藥劑學(xué)英文名詞解釋整理

叮叮小文庫1. What is pharmaceutics? How many branches of pharmaceutics ? 2. What is a drug? Give some examples A drug is defined as an agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease in humans or in other animals. 藥物是有目的地用于診斷、緩解、治療、治愈或預(yù)防人類或動物疾病的物質(zhì)。l Emetic (induce vomiting催吐劑) and antiemetic (prevent vomiting止吐劑) drugsl Diuretic drugs (increase the flow of urine利尿劑)l Expectorant drugs (increase respiratory tract fluid除痰劑)l Cathartics or laxatives (evacuate the bowel瀉藥) l Other drugs decrease the flow of urine, diminish body secretions, or induce constipation (便秘)Drug standardsl The united states pharmacopeia (藥典) and the national formulary (國家藥品標(biāo)準(zhǔn))l Pharmakon, meaning “drug”; poiein, meaning “make”;l The combination indicates any recipe or formula or other standards required to make or prepare a drug. l Organized sets of monographs or books of these standards are called pharmacopeias or formularies.International Organization for standardization (ISO)is an international consortium of representative bodies constituted to develop and promote uniform or harmonized international standards.國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織是一個代表性的國際聯(lián)合會，其設(shè)立是為了發(fā)展和增進國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的均一性和協(xié)調(diào)性。ISO 9000-ISO9004 used in the pharmaceutical industryl ISO included standards pertaining to development, production, quality assurance, quality control, detection of defective products, quality management, and other issues as product safety and liability.l ISO 包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適合開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、質(zhì)量保證、質(zhì)量控制、缺陷產(chǎn)品的檢測、質(zhì)量管理和其他如產(chǎn)品安全性和責(zé)任的問題。l Internationally recognized quality- management system.Prodrugsis a term used to describe a compound that requires metabolic biotransformation after administration to produce the desired pharmacologically active compound. (前體藥物使之能夠在給藥后經(jīng)體內(nèi)代謝性生物轉(zhuǎn)化成具有期望的藥理活性化合物的化合物。）a lead compoundis a prototype（原形化學(xué)物質(zhì)） chemical compound that has a fundamental desired biologic or pharmacologic activity.（先導(dǎo)化合物是一種具有生物學(xué)和藥理學(xué)活性基本要求的原型化學(xué)物質(zhì)。）a goal drug In theory, a “goal drug” l would produce the specifically desired effect, l be administered by the most desired route (generally orally) at minimal dosage and dosing frequency,l have optimal onset and duration of activity, 理論上，目標(biāo)藥物應(yīng)能通過最理想的途徑（通常為口服）以最小的劑量和給藥頻率給藥，能產(chǎn)生特異的期望療效，具有最理想的起效和持續(xù)時間，l exhibit no side effects,l following its desired effect would be eliminated from the body efficiently, completely, and without residual effect.l it would be easily produced at low cost,l be pharmaceutically elegant,l physically and chemically stable under various conditions of use and storage.l （無副作用，并在發(fā)揮療效后能完全有效地從體內(nèi)消除，且無殘留效應(yīng)。它應(yīng)該易于生產(chǎn)，費用低，制劑產(chǎn)品美觀，在不同的使用和貯藏條件下物理和化學(xué)上穩(wěn)定。）5(知)l Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.l Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism or biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.l Clinical pharmacology applies pharmacologic principles to the study of the effects and actions of drugs in humans.A treatment IND or a treatment protocol permits the use of an investigational drug in the trentment of patients not enrolled in the clinical study but who have a serious or immediately life-threatening disease for which there is non satisfactory alternative therapy.1 藥劑學(xué)定義The general area of study concerned with theformulationmanufacturestabilityeffectivenessof pharmaceutical dosage forms is termed pharmaceutics.Biopharmaceutics is the area of study embracing the relationship between the physical, chemical, and biological sciences as they apply to drugs, dosage forms, and to drug action.（生物藥劑學(xué)是圍繞物理學(xué)、化學(xué)和生物科學(xué)及它們關(guān)于藥物、劑型和藥物作用相互關(guān)系的研究領(lǐng)域。）藥物動力學(xué)The area of study which elucidates the time course of drug concentration in the blood and tissues is termed pharmacokinetics.It is the study of the kinetics of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs and their corresponding pharmacologic, therapeutic, or toxic response in animals and man.Pharmacokinetics also may be applied in the study of interactions between drugs.Active transport denotes a process of the solute or drug being moved across the membrane against a concentration gradient, that is, from a solution of lower concentration to one of a higher concentration or, if the solute is an ion, against an electrochemical potential gradient（主動轉(zhuǎn)運是指溶質(zhì)或藥物穿過生物膜的轉(zhuǎn)運的過程是逆濃度梯度進行，即從低濃度向高濃度轉(zhuǎn)運或當(dāng)溶質(zhì)是離子時逆電化學(xué)電勢梯度轉(zhuǎn)運。）endocytosis(內(nèi)吞)Many large molecules and particles can not enter cells via passive or active mechanisms. However, some may enter, as yet, by a process known as endocytosis(內(nèi)吞)In phagocytosis (吞噬) (cell eating), large particles suspended in the extracellular fluid are engulfed and either transported into cells or are destroyed within the cell. This is a very important process for lung phagocytes and certain liver and spleen cells. Pinocytosis (胞飲) (cell drinking) is a similar process but involves the engulfing of liquids or very small particles that are in suspension within the extracellular fluid. The bioavailability describes the rate and extent to which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action.The bioequivalence refers to the comparison of bioavailabilities of different formulations, drug products, or batches of the same drug product.Peak height (Cmax) concentration is the maximum drug concentration observed in the blood plasma or serum following a dose of the drug.For conventional dosage forms, as tablets and capsules, the Cmax will usually occur at only a single time point, referred to as Tmax.Time of peak (Tmax), maximum level of drug in the bloodThis parameter reflects the rate of drug absorption from a formulation. It is the rate of drug absorption that determines the time needed for the minimum effective concentration to be reached and thus for the initiation of the desired pharmacologic effect.Area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC)The AUC of a concentration-time plot is considered representative of the total amount of drug absorbed into the circulation following the administration of a single dose of that drug.The smaller the AUC, the less drug absorbed. Pharmaceutical equivalents are drug products that contain identical amounts of the identical active drug ingredient, i.e., the same salt or ester of the same therapeutic moiety, in identical dosage forms, but not necessarily containing the same inactive ingredients, and that meet the identical compendial or other applicable standard of identity, strength, quality, and purity, including potency and, where applicable, content uniformity, disintegration times, and/or dissolution rates.（制劑等效指包含等量同種活性藥物成分的藥品，即：有相同治療效應(yīng)的相同鹽或酯的形式，相同劑型。但并不一定包含相同的非活性成分，具有相同的外觀或其他相應(yīng)的性質(zhì)如規(guī)格、質(zhì)量、純度，包括效價、含量均勻性、崩解時間和溶出速率。）Pharmaceutical alternatives are drug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety, or its precursor, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form or as the same salt or ester. Each such product individually meets either the identical or its own respective compendial or other applicable standard of identity, strength, quality, and purity, including potency and, where applicable, content uniformity, disintegration times, and/or dissolution rates.（制劑替代品指含有相同治療效果的組成部分或它的前體藥物，不需要相同劑量、相同劑型、相同的鹽或酯的形式。每種藥品符合同樣的或各自的外觀和其他相應(yīng)的性質(zhì)如規(guī)格、質(zhì)量、純度，包括效價，含量均勻性、崩解時間和溶出速率。)Bioequivalent drug products are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose of the therapeutic moiety under similar experimental conditions, either single dose or multiple dose.(生物等效性藥品指在相同的試驗條件下，單次或多次給予相同治療劑量的藥物，其吸收的速率和程度沒有顯示顯著性差異的制劑等效品或制劑替代品。）Therapeutic equivalents has been used to indicate pharmaceutical equivalents which, when administered to the same individuals in the same dosage regimens, will provide essentially the same therapeutic effect. The half-life (T1/2) of a drug describes the time required for a drugs blood or plasma concentration to decrease by one half.4（復(fù)）What is Noyes-Whitney equation? The dissolution of a substance may be described by the modified Noyes-Whitney equation:dc/dt=kS(cs-ct)in which dc/dt is the rate of dissolutionk is the dissolution rate constantS is the surface area of the dissolving solid,Cs is the saturation concentration of drug in the diffusion layerCt is the concentration of the drug in the dissolution medium at time tBiotransformation is a term used to indicate the chemical changes that occur with drugs within the body as they are metabolized and altered by various biochemical mechanisms.The process of biotransformation is commonly referred to as the “detoxification” or “inactivation” process.8（復(fù)）Explain shortly about one compartment model and two compartment model？l The simplest pharmacokinetic model is the single compartment open-model system. This model depicts the body as one compartment characterized by a certain volume of distribution (Vd) that remains constant.l In the two-compartment system, a drug enters into and is instantaneously distributed throughout the central compartment.Its subsequent distribution into the second or peripheral compartment is slower.8 Powders are intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and /or chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use. e.g. tablets, capsules, liquid dosage forms, ointments and creams.粘附性(adhesion)是指不同分子間產(chǎn)生的引力，如粉體粒子與器壁間的粘附。 凝聚性(cohesion，粘著性)是指同分子間產(chǎn)生的引力，如粉體粒子之間發(fā)生粘附而形成聚集體(random floc)6 Capsules are solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed in a small shell of gelatin. Gelatin capsule shells may be hard or soft, depending on their composition.1（知）sustained-release preparations 緩釋制劑系指在規(guī)定釋放介質(zhì)中，按要求緩慢地非恒速釋放藥物，其與相應(yīng)的普通制劑比較，給藥頻率比普通制劑減少一半或給藥頻率比普通制劑有所減少，且能顯著增加患者的順應(yīng)性的制劑。controlled- release preparations 控釋制劑系指在規(guī)定釋放介質(zhì)中，按要求緩慢地恒速或接近恒速釋放藥物，給藥頻率比普通制劑減少一半或給藥頻率比普通制劑有所減少，血藥濃度比緩釋制劑更加平穩(wěn)，且能顯著增加患者的順應(yīng)性的制劑。delayed-release preparations 遲釋制劑遲釋制劑系指在給藥后不立即釋放藥物的制劑，包括腸溶制劑、結(jié)腸定位制劑和脈沖制劑等。1（知）定時釋放系統(tǒng)（chronopharmacologic drug delivery system ）是根據(jù)人體的生物節(jié)律變化特點，按時辰藥理學(xué)和時辰治療學(xué)原理設(shè)計的新型控釋給藥系統(tǒng)又稱脈沖式給藥系統(tǒng)(pulsatile drug delivery system) 片劑（Tablet) 系指藥物與適宜的輔料通過制劑技術(shù)制成的片狀或異型片狀制劑，主要供口服使用。 Tablets are solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients.（復(fù)）Ointments 1 are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.2 Ointments may be medicated or nonmedicated.3 Nonmedicated ointments are used for the physical effects that they provide as protectants, emollients or lubricants.（復(fù)）Pharmaceutical creams are semisolid preparations containing one or more medical agents dissolved or dispersed in either an oil-in-water emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.（復(fù)）Gels are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like through the addition of a gelling agent.（復(fù)）- transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS)Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) facilitate the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effect. 經(jīng)皮給藥系統(tǒng)能促進具治療量的藥物透過皮膚，進入體循環(huán)發(fā)揮系統(tǒng)作用。（復(fù)）- iontophoresisIontophoresis is delivery of a charged chemical compound across the skin membrane using an electrical field.（離子導(dǎo)入法是指在電場作用下，帶電荷的化合物導(dǎo)入皮膚粘膜的一種方法。）（復(fù)）- sonophoresis (超聲導(dǎo)入法)Sonophoresis, is a process that exponentially increases the absorption of topical compounds (transdermal delivery) with high-frequency ultrasound.Sonophoresis occurs because ultrasound waves stimulate micro-vibrations within the skin epidermis and increase the overall kinetic energy of molecules making up topical agents.（復(fù)）- percutaneous absorption enhancerschemical permeation enhancers and physical methods that can increase percutaneous absorption of therapeutic agents. A chemical skin penetration enhancer increases skin permeability by reversibly damaging or altering the physicochemical nature of the stratum corneum to reduce its diffusional resistance. 化學(xué)吸收促進劑通過通過可逆地改變角質(zhì)層的理化狀態(tài)，降低擴散阻力而提高皮膚滲透率。SolutionsIn pharmaceutical terms, solutions are “l(fā)iquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents”.Because of a particular pharmaceutical solutions use, it may be classified as： oral solution, otic solution, ophthalmic solution, topical solution. （重）solubilityThe solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and that solvent. Syrups （糖漿劑）are concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.（復(fù)）Elixirsare clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and are uaually flavored to enhance their palatability.Nonmedicated elixirs are employed as vehicles;Medicated elixirs are used for the therapeutic effect of the medicinal substances they contain.（復(fù)）Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances.Suspensions may be defined as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.混懸劑系指難溶性固體藥物以微粒狀態(tài)分散于分散介質(zhì)中形成的多相分散體系。（復(fù)）EmulsionsAn emulsion is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible.乳劑系指互不相溶的兩相液體混合，其中一相以液滴狀態(tài)分散于另一相中形成的非均勻分散液體制劑。（復(fù)）floc or floccule.One common method of preventing rigid cohesion of small particles of a suspension is intentional formation of a less rigid or loose aggregation of the particles held together by comparatively weak particle-to-particle bonds.Such an aggregation of particles is termed a floc or a floccule（絮狀物, 絮凝粒）.（復(fù)）creaming of the emulsionAggregates of globules of the internal phase have a greater tendency than do individual particles to rise to the top of the emulsion or fall to the bottom. Such a preparation of the globules is termed the creaming of the emulsion，and provided co