18How does the toughnessofmetalschange withtemperature?(TTR=transition temperature range)a)TT criticaltemp Abovesome criticaltemperature（臨界溫度）,failures inmetals areductile,withamuch greaterabsorption（吸收）ofenergy3-20When adownward-acting transverse（橫向）loadisapplied to a beam,indicate thetypeofstresses atthe topand bottomsurface ofthe beam.The loadin thisexample wouldcause thebeam todeflect（轉(zhuǎn)向）,resulting inpressive stressesnear thetop surfaceandtensilestresses（張應(yīng)力）atthebottom.3-21How domany ferrous alloys（鐵基合金）differ fromnonferrous materialsintermsofthe endurance limit（疲勞極限）?For manyferrousalloys,theendurance