上海版牛津英語8B資料.doc

上海版牛津英語8B 第一章 學(xué)習輔導(dǎo)材料（11.01）學(xué) 習 新 詞 語product n. 產(chǎn)品 例如：Our new product will go on the market. 我們的新產(chǎn)品即將上市。 【同根詞】：produce， production produce v. 生產(chǎn)；制造；產(chǎn)生 例如： We produce vegetables. 我們生產(chǎn)蔬菜。 production n. 生產(chǎn)；產(chǎn)生 例如： The production of television sets is very complex. 電視機制造非常復(fù)雜。scientist n. 科學(xué)家 例如：My brothers ambition is to be a scientist. 我兄弟的志愿是成為一名科學(xué)家。 【同根詞】：science, scientific science n. 科學(xué) scientific adj. 科學(xué)的 例如： The scientists in this university are interested in modern science and they spend most of their time on their scientific research. 這所大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們對現(xiàn)代科學(xué)感興趣，他們把大部分時間用于科學(xué)研究。breathe v. 呼吸 例如：He breathed hard when he was ill yesterday. 他昨天生病時，費力地呼吸。 【同根詞】：breath, 呼吸 例如： Smiths heavy breath disturbed his wifes sleep.史密斯沉重的呼吸擾亂了他太太的睡眠。hectare n. 公頃 1 hectare = 10,000 square metres (1公頃 = 10,000平方米) 例如：That factory covers an area of 150 hectares. 那個工廠占地150 公頃。alive adj.（表語形容詞） 活著；在世 【詞義辨析】：alive， living 都是“活著”的意思，用法不同。例如： alive 是表語形容詞，一般在句子中放在系動詞后面，用作表語。例如： I am your friend as long as I am alive. 只要我活著就是你的朋友。 living 是定語形容詞，一般在句子中放在名詞前用作定語。例如： There are not any living things in the mountain area.在這個山區(qū)里沒有任何活著的東西。warn v. 警告：使警惕 例如： Xiaofeng warned me against pickpockets. 小峰警告我要提防扒手。 【同根詞】： warning n. 警告；警示 例如： There is a warning sign at the corner of the street. 街角那兒有一塊警示牌。nature n. 自然界；大自然 例如：I am in favour of return to nature. 我贊成回歸自然。 【同根詞】：natural adj. 自然的 例如： This mountain village has natural beauty. 這個山村有自然的美?！驹~組】：(be) interested in 對感興趣 例如： Are you interested in movies? 你對電影感興趣嗎？ 【詞義辨析】：interested， interesting interested adj. 感興趣的。一般表示對某人或某物感興趣。例如： He is interested in computers. 他對電腦感興趣。 interesting adj. 有趣的；令人感興趣的。一般表示某樣事物令人感興趣。 He is an interesting boy. 他是個有趣的男孩。 Chemistry is an interesting subject. All of us are interested in it. 化學(xué)是一門有趣的學(xué)科，我們都對它感興趣。as well as 也，還 例如：They study French as well as Chinese. 他們既學(xué)法語也學(xué)中文。 【詞義辨析】：as well as, not only but also, both and 都用于連接兩個相同的語法部分。 as well as 強調(diào)的是兩個相同語法部分的前者。例如： He can play violin as well as guitar. 他既能拉小提琴，也能彈吉他。（強調(diào)會小提琴） not only but also 強調(diào)的是兩個相同語法部分的后者。例如： He can play not only violin but also guitar.他不僅能拉小提琴,也能彈吉他。（強調(diào)會吉他） both and 前后兩個語法部分都注重。例如： He can play both violin and guitar. 他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一樣重要）air conditioner n. 空調(diào) 例如： Air conditioners make us feel more comfortable in summer and winter. 夏天和冬天，空調(diào)使我們感到更加舒服。one another 互相 例如： We must help one another and learn from one another. 我們必須互相幫助，互相學(xué)習。 【同義詞】：each other 互相；彼此 語 法 知 識現(xiàn)在進行時一.現(xiàn)在進行時表示的意義：1.表示現(xiàn)在（說話瞬間）正在進行或發(fā)生的動作，強調(diào)動作發(fā)生的時間是此時此刻。例如；I am reading an English book. 我正在看一本英語書。She is watching TV. 她正在看電視。2.表示目前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。例如：What lessons are you studying this week? 你們本周學(xué)哪些課了？Toms parents are working in China this year. 湯姆的父母今年一直在中國工作。二.現(xiàn)在進行時的句子結(jié)構(gòu)： 現(xiàn)在進行時由“助動詞be + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，be (am, is, are)是助動詞，不做聯(lián)系動詞用，不解釋“是”。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：1.肯定句由“主語 + be + v.-ing + 其他”構(gòu)成。例如：I am cleaning the classroom. 我正在打掃教室。They are playing the piano.2. 否定句由“主語 + be + not + v.-ing + 其他”構(gòu)成。例如：He is not watching TV. 他沒在看電視。They are not writing. 他們沒在寫東西。3. 一般疑問句由“Be + 主語 + v.-ing + 其他？”構(gòu)成， 其肯定答句為“Yes, 主語 + be”否定答句為“No, 主語 + be + not”。例如：Is she listening to the music? 她正在聽音樂嗎？Yes, she is. / no, she isnt. 是的，她在聽。/ 不，她不在聽。Are they running? 他們正在跑步嗎？Yes, they are. / No, they arent. 是的，他們在跑。/ 不，他們不在跑。4. 特殊疑問句由“特殊疑問詞 + be + 主語 + v.-ing + 其他？”構(gòu)成。例如：What are you doing? 你們正在做什么？Who is he talking to? 他正在和誰談話？三.現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成： 1.直接在動詞原形末尾加-ing。例如： teachteaching playplaying looklooking gogoing2.以不發(fā)音的字母e 結(jié)尾的動詞，先去掉e 再加-ing。例如：writewriting taketaking liveliving givegiving 3.以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞，且末尾只有一個輔音字母時，應(yīng)雙寫該輔音字母再加-ing。例如：putputting runrunning beginbeginning swimswimming 四.現(xiàn)在進行時的標志：1.句中有副詞now時，常表示動作正在進行，這時要用現(xiàn)在進行時。例如： The children are playing football now. 孩子們現(xiàn)在正在踢足球。2.句首有l(wèi)ook, listen 提醒注意時，提示我們動作正在進行，這時要用現(xiàn)在進行時。例如： Look! A train is coming. 看！火車來了。 Listen! He is reading. 聽！他正在朗讀。3.句首有表示鐘點的時間時，提示動作正在進行，這時要用現(xiàn)在進行時。例如： Its six oclock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 現(xiàn)在六點了，我媽媽正在做早餐。4.根據(jù)語境或上下文理解，如果是動作正在進行，這時要用現(xiàn)在進行時。例如： Dont make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，嬰兒正在睡覺。五.沒有進行時態(tài)的動詞： 在英語中有一些動詞沒有或很少有進行時態(tài)。 到目前為止，我們學(xué)過的沒有進行時態(tài)的動詞可分為以下幾類： 1. 表示感覺的感官動詞，如see“看見”，hear“聽見”，find “找到”，notice“留意”等。 例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane？ 你聽到飛機的聲音了嗎？ We see him. 我們看見他了。 注意：有些表示感觀的動詞，如listen to, look at強調(diào)的是聽和看的動作，而不是結(jié)果，所以可用于現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中。例如： They are listening to the teacher. 他們在聽老師講課。 2.表示態(tài)度和感情，心理狀態(tài)等意思的動詞，如like“喜歡”，love “愛”，know “知道”，want“想要”，hope“希望”，hate“恨”，think“認為”，believe“相信”等。例如： I like dog. 我喜歡狗。 I want to go out for a walk now. 我現(xiàn)在想出去散步。 3.當have, has 表示“擁有”時。例如： I have a lot of books. 我有許多本書。 注意：當have, has 表示“吃飯；開會；玩得痛快”等意思時，可用于進行時態(tài)。例如： We are having a good time. 我們玩得很愉快。 4. 表示狀態(tài)的be動詞“是”。例如： He is at home. 他在家里。六.現(xiàn)在進行時和一般現(xiàn)在時的區(qū)別： 1.時間狀語： （1）一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，強調(diào)的是經(jīng)常性和習慣性，通常與always, often, sometimes, usually 等頻度副詞以及in the day, in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays, at weekends 等短語連用。例如： My father often reads books after dinner. 我父親經(jīng)常飯后看書。 （2）現(xiàn)在進行時表示講話時或目前一段時間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的事情，通常與now, these days, at this time 等時間狀語連用。例如： He is playing the piano now. 他現(xiàn)在正在彈鋼琴。 Look! They are watching TV. 看！他們正在看電視。 2.謂語動詞： （1）一般現(xiàn)在時謂語動詞的構(gòu)成有三種情況：be動詞用am, is, are；實意動詞用原形或第三人稱單數(shù)形式；情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞原形。例如： My brother is a policeman. 我的哥哥是一名警察。（be動詞用is） She doesnt wear a white uniform.她不穿白色工作服。（實意動詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式） He can speak English. 他會說英語。（情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞原形） （2）現(xiàn)在進行時的謂語動詞構(gòu)成為：be (am, is, are) + v.-ing 。例如： Are you cleaning the classroom? 你正在打掃教室嗎？ She is eating dinner. 她正在吃飯。相 關(guān) 練 習 題填空：1. Now the students each _ an English-Chinese dictionary. (have) 2. What is Mum doing now? She_ some clothes. (wash) 3. Whose watch is lost? Mr. Smiths. Look! He _ it everywhere. (look for) 4. Cindy, dinner is ready. Wheres John? He _ homework in his room. (do) 5. Dont turn on the TV. Grandma _ now. (sleep)自學(xué)題1. How many kinds of pollution do you know?a)_ b)_ c) _ 2. Think up some ways of fighting pollution:a)_b)_c)_d)_e)_3. What can we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or wear in our daily lives?a) use:_b) eat:_c) drink:_d) wear:_4. When is Tree-planting Day in China? Do you know any other countries?_2. 各個擊破：Words(單詞)1). 熟讀課文中出現(xiàn)的新單詞，掌握其音、形、義、；類及其搭配。2). 查詞典，了解下列詞的意思,主要搭配,及抄下至少一個例句。a communicate _, _b hardly _, _c interview _, _d protect _, _e release _, _f pure _, _3). 找出符合下列意思的單詞.a. n_ made by nature, not by manb. n_ unpleasantc. sip_ drink in small amountsd. o_ a life-giving gas found in aire. a c_ something produced by chemistryf. h_ area of 10,000 square metresg. w_ say that something bad or dangerous may happen3. 重難點突破Phrases(短語)把握下列短語.a. be interested in _b. in danger _c. cut down _d. let out _e. belong to _f. on earth _g. keepalive _h. communicate with _i. protect oneself_4. 合作探究Read Protecting our environment “pollution fighters” first. Discuss what you can learn from the text in groups. Judy is collecting information for a project on pollution. What does she learn?P1-2: _P3-12:_P13-14:_P15-16:_5. 訓(xùn)練鞏固 A. Fill in the blanks with correct words.1. The old man is so weak. He can_stand.2. The new park covered an area of six _.3. At the top of high mountains, there is very little _ in the air.4. I must _you not to go out. There is a storm coming.5. This country has few _ resources.6. The farmer used a _ to kill the insects in their fields.7. These days we can _with pen-friends by e-mails.8. The TV progarmme _ a famous film director about his latest film.9. Theres a _smell coming from the dustbin.10. The water in the stream was not polluted. It was _.11. The police _ some prisoners last year.12. He forgot to turn off the air conditioner, so it was _ all night.B. Do Part D. Find the facts by yourselves.C. Do Part E Read and think6. 拓展延伸 In groups, make your own poster about trees and the benefits of trees. Put it up in your classroom or school. Let everyone know the importance of protecting trees.Assignments: 1. remember the new phrases. 2. Search and get more information about the benefits of trees.課后測評題.Choose the best answer1. We should have _ fast food, _ fresh vegetables and take enough exercise.A. fewer, fewer B. less, more C. fewer, more D. less, less2. This cup of water is very hot. You can only _, or you will be hurt.A. eat B. drink C. sip D. have3. Students will make great progress if they _ a subject. A. are interested in B. are interesting C. are interested D. are interesting in4. The index page of a book usually comes _.A. at the beginning of a book B. in the middle of a book C. at the end of a book D. at the bottom of each page5. Dont _ him _ into the forest. We are not allowed _ the big trees. A. let, goes, cut down B. let, go, to cut down C. lets, goes, cuts down D. lets, to go, cut down6. Have you finished your _ homework?A. chemical B. chemistry C chemicals D. chemistrys7. I _ you again. A. warned B. warn C. wont warn D. am warning8. They were warned _ the mountain in such bad weather.A. to climb B. not to climb C. climbing D. not climbing9. The room is _ small _ hold so many people. A. so, that B. too, to C. very, to D. enough, to 10.Her mother asked her where _ holidays.A. did you spend B. you spent your C. she spent her D. did she spend.Choose the words or expressions which are closest in meaning to underlined parts A. almost no B. think it is true C. quite a lot D. drink in small amount of E. unpleasant F. made by nature G. working 1. Doctor Ray is a scientist about trees. We suppose she knows everything about trees.2. My watch isnt running well. 3. There is hardly any chance that we will win the football match. 4. The tea was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so she had to sip it.5. I dont like the cheese with the nasty smell. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their p-roper formshealthy chemistry pollution communication warn dangerous nature1. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in _. 2. Water is one kind of the _ elements.3. The workers used a _ to kill mice in the factory.4. The Japanese can not speak English. Would you please use Japanese to _ with them?5. There is a _ before the film in each DVD.6. We must stop that factory from _ the river as soon as possible. Rewrite the sentence as required 1. Trees are communicating with one another. （ 改為一般疑問句并作肯定回答） _ _ communicating with one another? Yes, _ _.2. Judy is interviewing Doctor Ray. （改為否定句） Judy _ _ Doctor Ray. 3. Scientists are only now beginning to understand trees. (對劃線部分提問) _ _ scientists only now beginning to _?4. We are destroying our best fighters against pollution. （對劃線部分提問） _ _ you _?. Reading comprehensionAA plant makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to the leaves through the roots. Air goes into the leaves through very small holes. The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining. Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plants. T and F 1. A plant gets food from its roots. 2. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for air to come in. 3. A plant can make its food when it is cloudy. 4. Water comes into a plant through its roots. 5. People could live without plants. BDeserts do not stay the same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes they get smaller. The worlds biggest desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the Sahara Desert is growing fast.Why is the Sahara growing? In some places, people farm too much. In other places, animals eat all the grass. Or，people cut down the trees. This makes the soil weak. Weak soil lets the desert grow.Why is it a problem? People cannot grow food in the desert. People cannot built houses, hospitals, or schools in the desert. So, people must leave their homes. They must live somewhere else. What can people do? They can plant trees. They can also farm less. These things make the soil stronger. Maybe the Sahara will stop growing. Its a big problem. Many people must work together to solve it. T and F 6. The size of the deserts stay the same all the time. 7. One of the reasons for the growing of Sahara is farming too much. 8. Deserts make trouble for people. 9. Planting trees can help people farm less. 10. Stopping the growing desert is not a big problem. 上海版牛津英語 8B 第二章 學(xué)習輔導(dǎo)材料學(xué) 習 新 詞 語daily adv. 每天（every day） 例如：I want to study English well, so I have to practise it daily. 我想學(xué)好英語，因此我必須每天練習。He plays football daily. 他每天都踢足球。 daily adj. 每日的；日常的 n. 日報 例如： There are great changes in their daily lives. 他們的日常生活有巨大的變化。 This is a Peoples Daily. 這是一份人民日報。increase v. （使）增加 例如：The wheat production increased a great deal this year. 今年的小麥產(chǎn)量大幅度增加。We have increased the price of paper. 我們提高了紙張的價格。 【反義詞】： decrease v. 減少 例如： The population in Germany decreased last year. 去年德國的人口減少了。 Your hunger decreases as you eat. 你的饑餓感在你吃飯時會漸漸消失。impatient adj. 不耐煩的 例如：She is becoming impatient. 她變得著急起來。 【同根詞】：patient; impatient; patience 1.patient adj. 有耐心的, 例如：She is so kind and always patient with those naughty children. 她對這些淘氣的孩子們是如此的和藹，有耐心。2.impatient adj. angry at having to wait 不耐煩的，急躁的，例如：As a nursery teacher, you mustnt be impatient with the children. 作為幼兒園教師，你不該對孩子急躁。3. patience n. 容忍；耐心，例如：I have no patience with him again. 我對他不再有耐心了。comfortably adv. 舒服地 例如：He is sitting comfortably in that armchair. 他舒服地坐在那把扶手椅子里?！就~】：comfort; comfortable; comfortably 1. comfort v. 安慰；鼓舞 n. 安樂；舒適；安逸，例如：He lives in comfort. 他過得很舒服。（n.）I found comfort in his words. 我從他的話中得到了安慰。（n.）She comforted the sick child. 她安慰這個生病的孩子。（v.）2. comfortable adj. 舒適的，舒服的，例如：She lives a comfortable life. 她過著舒適的生活。3. comfortably adv. with no pain or worry 舒適地，安樂地pump 1. v. push by machine (用泵）抽，抽吸；打氣，例如：The villagers had pumped the well dry and could get no more water. 村民們已把水井抽干了，再也抽不出水來了。He pumped up his tires. 他給車胎打足了氣。2. n. 泵；水泵，例如：They are watering the fields with many pumps. 他們正用許多泵澆灌著田地。freeze v. （froze frozen freezing）1. stop moving suddenly (突然停止，驚呆)，例如：Fear made him freeze in his tracks. 恐懼使他突然停止前進。He froze in front of the audience. 他在觀眾面前嚇呆了。2. 冷凍，冷藏（食物），例如：Not all fruit and vegetables freeze well. 并非所有的水果和蔬菜都適合冷藏。plant n. 1. building with machines in it 工廠，車間， 例如：When the plant closed down, many factory workers lost their jobs. 工廠關(guān)門了，很多工人失業(yè)了。2. 植物，例如：Trees and vegetables are plants. 樹木和蔬菜是植物?！驹~義辨析】： speed; hurry 1. speed v. (sped sped speeding) move quickly 指快速運動或行動。例如：The ambulance sped to the hospital. 救護車快速開往醫(yī)院。He was arrested for speeding. 他因超速行車而被捕。The train sped through the countryside. 火車從鄉(xiāng)間飛馳而過。Postal workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the Christmas mail.郵政工人加班加點已加速圣誕期間新信件的發(fā)送。2. hurry v. move or do sth. quickly or too quickly 意指比通?？斓枚嗟乃俣龋?jīng)常伴隨著混亂或騷動。例如： If you dont hurry, youll miss the plane. 如果你不迅速些，你將會錯過班機了。 Dont let any