英漢翻譯講義 - 2013~2014秋季學(xué)期.doc

English-Chinese Translation By BelindaEnglish-Chinese Translation英漢翻譯20132014秋季學(xué)期By BelindaChapter One I. Brief Introduction to the course1. Aims:The course is aimed at providing opportunities for non-English majors in Honghe University to learn the basic principles and techniques of E-C and C-E translation. The principles will include knowledge about the nature of translation, the functions and theirs of language, linguistic and communication theories in translation and the competence of a translator. In learning the techniques of translation, the students will mainly work on the analysis of a text, word meanings in context, the process of translation, feasibility of literal translation and expression in idiomatic Chinese and English.The course will also help the students to gain insight into translation from cultural and aesthetic perspectives to enhance their competence in the two languages. By the end of the course, the students are expected to be able to translate, with reasonable accuracy, faithfulness and appropriateness, passages on common subjects in everyday communication.2. Teaching Procedures:The class will mainly be conducted in lecturing and commenting on students exercise and class performance. Discussion, questions and answers will be encouraged throughout the whole course. Homework assignments will play an important part in the course.3. Assessment:Assessment will be through class-work, homework, class performance and formal testing. The average score will be composed of:Class Performance20%Mid-term Examination20%Final Examination60% Attendance is both monitored and graded. Students will absence exceeding three times will be reported to the department and grades will not be submitted to these students.II. On Translation1. What is Translation?翻譯是用一種語(yǔ)言形式把另一種語(yǔ)言形式里的內(nèi)容重新表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.Peter Newmark (1988, P5)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.Eugene Nida (1969, P12)1). Translation is a science. e. g. A. We expected an older speaker to talk about this subject. 沒(méi)想到講這個(gè)課的人那么年輕。 B. 飛機(jī)著陸了。 The plane touched down. C. 船靠岸了。 The ship touched the land.2). Translation is a skill. e. g. A. She is dressed to kill. 她穿著很時(shí)髦 / 十分吸引人 / 迷死人了。 B. Justice is blind. 真理 / 法律面前，人人平等。 C. 情人眼里出西施。 Love is blind.3). Translation is an art. e. g. A. Tell me and Ill forget; show me and I may remember; but involve me and Ill understand. a. 告訴我的事情，我會(huì)忘記；給我看的東西，我可能會(huì)記??；但讓我一起干，我就會(huì)掌握。 b. 耳聞不如目睹；目睹不如篤行。 B. (There is a sign beside the pond of crocodiles in a park.) The last one is delicious, bring me another. a. 剛才吃的那個(gè)味道不錯(cuò)，再來(lái)一個(gè)。 b. 鱷魚(yú)危險(xiǎn)，請(qǐng)勿靠近。 c. 池邊游覽須謹(jǐn)慎，勿作鱷魚(yú)口中餐。 d. 鱷魚(yú)腹中饑，游客要當(dāng)心。 C. (A title in a magazine during the Athens Olympics)China Aims at World Dominationa. 中國(guó)瞄準(zhǔn)世界b. 中國(guó)要稱霸世界體壇c. 中國(guó)體育志在雄踞天下 D. We have read the most terrifying stories about the Indians in American. a. 我們讀了不少美國(guó)印第安人的恐怖故事。 b. 我們讀了不少有關(guān)美國(guó)印第安人的悲慘遭遇。2. The Competence of a Translator.A translator is bilingual, bicultural, special in one or more areas of knowledge, a competent writer.Competence in writing can be described as consisting of three levels: 1). ability to write good letters, effective news articles, and personal accounts; 2). capacity to write technical essays or articles in some field of specialization; 3). creative capacity for producing prose and poetry.Eugene Nida (1993, PP134-136)3. Purpose of Translation正確無(wú)誤地利用語(yǔ)言這一工具來(lái)圓滿地完成各類(lèi)信息的交流，是國(guó)家乃至整個(gè)世界向著更高的文明發(fā)展，這就是翻譯的目的。翻譯作為一門(mén)課程，其目的就是在掌握漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)這兩種語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合不斷的翻譯實(shí)踐，學(xué)習(xí)翻譯中的各種技巧，提高翻譯水平。 Chapter Two English in Everyday Life你不舒服嗎？ 你昨晚熬夜了？ 把被子疊好。 我做了個(gè)可怕的夢(mèng)。 你一直沒(méi)關(guān)燈啊。 我還困著呢。 我是個(gè)夜貓子。 今天我們逃學(xué)吧。 你毛衣穿反了。 上下顛倒了。 Principles (Criteria) of Translating1. Point of Views Given by Different Scholars at Home and Abroad:玄奘：真（faithful）& 俗（readable）嚴(yán)復(fù)：信（faithfulness）、達(dá)（smoothness）、雅（elegance）魯迅：信（faithfulness）& 達(dá)（smoothness）傅雷：“傳神”論錢(qián)鐘書(shū)：“化境”說(shuō)亞歷山大弗雷賽泰特勒：1）譯文應(yīng)完全寫(xiě)出原作的思想（相當(dāng)于“信”）；2）譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同（相當(dāng)于“雅”）；3）譯文應(yīng)和原作同樣流暢（相當(dāng)于“達(dá)”）。尤金奈達(dá)：讀者反映論（Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.）2. Faithfulness, Smoothness and Elegance:1). Faithfulness. The translation and translator should be faithful to both the original text and the author in terms of meaning, intention or content. 忠實(shí)-注意語(yǔ)境，對(duì)象 No context, no text. 詞不離句，句不離篇。 My wife Damn it! Im absolutely sorry. Ex. a. No man can have too many friends. b. I would feel guilty to take such an expensive gift. c. You are a sight for sore eyes. d. When she was taken, her son was only 5 years old. e. I fell in love with her at first sight, but she was taken. f. 一到冬天，我的手就凍。 g. 有飯大家吃。 2). Smoothness. The contents of the original text should be adequately and intelligibly expressed in the translation, and for this purpose equivalence in form can sometimes be modified. The best translation doesnt sound like a translation.Nida A blind date He is a big name. You are very close. Yesterday, Class 1 and Class 2 had a close contest. Ex. a. He is a friend of mine, but he is a difficult one. b. He has a large family to support. c. He comes from a big family. d. I cant bear the sight of the man. e. He who would search for pearls must dive deep. 3). Elegance. The translation should be of the best possible rhetorical quality so that it can reach as much of the intended audience as possible. Nida says, “All languages have the potential for outstanding aesthetic expression.” A good translator always tries to give full play to the advantages to the language of the target text. Compare:Source LanguageSmoothnessEleganceExtremely urgentUnderestimate ones own capabilitiesCommit the same errorFull of conceitMiss a good chanceFellow sufferersMake a superficial change 忠實(shí)于原文內(nèi)容，通順的譯文形式，發(fā)揮譯文的優(yōu)勢(shì)，可以當(dāng)做文學(xué)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。翻譯可以不發(fā)揮譯文語(yǔ)言的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但發(fā)揮了譯文語(yǔ)言的卻是更好的翻譯。是否符合必要條件是個(gè)對(duì)錯(cuò)問(wèn)題，是否符合充分條件卻是個(gè)好壞問(wèn)題。許淵沖（1984：翻譯的藝術(shù)）Chapter Three English in Everyday Life快點(diǎn)兒，上學(xué)該遲到了。 飯盒帶了嗎？ 我去補(bǔ)習(xí)學(xué)校了啊。 能給我點(diǎn)兒零花錢(qián)嗎？ 晚飯你想吃什么？ 還是家好哇。 這把刀挺快啊，是不是？ 做個(gè)好夢(mèng)。 我真想睡個(gè)午覺(jué)。 你在裝睡啊！ Determining the Word Meaning1. Polysemy 一詞多義“詞本無(wú)義，義隨人生” People have meanings for words.除去專有名詞外，中英文詞匯幾乎沒(méi)有絕對(duì)等值的詞。 Brokena broken man soldier promise arrow money English Spirit “9.11”之后，報(bào)紙標(biāo)題：New York City: The Broken City StoryEx.a. Newsweek reported it but the officials refused to confirm the story. b. The judge didnt buy his story. c. She told me her side of the story. d. After days of search, a man came to the police with a story. Lightlight music loss car heart step manners work voice Heavyheavy clouds crops rain wine news road sea heart smoker storm traffic Ex.a. From life to death is mans reach. b. The newspaper offers some travel tips. c. I always fight with my husband. d. Dont be mad at me. e. He was killed in the car accident. 2. Translation Practice HeadEx.a. President Kennedy was shot in the head and killed on the spot. b. Why dont you use your head? c. Do you have a head for heights? d. The dinner cost us five dollars a head. e. Lets discuss the question under five heads. f. Heads or tails. g. She is head and shoulders above all the other actors in the film. RunEx.a. I had a run-in with the police yesterday. b. The longer and faster your run-up is, the higher you can jump. c. This may save money in the short run, but its going to be expensive in the long run. d. Dont cry, or your make-up will run. e. How long has the new film been running? 就Ex.a. 他就著油燈讀書(shū)。 b. 就時(shí)間 c. 花生米就酒很合適。 d. 我就來(lái)！ e. 他五歲就上學(xué)了。 f. 我一打聽(tīng)到他的地址就告訴你。 g. 他身體本來(lái)就不好。 h. 我們班就他會(huì)使電腦。 i. 我就不信我學(xué)不好這個(gè)技術(shù)。 j. 就我所知，他的英語(yǔ)很好。 k. 兩個(gè)代表團(tuán)就共同關(guān)心的話題進(jìn)行了討論。 l. 就事論事 Chapter Four English in Everyday Life漏水了。 這間房子通風(fēng)真差。 這個(gè)房子很通風(fēng)。 怎么這么亂?。?這是你的那份。 最近我總是丟三落四的。 能幫我換下零錢(qián)嗎？ 能幫我換開(kāi)100元嗎？ 我是自己掏的腰包。 我現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有多少現(xiàn)金。 Comparison of Scope of Words Meanings between Chinese and English 1. 中英詞義相符 Correspondent (A=甲)一半多見(jiàn)于專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)和固定詞組中。WTO = PRC = CPC = to tail of sb to tighten ones belt social market economy vanity press vanity fair vanity surgery vanity case reform measure national dignity to pay sb IOUs 但是，在翻譯中要注意“假對(duì)應(yīng)”鹽水 salt solution salt water學(xué)英語(yǔ)歌 learn English songs學(xué)知識(shí) acquire knowledge簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō) put it simple simply speaking (說(shuō)話的動(dòng)作簡(jiǎn)單)一層厚厚的黃土 a thick layer of loess / dust a layer of thick loess / dust 注意中英文中“搭配不當(dāng)”的情況我買(mǎi)了張好票 2. 中英詞義包孕 Inclusion (A甲；A 甲)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，中文一詞多義現(xiàn)象較英語(yǔ)多。 uncle 叔叔 開(kāi) open開(kāi)晚會(huì) 開(kāi)支票 水開(kāi)了 開(kāi)飯了 learn 學(xué)She took 3 courses this semester. Children pick up dirty words in an amazing way. 華僑：居住在國(guó)外的具有中國(guó)國(guó)籍的人，不包括旅游者、留學(xué)生等 oversea Chinese 所有不在中國(guó)境內(nèi)的中國(guó)人風(fēng)：自然風(fēng)，社會(huì)潮流，風(fēng)氣等 wind 自然風(fēng)，室外風(fēng) draught 室內(nèi)風(fēng) Dont sit in the draught. 別坐在風(fēng)頭上。 湯：燙的水 藥湯 decoction soup 食物，喝的湯 牛肉湯 broth 學(xué)者：意義上較窄，指一般有學(xué)問(wèn)的人 scholar: a learned person; particular person in certain field; student given scholarship; any student or pupil3. 中英詞義交叉 Intersection (A甲) foot VS 腳foot the bill = pay the bill腳本 腳夫 腳步 You should stand on your own feet. He fell in love with China at the moment he set his foot on Chinese soil. old VS 老veteran veteran translator history former classmate 老牛排 菜老了 old English old box in the old days old world ride VS 騎騎馬人 騎墻 乘公共汽車(chē) 乘風(fēng)破浪的 一只御風(fēng)飛行的大雁 t