醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯題匯總.doc

UNIT 11. Although the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for all human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.盡管每一個細胞核中的DNA都包含有人類特性的所有遺傳信息，但實際上只有小數(shù)基因在特定細胞中有活性，這些活性基因是特有的細胞類型所必須的蛋白密碼。2. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.在易化擴散中，大分子經(jīng)一層膜從高濃度區(qū)域向低濃度區(qū)域移動，但分子要完成這一工作需要某些幫助。3. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that is, certain substances are permitted to pass through and others are not.細胞膜的滲透性是有選擇性的，即某些物質(zhì)允許通過，而其它物質(zhì)則不行。4. Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.過濾是指水和已溶解物質(zhì)經(jīng)一層膜從高壓區(qū)壓送到低壓區(qū)。5. Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration. 主動轉(zhuǎn)運需要ATP這種能使分子從低濃度區(qū)向高濃度區(qū)移動。1. 體內(nèi)平衡取決于所有不同類型的細胞正常的發(fā)揮其功能。(depend upon) Homeostasis depends upon the normal functions of all of the different kinds of cells.2. 就人口和地域而言，這兩個國家差異很大。(with respect to) With respect to population and geographical area, these two countries vary greatly.3. 染色體由脫氧核糖核酸和蛋白構(gòu)成，而脫氧核糖核酸又是細胞特征和活性的遺傳密碼。(genetic code) Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, and the DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell.4. 氧氣從空氣中擴散到血液以便在全身循環(huán)，而二氧化碳從血液散播到空氣中以便排出體外。(diffuse ) Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood to be circulated throughout the body, but carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air to be exhaled from the body.5. 科學(xué)不斷地提供新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，從而進一步支持了他的假設(shè)。(back up) Science continued to throw up discoveries which further backed up his hypothesis.UNIT 21. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults. 然而，在年齡段兩端的人群，其體溫調(diào)節(jié)精確程度都不如青少年或青年人。2. The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tracts. 人體散熱途徑是經(jīng)皮膚、呼吸道，少量經(jīng)尿道和消化道散熱。3. Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever, an abnormally high body temperature.人體體溫的變化也會影響代謝率和產(chǎn)熱。當一個人發(fā)熱、體溫異常升高時，從臨床上講，體溫變化就顯得重要了。4. Anabolism means synthesis or “formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones.合成代謝是指綜合或“形成”性反應(yīng)，即把小的分子結(jié)合在一起形成更大的分子。5. Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food molecules to carbon dioxide and water.分解代謝是指分解，即將較大的分子鏈分解形成小分子。細胞呼吸過程就是一連串的分解代謝反應(yīng)-將食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水。1. 新陳代謝是指發(fā)生在生物體內(nèi)的化學(xué)過程，可分為合成代謝和分解代謝兩大類。(metabolism)Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in the living organisms. It may be divided into two major categories: anabolism and catabolism.2. 正常人的體溫為37度。隨個體、年齡、活動量和每日早晚略有差異，但波動幅度不超過l。(fluctuation)The normal body temperature is 37C, and varies by person, age, activity, and time of day, but the fluctuations are usually no more than 1.0C.3. 在正常情況下，人體通過體溫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)使體溫保持相對穩(wěn)定。(constant)Under normal conditions, human body is able to maintain a relatively constant body temperature through the system of temperature regulation.4. 與生活在熱帶地區(qū)的人相比，在寒冷氣候下生活的人，新陳代謝率要高10-20%。(metabolic rate)People who live in cold climates may have metabolic rates 10% to 20% higher than those who live in tropical regions.5. 人體體溫的調(diào)節(jié)主要是通過汗腺的分泌及皮膚血管的收縮與舒張。(excretion)Human body temperature is mainly regulated through the excretion of sweat gland and vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skinUNIT 31. Ventricular contraction forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves. 心室收縮使血液施壓于左右房室瓣并使其關(guān)閉；血液的壓力也使主動脈半月瓣和肺動脈半月瓣打開。2. Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineffective for pumping blood. 心悸通常不很嚴重，可能因攝入的咖啡因，尼古丁或酒精過量引起。 更為嚴重的是室顫，室顫是一種快速而無節(jié)律的心室跳動，可以導(dǎo)致心臟泵血無力。3. Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate of contraction can be changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about necessary changes in heart rate as well as in force of contraction 盡管心臟自身產(chǎn)生跳動并得以維持跳動，但為了適應(yīng)不同情況還可以改變收縮率。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可以，并的確能使心率和收縮的強度進行必要的改變。4. The heart will also be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon as blood leaves the heart. 心臟在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效應(yīng)器的作用。主動脈感受器的位置非常關(guān)鍵，所以在血液離心時，感受器能探查出其重要的變化。5. The cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses are not required to cause contraction. 心循環(huán)是一系列受到心肌電活性調(diào)節(jié)的機械性活動。心肌細胞能自主收縮，即不需要神經(jīng)沖動引起收縮。1. 房顫是一種常見的不規(guī)律的心臟節(jié)律，房顫能引起心房，即心臟上腔室不正常收縮。（atrial fibrillation）Atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally.2. 心電圖是用電來記錄心臟的活動，其作用是協(xié)助診斷動脈疾病、心肌梗塞及一些先天性心臟病。（electrocardiogram）The electrocardiogram(ECG) is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of artery disease, myocardial infarction, and some congenital heart diseases.3. 強烈要求高等教育改革的呼聲遍及全國，人大代表對此也做了提案。( permeate )A strong desire for higher education reform permeates the whole country, for which deputiestothePeoplesCongresshave also madetheirproposals.4. 心率不齊即是心跳不規(guī)律，幾乎每個人都有心率不齊的經(jīng)歷。（arrhythmia）Arrhythmia means the irregular heartbeat, which nearly every individual can experience. 5.為了嬰兒飲食安全，他們正在努力研制盡善盡美的新牛奶配方。（formula）They are working on the perfection of their new milk formula to ensure the diet safety of the babies.UNIT 41. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. 生理學(xué)成功地解釋了生物體如何進行日?；顒?，基于的觀點是生物體好比是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而靈巧的機器，其操作受物理和化學(xué)規(guī)律控制。 2. Although it is helpful to study how each organ performs its functions, it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ systems.雖然研究各器官如何行使功能很有益處，但我們必須認識到機體作為一個整體所做的活動依賴于各器官系統(tǒng)間錯綜復(fù)雜的相互作用。3. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.如果細胞外液中鉀離子過多，心肌細胞興奮性增強，可能出現(xiàn)不規(guī)律的收縮。4. A negative feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables.負反饋環(huán)是在機體出現(xiàn)紊亂時，將一些變量控制在限定范圍內(nèi)的一個控制系統(tǒng)。5. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment.每個功能結(jié)構(gòu)都在維持細胞外液穩(wěn)態(tài)方面發(fā)揮其作用，這稱之為內(nèi)環(huán)境。1. 血小板和血漿蛋白通過阻止受傷后的機體血液流失、修復(fù)傷口控制穩(wěn)態(tài)。（hemostasis）Platelets and plasma proteins control hemostasis, a process that stops blood loss after injury and promotes wound healing.2. 鈉鉀泵將鈉離子主動轉(zhuǎn)運至細胞外，鉀離子轉(zhuǎn)運到細胞內(nèi)。每三個鈉離子被轉(zhuǎn)運出細胞，就有兩個鉀離子被轉(zhuǎn)運到細胞內(nèi)。（transport）A sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions (Na+) to the outside and potassium ions (K+) to the inside, with three Na+ moved out for every two K+ moved in. 3. 體內(nèi)水平衡由位于大腦下丘腦的的滲透壓感受器自動調(diào)控。（regulate）Water is autonomically regulated by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus of the brain. 4.營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和液體由小腸絨毛內(nèi)的毛細血管進入血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。(absorb)Capillaries within the villi of the small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system. 5. 所有的細胞每時每刻都需要氧氣，并不斷排出二氧化碳等新陳代謝廢物。(eliminate)All cells require a continuous supply of oxygen (O2) and must continuously eliminate a metabolic waste product, carbon dioxide (CO2).UNIT 51. The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions. 身體一直在不斷變化的條件下保持內(nèi)環(huán)境恒定。2. Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient loses consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain. 心輸出量不足以滿足身體的需要，病人就會因為沒有足夠的血液到達大腦而失去意識。3. The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells. 當受到交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的刺激時，肝臟會釋放儲存的葡萄糖到血液里，因此為活躍的新陳代謝細胞提供更多的能量源。4. People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and like order; a threat