非謂語動詞教學(xué)案.doc

語法復(fù)習(xí)專題非謂語動詞概念：在句中不充當(dāng)謂語角色的動詞形式，它的劃分有兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（一）：不定式；分詞（過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞）；動名詞（二）：不定式；v-ing.形式；過去分詞.一、考點聚焦1、非謂語動詞的句法功能名稱形式語 法 功 能 主語賓語賓語補足語表語定語狀語不定式to do/to be doneto be doing(經(jīng)常)to have(been) done動名詞doing現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving(been) done(動作完成)過去分詞done可代替having been done2、動詞不定式復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題（1）不定式作表語與“be + to do sth.”的異同。不定式作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。His job is to guard.(說明內(nèi)容)The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not makeHaving a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seenbe + to do sth.(表示按計劃要做的事，或必將發(fā)生的，或表示命令等口吻)翻譯:這項計劃得提前三天完成.（2）帶不定式作賓語的詞語，構(gòu)成v.+ to do 形式。下列詞語常不定式作賓語：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。We agreedhere but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having metB. meeting C. to meetD .to have metI dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September . (2004高考遼寧卷)Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard 下列動詞后可接疑問詞+不定式，構(gòu)成decide what to do .,wonder how to deal with sth.等形式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。示例:1). Ive worked with children before , so I know what _in my new job.Aexpect ed Bto expectCto be expecting Dexpects2). It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows_. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it3). The mother didn t know _to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. what（3）如何理解和使用不定式作賓補。 動詞see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的賓補用動詞原形，變被動時要加to,此時的不定式就是主語補足語。Paul doesnt have to be made.He always works hard.A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning常用帶to不定式作賓補的情況：主語 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like/advise/allow/cause/consider/ encourage/forbid/force/intend/order/permit/persuade/remind/request/require/urge/warn/ask/wish+sb. to do. sth. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him. A. not toB. not to do C. not do itD. do not toThe patient was warnedoily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eatingMy advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me takingB. me taking C. for me to takeD. me to take 主語 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider + sb. + to be/to be doing/ to have done注意：不定式的一般式、進行式以及完成式做賓語補足語的區(qū)別，同時要 注意不定式被動語態(tài)的使用。Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to have inventedB. inventingC. to inventD. having inventedRobert is said _abroad. but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study Cto be studying Dto have been studying主語 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定語的特殊用法。下列詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。I have _(一個出國留學(xué)的機會)。He is _(第一個上學(xué)的)and _(最后一個離校的)不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。There is no one to look after her.不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系 。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作狀語的用法。不定式作狀語，修飾動詞，在句中表示目的、結(jié)果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。To sleep well, I turned off the alarm clock.We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.in order(not)to,s o as(not)to用來引導(dǎo)目的狀語,enough to, so as to do, such + 名詞 as to do作結(jié)果狀語，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.You were silly not _ your car. (2004高考湖南卷)A. to lockB. to have lockedC. lockingD. having lockedHelen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. (2004高考廣西卷)A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard（6）不定式的完成時的特殊用法。表示不定式中謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作先于主句的謂語動詞發(fā)出的動作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等動詞常用于上面句型。Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to have inventedB. inventingC. to inventD. having inventedRobert is said _abroad. but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study Cto be studying Dto have been studying此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成時，但要注意與一般時的區(qū)別。Im sorry _ for a minute.對不起，請稍等。（說話時還未等）Im sorry _for so long.對不起，讓你久等了。（說話時已等了很久）不定式的完成時還可表示“過去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語氣。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成時。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成時，表示該做某事或想做但未實現(xiàn)。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。注意：表示“過去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語氣還可以用：was/were going to do 或was/were about to I would love to_ the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone- -Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? - -I _, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did （7）不定式的省略。 同一結(jié)構(gòu)并列由and或or連接。I want to finish my homework and (to )go home.Im really puzzled what to think or (to)say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示對比)不定式作表語，其前面的主語從句中含有do時，后面的to省略。What he did was(to) lose the game.句中含有動詞do時，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him.比較：have nothing to do but do /have nothing but to dohave no choice but to do /cant (help) but do 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefersa bicycle.A. ride; rideB. riding; rideC. ride; to ride D. to ride; ridingWhy not、had better、would rather、cant but等詞后省to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話中，為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語或主補，賓補的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動用的have或be任何形式，后應(yīng)該保留原形be或have。如：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him. A. not toB. not to do C. not do itD. do not toSusan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常見的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、動名詞復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題（1）動名詞作賓語。下列動詞后只能接動名詞：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。下列動詞短語接動名詞：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介詞后要接動名詞。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動名詞。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從中。作此意講時on / upon后也可以接名詞。如on his arrival。動名詞作賓語和動詞不定式作賓語的區(qū)別：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now.1. 意思無差別，但謂語動詞用進行時，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一種傾向多接動名詞作賓語，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, try例 句解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard. I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.5. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.記住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顧過去發(fā)生的事2. forget to do sth.忘記要做的事 forget doing sth.忘記做過的事3. regret to do sth.對將要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.對發(fā)生過的事后悔4. try to do sth.設(shè)法，試圖 try doing sth.試試看，試一試5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味著，就是 want, require, need, demand, request例 句解 析These desks need repairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing 需要被做 need to be done需要被做2. want doing want to be done3. require doing require to be doneYou were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regretthat. A. to doB. to be doing C. to have done D. having doneI must apologize for _ ahead of time. Thats all right.A. letting you not knowB. not letting you knowC. letting you know notD. letting not you knowVictor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004上海) A. his being not able B. him not to be ableC. his not being able D. him to be not ableOne learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考)A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct4、分詞復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題（1）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。時間狀語（分詞作狀語前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.做時間狀語的分詞，可以改成時間連詞連接的主從句，如上面兩句可以改成：_ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having sufferedB. SufferingC. To sufferD. Suffered_ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To waitB. Have waitedC. Having waitedD. To have waited The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (2004高考江蘇卷) A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked原因狀語Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a noteNot having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.做原因狀語的分詞，可以改成原因連詞連接的主從句，如上句可以改成：_伴隨狀語The girls came in, following their parents.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing ., disappeared B. seized ., disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized ., disappearingCant you read it? Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointingThe visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having addedB. to add C. addingD. added結(jié)果狀語The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.分次做伴隨狀語和結(jié)果狀語可以根據(jù)意思改成由and或or 連接的并列句或改成非限制性定語從句.如可改成_or _如可改成_or _European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. make D. to make注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的幾個特性。時間性。與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，用一般時，如發(fā)生在謂語動作之前時則用完成式having(been) done。語態(tài)性。與句子的主語之間的關(guān)系，是主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。遵循的規(guī)則“主動用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動用過去分詞”。人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。定語When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door Sorry to miss you；will call later. A. read B. reads C. to read D. readingThe picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung（2）分詞作表語。S. + be /get/系動詞+ 動詞-ed表示被動，主語是人；S. + be+ 動詞-ing表示主動，主語是物。S. +be/系動詞+to do /to be doneAs we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.A. separatedB. sparedC. lostD. missedSarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to changeThe pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing.(2004上海)A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seatingHaving a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen5、復(fù)習(xí)過去分詞應(yīng)注意的幾個問題過去分詞作狀語，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，用來說明原因、時間、條件等。（1）過去分詞作原因狀語Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.= _, he soon fell asleep.in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. LosingB. Having lost C. LostD. To lose by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm . (2004高考遼寧卷)AAttracting BAttracted CTo be attracted DHaving attracted （2）作時間狀語Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When (the city is) seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.（3）作條件狀語Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=_, I would have worked out the problem.Given more time, I will do better than Tom=_, I will do better than TomThe research is so designed that once_ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all . (2004高考湖北卷)ACompare BWhen comparing CComparing DWhen compared （4）伴隨狀語The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.After his journey front abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _ A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted分詞短語作狀語時，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.=_, she had to stay at home looking after him.Time permitting, we will bring in more money. =_, we will bring in more money.Homework (having been) finished, Tom is playing with h