第五章 寫作第一節(jié)和第二節(jié).doc

第五章 寫作第一節(jié) 研究綜述一、寫作題的性質(zhì) 寫作是人們表達思想的一種重要手段，我們稱之為comprehensive test的綜合測試，考察的是學(xué)生綜合運用語言的能力。這種能力不僅包括遣詞造句、布局謀篇的語言表達能力，還包括觀察、分析、解決問題的認識能力，要求要點齊全，格式正確，行文連貫，語言表達地道，句子結(jié)構(gòu)合理，文章內(nèi)容完整，考核了對詞匯和語法的應(yīng)用、表達能力，思維邏輯和條理性，簡言之就是運用語言表達思想的能力。二、英語專業(yè)四級寫作要求 1. 能根據(jù)各種不同的聽讀材料筆頭回答問題，復(fù)述內(nèi)容寫摘要、寫提綱和記筆記。2. 能根據(jù)題目列出寫作提綱，在一小時內(nèi)寫出200250詞的短文。以上均要求做到內(nèi)容完整、條理清楚，語法基本正確，語言通順恰當(dāng)。3. 能寫一般的書信、通知、便條、請?zhí)?，填寫簡單的表格，格式正確，語言得體。寫作課培養(yǎng)學(xué)生初步寫作能力，包括提綱、文章摘要、短文以及最簡單的常用應(yīng)用文。三、考試大綱對英語專業(yè)寫作的要求和規(guī)定(1) 測試目的：按照英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段英語教學(xué)大綱的要求，檢查學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)階段末期的英語寫作能力。(2) 測試要求： (a) 作文： 能根據(jù)所給的作文題目、提綱或圖表、數(shù)據(jù)等，寫一篇200個單詞左右的作文，能做到內(nèi)容切題、完整，條理楚清，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語法正確，語言通順，表達得體。考試時間35分鐘。(b) 便條： 能根據(jù)所給提示寫50至60個單詞的便條、通知、請貼等。能做到格式正確，語言得體?？荚嚂r間10分鐘。(3) 測試形式：本部分分為主觀試題，分兩節(jié)：Section A和Section B。 Section A: Composition 是命題作文，文章體裁主要屬于說明文、議論文或記敘文的范圍。Section B: Note-Writing 是寫便條。四、英語專業(yè)四級寫作的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語專業(yè)四級作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（總體評分）：(1) 文章內(nèi)容切題。(2) 闡述充分，觀點鮮明，論據(jù)充分，有較強的說服力。(3) 意思連貫，條理清楚，文字通順，段落銜接緊密，過渡自然，邏輯性強。(4) 句與句之間的連接順暢，句式靈活多變，句法結(jié)構(gòu)正確。(5) 用詞得體、恰當(dāng)，詞匯豐富。(6) 拼寫及標(biāo)點正確，書寫整潔。五個分?jǐn)?shù)段的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：15分：文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達清楚，行文通順流暢，連貫性好，論證嚴(yán)密，論據(jù)充分，基本無語言錯誤。14-12分：文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達清楚，語言比較通順，連貫性較好，有少量語法錯誤。11-9分：文章內(nèi)容切題，尚能表達中心思想，但說理不夠清楚，文字連貫不夠好，有少量語言錯誤。8-6分：基本切題，有些地方思想表達不夠清楚，連貫性差，語言錯誤多。5-3分：文章條理不清，思想紊亂，語言缺乏連貫，句子錯誤很多，或語言雖通順流暢，但完全偏題。五、專業(yè)四級作文中常見問題在英語寫作教學(xué)和專業(yè)四級輔導(dǎo)過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在寫作部分存在如下問題：1、 審題不完整。一些學(xué)生急于下筆，忽略了背景引語或者是只是匆匆瀏覽背景介紹，不仔細思考題目的意思，這樣就容易造成跑題。而內(nèi)容切題是一篇好作文應(yīng)具備的基本條件之一。2、 思路狹窄。寫出的作文著眼點低，視野不夠開闊，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)容空洞，干癟無味，語言貧乏。3、 表達不地道。有些同學(xué)在寫作中仍受到母語的影響，在寫作中Chinglish的現(xiàn)象時有發(fā)生；串句、破句、不合邏輯的句子也是俯首皆是。4、 意識問題。有些同學(xué)看到作文題目就亟不可待地下筆，導(dǎo)致作文跑題，次重點不分，甚至到了無話可寫，窮途末路的地步。寫提綱不僅能夠保證緊扣主題，整體把握布局，還能節(jié)省時間。本部分按照”審題思路確定主題寫作提綱段落展開”的步驟，對近十年來的作文題進行詳細解析，旨在幫助引導(dǎo)學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確審題，擴展思路，并且養(yǎng)成寫提綱的好習(xí)慣，有效的提高寫作能力。第二節(jié) 近十年真題解析大作文寫作一、解密TEM-4 寫作題型根據(jù)考試大綱，TEM-4作文是命題作文，文章體裁主要屬于說明文、議論文或記敘文的范圍?；仡櫄v年考題，實際上說明文、議論文占絕大多數(shù)，涉及的主題多是與社會上的一些熱點和大學(xué)生活動有關(guān)的話題，如課外活動、學(xué)生兼職、身體保健、空氣污染等。根據(jù)命題形式，TEM-4寫作題型可分為四類：第一類：自由發(fā)揮型，給定題目，但題目呈開放型，由考生自己決定具體的切入點進行說明或論證。第二類：分 析 型，給定了題目并明確規(guī)定了觀點，要求考生就其進行說明和論證。第三類：擇優(yōu)比較型，限定討論話題，提供同一議題的兩個對立面觀點，要求考生明確選擇一種觀點，并進行是非分明的論證。第四類：問題解決型，先提出問題，然后要求考生提供一個、多個或最好、最有效的解決途徑，并加以解釋，也稱how-to結(jié)構(gòu)。綜合分析歷年的TEM-4考題，具體情況如下：年份作文題目自由發(fā)揮型分析型擇優(yōu)比較型問題解決型2008The Benefits of Volunteering2007Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?2006Saving money or spending tomorrows today money2005My Idea of a University Arts Festival2004Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?2003The Importance of Keeping a Good Mind2002The Best Way to Stay Healthy2001Travel Broadens the Mind2000The Importance of Extracurricular Activities1999A Major Advantage / Disadvantage of Advertising on Television總計題數(shù)10占百分比100 %10%40%40%10%二、分類解析（一）自由發(fā)揮型自由發(fā)揮型的題目，在提出一個話題之后，要求考生對這一話題給予一定的看法和分析，并且對觀點進行充分地論證。這種題目對論點不做限制，考生可以自由發(fā)揮，圍繞話題即可。請看2005年的考題：The students Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:MY IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY ARTS FESTIVALYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea OR describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.參考范文My Idea of a University Arts FestivalIm glad to present my idea of the university arts festival to be held in the next semester. As an English major, I think its a good idea to have an English song contest during the arts festival.First, there is a strong demand for English-related activities on campus. Several English-related activities organized before, such as English drama performances, English reading contest, have been warmly received and have produced satisfactory results. The feedbacks show that students are very interested in such activities, and they hope to jump at all these chances. So I assume an English song contest can serve this purpose. In addition, everybody can participate and display his skill in the contest. A further reason is that such an activity can surely promote the atmosphere of English learning. If English examinations are the only driving force for us to study English, our work is dull and boring. An English song contest provides a kind of stimulation. In the course of preparation for the contest, the players will improve their listening and speaking capabilities. Whats more, the audience will also find their passion for English renewed.To sum up, an English song contest offers so many benefits that it is really a sensible decision to include it in the university arts festival.審題思路這是一篇自由發(fā)揮型的命題式作文，考生不限定觀點，可以根據(jù)命題，自己提出觀點，然后加以論證。題目要求考生對學(xué)生會下學(xué)期要舉辦的藝術(shù)節(jié)就如何組織及包括何種內(nèi)容提出建議，并且要求考生對自己的這一想法予充分論證。確定主題論題一經(jīng)確定，我們就能根據(jù)這一命題給出觀點，及可以考慮在藝術(shù)節(jié)里加入一個英語歌曲大賽。范文中第一段只有兩句話，第一句給出命題，簡單的為主題的引出做了鋪墊，然后第二句就直接給觀點：自己作為一個英語專業(yè)學(xué)生，提出可以在大學(xué)藝術(shù)節(jié)里加入一個英語歌曲大賽。這就是我們這篇作文的主題，通常在第一段的最后一句簡潔了當(dāng)?shù)亟o出。英語歌曲大賽這一主題在寫作中處于主導(dǎo)地位，下文如何安排文章結(jié)構(gòu)都要服從于這個中心。寫作綱要主題確定，如何來圍繞這一中心展開論證？英語歌唱比賽有什么好處呢？我們可以采用一種頭腦風(fēng)暴法，把腦海中相關(guān)的例子或事實寫下來，然后從中進行剔除，即除掉不必要和不重要的東西，并且加以歸納分類，得出的便是我們的分論點。我們的提綱也就出爐了。Topic: My Idea of a University Arts FestivalThesis: we can have an English song contest during the arts festivalOutline: I. a strong demand for English-related activities on campus A. several activities warmly received and produced satisfactory results B. everybodys skill displayedII. the atmosphere of English learning promotedA. stimulation providedB. capabilities improved段落展開在第二段中，文章提出了兩個理由。一是希望多出現(xiàn)與英語相關(guān)的活動。對于這個理由，作者又用兩點加以說明。首先運用例證法進行解釋自己經(jīng)歷的話劇表演及朗讀大賽非常成功，說明學(xué)生有此需求；然后說明學(xué)生希望參與展示自己的技能。二是這樣的活動能促進校園英語學(xué)習(xí)的氛圍。英語歌曲大賽能給我們枯燥的學(xué)習(xí)注入活力，并且提高聽說能力。在論述中，作者運用一些必要的銜接手段，如First, such as, also, further reason, whats more, in addition, 使整個第二段落實現(xiàn)論點清晰、連貫性強的效果。文章結(jié)尾通過一個so that 從句不僅用benefits 這一詞總結(jié)了全文，并提出了自己的愿望，言簡意賅、簡潔有力。但是如能在論述理由時加一些實例論證，會更有說服力。（二）分析型分析型的題目，給定了題目并明確規(guī)定了觀點，要考生就其進行說明和論證。分析型議論文主要是判斷和分析所議論的事物或觀點的性質(zhì)，具體地說就是其重要性、正確性、必要性或荒謬性、危害性等。請看2000年的考題：Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: College life should be varied and colorful. And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it. However, at present, there is much room for improvement in this regard. Write an article to the university radio entitled:The Importance of Extracurricular Activities In the first part of your article you should clearly present your view, and in the second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure e to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.參考范文The Importance of Extracurricular ActivitiesPeople have different views about how to spend college life. But its universally acknowledged that college life should be varied and colorful. Extracurricular activities, as a part of college life, is very important for the all-round development of college students. Firstly, such activities can enrich our college life. As students, our main task is to concentrate on our academic study. But it doesnt mean that we should spend every hour and minute on academic study. That will make our life monotonous and boring and will not improve work efficiency, just as a proverb says, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” As an effective way of both physical and mental relaxation, extracurricular activities can provide students with different opportunities to enjoy and relax ourselves. Secondly, such activities can help develop students sense of teamwork. When we are involved in the activities, we will realize the limitation of the individual effort and the importance of cooperation. To sum up, extracurricular activities is beneficial to college students. So I suggest that students do extracurricular activities along with their academic studies.審題思路這是一篇分析型的命題式作文，給定了觀點，即課外活動的重要性，要求考生對重要性加以分析和論證，考生不需要考慮給出論點，只需要考慮如何能很好的證明論點。確定主題不同于以上的自由發(fā)揮型作文，該文主題在題目中已經(jīng)給出，即課外活動對大學(xué)生活是非常重要的。在第一段中運用了背景法的方式，對主題做了簡單的引入，人們對于如何度過大學(xué)生活有不同觀點，但承認大學(xué)生活是豐富多彩的。在最后一句簡潔了當(dāng)?shù)亟o出這一主題，課外活動，作為大學(xué)生活的一部分，在大學(xué)生活中是重要的。寫作綱要課外活動的重要性體現(xiàn)在什么地方呢？我們會想到打籃球、做游戲等多種課外活動，不僅可以鍛煉身體，豐富生活，保持良好的心情，還可以增強團隊意識。如此多的分論點，選擇一兩個即可，但要注意闡述深刻，切忌面面俱到。Topic: The Importance of Extracurricular ActivitiesThesis: Extracurricular Activities is important for college students.Outline: I. our college life enriched A. monotonous and boring life changed B. different opportunities providedII. students sense of teamwork developedA. the limitation of individual workB. the importance of cooperation段落展開在第二段中，文章提出了兩個理由。一是豐富大學(xué)生活。對于這個理由，作者又用兩點加以說明。首先運用正反法解釋單純的學(xué)習(xí)會讓生活枯燥乏味，然后說明課外活動可以改變這種狀況，娛樂放松自己。二是這樣的活動增強學(xué)生的團隊精神，使學(xué)生在活動中意識到自己能力的局限性和合作的重要性。在論述中，作者不僅運用一些必要的銜接手段，如First, such，so等，使整個第二段落論點清晰，表達流暢，而且運用了引用手法，使論證更具說服力。但如果對第二點論述稍微深入一些，會更具說服力。文章結(jié)尾總結(jié)了全文，并提出了自己的建議，言簡意賅，簡潔有力。請看2001年的考題Travel has become part of our life. And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience. Write on answer sheet one a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: Travel Broadens the Mind You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state what the topic actually means to you.In the second part, give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.參考范文Travel Broadens the MindNowadays, travel has become a popular activity. Many people are rich enough to afford a travel at home or abroad. As a matter of fact, travel has become part of our life. The increasing popularity of travel is, among others, lies in that travel broadens our minds to an extent which may not be reached previously.Last summer, I got an opportunity to visit Qufu. Before that time, I had no idea of the history and cultural details of Qufu. In the trip, I saw the Kong Family Mansion, the Cemetery of Confucius and Confucius Temple, which are called “San Kong”. I was thoroughly attracted by our great culture and long history of civilization, especially the contribution made by our great educator Confucius. I couldnt help adoring the people living there and being proud of our country. I felt a bit sorry that I should have visited here earlier. Reading makes an erudite man; practicing a capable man; and traveling a broad-minded man. Only by traveling, can we learn better about the long history and the profound culture of our country. 審題思路這是一篇分析型的命題式作文，給定了觀點，即旅游開闊視野。有些考生寫了旅游給我們帶來的幾點好處，如開拓視野、強身健體、結(jié)交朋友等，顯然沒有審好題。并且要求考生對這一論點通過經(jīng)歷加以分析和論證，說明考生在論證時最好通過自己的經(jīng)歷來加以說明，很多考生忽略了題目中的這一要求。確定主題主題在題目中已經(jīng)給出，即旅游對開拓視野的作用。在第一段中運用了背景法的方式，先是說明旅游深受歡迎，成為人們生活中的一部分，然后畫龍點睛在最后一句簡潔了當(dāng)?shù)亟o出這一主題，旅游受歡迎的原因之一是旅游可以拓寬人們的視野。寫作綱要旅游拓寬視野的作用需通過親生經(jīng)歷來說明，方具說服力。Topic: Travel Broadens the MindThesis: Travel broadens our minds to an extent which may not be reached previously.Outline: I. no idea of QufuA. the history of QufuB. cultural details of QufuII. attraction of our great culture and long history of civilizationA. adoration and proudnessB. sorry for not having visiting here earlier段落展開在論證部分，文章通過曲阜之行的親身經(jīng)歷論證了自己的觀點，頗具說服力。文章運用了對比法，即到曲阜以前對曲阜知之甚少，到了曲阜之后通過逛三孔見識到了曲阜悠久的歷史和博大精深的文化，感到羨慕和自豪，還有點遺憾沒有早點到來，使觀點更加鮮明突出。作者對親身經(jīng)歷的論證使自己的觀點更加具備說服力。在論證過程中，如能注重多種句式的應(yīng)用，效果會更好一些。文章結(jié)尾運用排比句式，活學(xué)活用，再次點題。請看2003年的考題People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING A GOOD MOODYou are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your view is. In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.參考范文The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodPeople in modern society live under a lot of pressure from education, family and career. There are often tragic stories in newspapers about going insane or committing suicide by those who can not manage stress will. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.For one thing, keeping a good mood can help to succeed in ones work. There is no doubt that one in good mood when learning can acquire more than that one in bad mood during the same time, for he treats it as an interesting thing but not as an aversion. Thats why he can learn more relatively. In contrast to the bad mood, the bad mood could not only make things a mess to leave everything to be desired but also push himself into a morass of annoyance and worry. While good mood ensures that everything goes to perfect, the bad mood ensures that nothing goes to perfect. For another, ones health benefits from ones good mood. Psychologists have proved that a healthy body is due to a healthy mind. If one is in good mood, he will smile more, be upset less, which make our body healthier. Through the above analysis, we can realize how important it is to keep a good mood in order to face the pressure and challenges. When most people are aware of the importance of physical health, we must simultaneously remind them of the importance of mental health.審題思路這是一篇分析型的命題式作文，給定考生一個明確的觀點，即保持良好心情很重要，要求考生對這一論點給出論據(jù)加以分析和論證。這個題目談到在現(xiàn)代社會中人們面臨很多壓力，因此保持良好的心情很重要。確定主題主題在題目中已經(jīng)給出，即保持良好心情很重要。在第一段中運用了背景法的方式，先是說明現(xiàn)代社會中的人們面臨多方面的壓力，由此產(chǎn)生很多悲劇性的后果，然后引出文章的主題保持心態(tài)很重要。寫作綱要Topic: The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodThesis: It is important for them to keep a good mood. Outline: I. help in ones workA. good mood and workB. bad mood and workII. benefit for healthA. Psychologists study B. more smile and health段落展開正文從兩方面進行了論證。一方面保持良好的情緒有助于事業(yè)的成功。在這一方面，作者運用對比手法論述了心情好與心情不好兩種情況對工作產(chǎn)生的截然不同的結(jié)果。這里如能加入引用或者實例進行論述，效果會更好一些。另一方面，作者引用心理學(xué)家的話闡述了好的心情會使人保持健康的身體，很有說服力。文章結(jié)尾通過兩句話不僅總結(jié)了全文，為了應(yīng)對各種壓力，人們意識到了保持良好心情的重要性，而且提出了建議，我們應(yīng)該提醒更多的人注意保持良好的情緒。請看2008年的考題December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in need. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:The Benefits of VolunteeringYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.參考范文The Benefits of VolunteeringSome people think of volunteer work as a waste of time, or something that millionaires or retirees do with their spare time. Volunteer work is for people who dont need money or who are bored, right? Wrong. Volunteer work is not just something people with altruistic tendencies do to fill their time; it can also be an excellent source for beefing up your resume, and making you feel good about yourself. If you are pursuing a profession or looking for a new job, volunteer work can do wonders for your resume. You can find volunteer work in just about any area and profession and it gives you noted experience, which your prospective employers will not be able to overlook. Volunteering shows you are ambitious and enthusiastic about your field and also shows that you take your work seriously and are interested in keeping your skills honed. Whether you volunteer for a community organization or start your own volunteer project, your resume will glow with the reference. Besides, if you are suffering from depression, volunteer work can often give you a whole new perspective on life. Volunteer work helps you see that you are needed and important and that you can make a difference in someone elses life. People will depend on you and you will gain a sense of purpose. Sometimes just having something do can help lift our spirits and put us on the right track. To sum up., volunteering helps a lot in hunting a job and shaping spirit. When people realize the benefits of doing volunteering work, there will be more and more people are devoted to this great cause.審題思路這是一篇分析型的命題式作文，給定了觀點，即做志愿者的益處。與旅游拓寬視野這一命題相比較，這個命題比較寬泛，要求考生對這一命題通過分論點加以分析和論證，說明考生在論證時注重闡述要深刻。確定主題主題在題目中已經(jīng)給出，即做志愿者的益處。在第一段中運用了反駁的方式，先是說明一些人的錯誤想法，即志愿者工作只是浪費時間，是百萬富翁和退休人群打發(fā)時間的一種方式?；蛘哒f，是為不需要錢或無聊的人準(zhǔn)備的。然后話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，批判了這種看法，進而提出主題句，即志愿者工作可以豐富我們的簡歷，而且可以增強自我感覺，非常明確。寫作綱要Topic: The Benefits of VolunteeringThesis: It can also be an excellent source for beefing up your resume, and making you feel good about yourself. Outline: I. wonders done for your resumeA. noted experienceB. ambition and enthusiasm shownII. a whole new perspective on life givenA. awareness that you are needed and important B. a sense of purpose gained段落展開在論證部分，文章從兩個方面論證了自己的觀點，頗具說服力。一方面，志愿者工作可為簡歷創(chuàng)造奇跡，如何創(chuàng)造的呢？一是志愿者工作涉及任何領(lǐng)域和職業(yè)，可以提供閱歷，而這正是雇主最需要的；二是志愿者工作可以展示你的抱負和熱情，你對工作認真負責(zé)并且隨時愿意鍛煉自己的技能。另一方面，志愿者工作可給予一種全新的生活觀，在工作過程中，你不僅能感覺到自己被別人需要，并且在別人依賴你時會產(chǎn)生一種目的感。整個論證部分層次清晰，分析深刻，語言很有說服力。文章結(jié)尾不僅總結(jié)了全文，而且采用了引申法，展望志愿者事業(yè)，會有更多的人參與到這一偉大事業(yè)當(dāng)中來。（三）擇優(yōu)比較型擇優(yōu)比較型的題目，限定討論話題，提供同一議題的兩個對立面觀點，要求考生明確選擇一種觀點，并進行是非分明的論證。請看1999年的考題We see advert