Cultural Patterns跨文化交際的文化模式

InterculturalCommunication X CulturalPatterns CulturalPatterns 1 DefiningCulturalPatterns Peopleandculturesareextremelycomplexandconsistofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientations Ausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutbeliefsandvaluesandotherorientationscollectivelyisculturalpatterns 1 DefiningCulturalPatterns Youshouldthinkofculturalpatternsasasystemofbeliefsandvaluesthatworkincombinationtoprovideacoherent ifnotalwaysconsistent modelforperceivingtheworld Thesepatternscontributenotonlytothewayapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld butjustasimportantlyforourpurposes themannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld 2 ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns Wearemuchmorethanourculture Thedominantvaluesofaculturemaynotbethevaluesofindividualswithinthatculture Factorsasdivergentasage gender andco culturalaffiliations alongwith socioeconomicstatue educationallevel occupation personalexperience alsoshapeyourviewofyourenvironment 2 ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns HeterogeneityInfluencesCulturalPatterns Anyattempttodelineateanationalcultureortypicalculturalpatternsforanycultureisextremelyhazardousbecauseoftheheterogeneityofalmostallsocieties Commonculturalpatternsthatcouldbesaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustbelimitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry 2 ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns CulturalPatternsChange Cultureschangeandthereforesodothevaluesoftheculture However evengrantingthedynamicnatureofcultureandvaluesystems weagainremindyouthatregardlessofculture thedeepstructuresalwaysresistchange 2 ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns CulturalPatternsAreOftenContradictory Inmanyinstances wefindcontradictoryvaluesinaparticularculture Thatis thereisoftenagulfbetweenthevaluesthatarearticulatedandthevaluesthatareactedout 2 ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns CulturalPatternsAreInterrelated Thepatternsdonotoperateinisolation theyareinterrelatedandintegrated CulturalPatternsArepointslyingonacontinuum Therationaleisasimpleone culturaldifferencesareusuallyamatterofdegrees 3 DiverseCulturalPatterns Hofstede sValueDimensionsTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck sValueOrientationsHall sHigh ContextandLow ContextOrientationsTing Toomey sResearchonFaceandFacework 3 1Hofstede sValueDimensions 3 1 1Individualism Collectivism I Consciousness 人們不哀鳴慮憂 他們盡力邁步向前 他們不等待別人援助 他們自助 他們不等待機(jī)會(huì) 他們制造機(jī)會(huì) 你該牢記 你們的出路就在你的腳下 在你認(rèn)為出路是在別處或別人身上時(shí) 你是要失敗的 你的機(jī)會(huì) 你的成功就包裹在你的人格中 你的成功是在你自己的生命中 正像未來的櫟樹隱伏在櫟子之中一樣 你的成功就是你的自我之演進(jìn) 開展和表現(xiàn) 林語堂 1990 3 1 1Individualism Collectivism We Consciousness Ifonewantstoestablishhimself heshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesatfirst 夫仁者 己欲立而立人 己欲達(dá)而達(dá)人 能近取譬 可謂仁之方也已 論語 雍也 獨(dú)夫?yàn)槲?即曰貪賊 能近取譬 即曰仁義 章炳麟 菌說 1899 3 1 2UncertaintyAvoidance High uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembers establishingmoreformalrules nottoleratingdeviantideasandbehaviors seekingconsensus andbelievinginabsolutetruthsandtheattainmentofexpertise Low uncertaintyavoidancecultureseasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas sotheytoleratetheunusual 3 1 3PowerDistance Thepremiseofthedimensiondealswiththeextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships institution andorganizationsisdistributedunequally Peopleinhigh power distancecountriesbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflife Socialhierarchyisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality Topeopleinlow power distancecountries ahierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience 3 1 4Masculinity Femininity Masculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietyaremaleorientedandisassociatedwithsuchbehaviorsasambition differentiatedsexroles achievement theacquisitionofmoney andsignsofmanliness Culturesthatvaluefemininityasatraitstresscaringandnurturingbehaviors Afeminineworldviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles italsopromotessexualequalityandholdthatpeopleandtheenvironmentareimportant 3 1 5Long ShortTermOrientation 3 2Hall sHigh ContextandLow ContextOrientations Hallcategorizesculturesasbeingeitherhighorlowcontext dependingonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingsorfromthewordsbeingexchanged Halldefinescontextas theinformationthatsurroundsanevent itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent 3 2 1High Context Ahighcontext HC communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson whileverylittleisinthecoded explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage Inhigh contextcultures peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences informationnetworks andthelike High contextcultures becauseoftraditionandhistory changeverylittleovertime 3 2 1High Context Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifetheydonotrequire nordotheyexpect muchin depth backgroundinformation Meaning therefore isnotnecessarilycontainedinwords Informationisprovidedthroughgestures theuseofspace andevensilence Meaningisalsoconveyed throughstatue age sex education familybackground title andaffiliations andthroughanindividual sinformalfriendsandassociates 3 2 1High Context High contextculturestendtobemoreawareoftheirsurroundingsandtheirenvironmentanddonotrelyonverbalcommunicationastheirmaininformationchannel Inhigh contextcultures somuchinformationisavailableintheenvironmentthatitisunnecessarytoverbalizeeverything 3 2 2Low Context Alowcontext LC communicationisjusttheopposite i e themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode Inlow contextcultures thepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts Thislackofalargepoolofcommonexperiencesmeansthat eachtimetheyinteractwithotherstheyneeddetailedbackgroundinformation 3 2 2Low Context Inlow contextcultures theverbalmessagecontainsmostoftheinfor