高物理中英文對(duì)照表.docVIP

高一物理名詞概念規(guī)律集合（中英文對(duì)照）力學(xué)力學(xué) mechanics力 force力是物體間的作用 Force is the interaction of objects.力的圖示 force diagram力有大小和方向 A force has both a magnitude and a direction.牛頓 Newton動(dòng)力和阻力 motive force and resistance重力 gravitational force重量 weight彈簧秤 a spring balance重心 center of gravity or gravitational center質(zhì)量分布均勻的物體（勻質(zhì)物體），重心的位置只跟物體的形狀有關(guān)For a body with homogeneously distributed mass (homogeneous body), the location of its gravitational center depends on its shape.彈力 elastic force拉力，壓力和支持力 full, pressure and supporting force形變 deformation彈性限度 elastic limit拉伸形變，壓縮形變，彎曲形變，扭轉(zhuǎn)形變 stretched deformation, pressed deformation, bending deformation, twist deformation壓力的方向垂直于支持面指向被壓的物體，支持力的方向垂直于支持面指向被支持的物體The direction of a pressure is perpendicular to the supporting surface and points to the pressed object, while the direction of a supporting force is perpendicular to the supporting surface but points to the supported object.胡克定律 Hooks law: The extension of a piece of wire is directly proportional to the applied force providing the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.摩擦力 frictional force滑動(dòng)摩擦力 sliding frictional force滑動(dòng)摩擦力的方向總是跟接觸面相切，并且跟物體相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向相反The direction of the sliding frictional force is always tangential to the surfaces in contact and is opposite to the direction of the relative motion.滑動(dòng)摩擦力跟壓力成正比The sliding frictional force is directly proportional to the pressure.動(dòng)摩擦因數(shù) the dynamic friction factor滾動(dòng)摩擦 rolling friction靜摩擦力 static frictional force靜摩擦力的方向總是跟接觸因相切，并且跟物體相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢(shì)的方向相反The direction of the static frictional force is always tangential to the contacting surfaces and is in the opposite direction to the tendency of the relative motion.最大靜摩擦力 the maximum static frictional force力的合成 composition of forces合力 resultant (force)共點(diǎn)力 concurrent forces: If a number of forces act on the same point of an object, or their lines of application intersect at a common point, the forces are called the concurrent forces.力的等效替代 equivalent and substitution of force平行四邊行定則 the parallelogram rule 矢量和標(biāo)量 Vector and Scalar力的分解 resolution of force分力 component運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng) mechanical motion參考系 reference system質(zhì)點(diǎn) mass point軌跡 locus直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng) rectilinear motion曲線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng) curvilinear motion時(shí)刻和時(shí)間 moment and time interval位移和路程 displacement and distance勻速直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng) uniform rectilinear motion: If an object is moving along a straight line and travels an equal distance in an equal time intervals, this motion is called uniform rectilinear motion.位移-時(shí)間圖像 distance-tine graph變速直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng) variable straight-line motion速度和速率 velocity and speed平均速度和瞬時(shí)速度 Average velocity and instantaneous velocity速率 instantaneous speed or speed速度-時(shí)間圖像 velocity-time graph勻變速直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng) uniform variable rectilinear motion: If the changes of the velocity are equal in equal time in variable rectilinear motion, the motion is called uniform variable rectilinear motion.加速度 acceleration初速度 initial velocity末速度 final velocity自由落體運(yùn)動(dòng) free-fall motion自由落體加速度，重力加速度 free-fall acceleration or gravitational acceleration牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律 Newtons laws of motion牛頓第一定律 Newtons first law of motion: All objects continue to be in its state of uniform rectilinear motion or state of rest until being compelled to change its states by some forces.牛頓第二定律 Newtons second law of motion: The acceleration of an object is in direct proportion to the resultant force acting on it and in inverse proportion to the mass, the acceleration is in the same direction as the resultant.牛頓第三定律 Newtons third law of motion: The action and reaction forces of two bodies are always equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and acting on the same straight line.慣性 inertia: The inertia of a body only depends on its mass.理想實(shí)驗(yàn) hypothetical experiments運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué) kinematics動(dòng)力學(xué) dynamics氣墊導(dǎo)軌 air cushion guide基本單位和導(dǎo)出單位 fundamental units and derived units超重和失重，完全失重 overweight and weightlessness，complete weightlessness共點(diǎn)力作用下物體的平衡 equilibrium of an object acted on by concurrent forces力的平衡 equilibrium of the forces圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)物體做曲線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的條件 the condition for a body to be in curvilinear motion: When the direction of the net force a body experiences and the direction of the velocity of the body do not fall in the same straight line, the body is in curvilinear motion.運(yùn)動(dòng)的合成與分解 composition and resolution of motion分運(yùn)動(dòng)與合運(yùn)動(dòng) component motions and resultant motion合位移與分位移 resultant displacement and component displacement合速度與分速度 resultant velocity and component velocity平拋運(yùn)動(dòng) motion of horizontally projected objects平拋運(yùn)動(dòng) projectile motion: If you throw an object horizontally with a certain initial velocity, neglecting air resistance, the body will move with only the force of gravity acting on it. Such motion is called projectile motion.An projectile motion can be resolved into a horizontal uniform rectilinear motion and a vertical free-fall motion.勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng) uniform circular motion: If a particle, moving along a circle, passes an equal arc in equal time, this motion is called uniform circular motion.線(xiàn)速度，角速度，周期和頻率linear velocity, angular velocity, period and frequency轉(zhuǎn)速 rotational speed (its unit is revolutions per second)向心力 centripetal force向心加速度 centripetal acceleration切向加速度 tangential acceleration離心現(xiàn)象 centrifugal phenomenon離心運(yùn)動(dòng) centrifugal motion天一運(yùn)動(dòng)萬(wàn)有引力定律 the law of universal gravitation: Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the squared distance between them.引力常量 gravitational constant天體 celestial body人造衛(wèi)星 artificial satellite宇宙速度 （the first/ second/ third）cosmic velocity功和能功和能 work and energy機(jī)械能 mechanical energy焦耳 joule正功和負(fù)功 positive work and negative work功率 power瓦特 watt 平均功率與瞬時(shí)功率 average power and instantaneous power動(dòng)能與勢(shì)能 kinetic energy and potential energy動(dòng)能定理theorem of kinetic energy: The work done by the resultant force on a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body.重力勢(shì)能 gravitational potential energy參考平面 reference level彈性勢(shì)能 elastic potential energy位能 energy of position機(jī)械能守恒定律 the law of conservation of mechanical energy: When only the gravitational force does work, the kinetic and the gravitational potential energy can be converted form one to another and the total mechanical energy remains conserved.機(jī)械振動(dòng)機(jī)械振動(dòng)mechanical vibration彈簧振子spring oscillator回復(fù)力restoring force振幅、周期和頻率amplitude, period and frequency固有頻率inherent frequency振動(dòng)圖像vibration graph單擺Simple pendulum阻尼振動(dòng)damped vibration簡(jiǎn)諧運(yùn)動(dòng)simple harmonic motion受迫振動(dòng)forced vibration物體做受迫振動(dòng)時(shí)，振動(dòng)穩(wěn)定后的頻率等于驅(qū)動(dòng)力的頻率，跟物體的固有頻率無(wú)關(guān)。When a body undergoes a forced vibration, its