第二講代詞.doc

詞法：代詞中考要求內(nèi)容基本要求代詞 一、 人稱代詞和物主代詞的用法；二、 反身代詞的人稱和數(shù)的變化；三、 指示代詞及其單復數(shù)；四、 正確運用關(guān)系代詞和疑問代詞簡單不定代詞的用法講解五、 復合不定代詞的用法講解六、 相互代詞的用法講解七、 代詞it的用法講解知識講解一、 人稱代詞1. 人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格，如下表所示2.人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常主格作主語，賓格作賓語。如I like table tennis. （作主語）Do you know him?（作賓語）3.人稱代詞還可作表語。作表語時用賓格。如：-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.4. 人稱代詞在than 之后與其他人或事物進行比較時，用主格和賓格都可以。如：He is older than me.He is older than I am.5. 人稱代詞的順序；幾個人稱代詞并列做主語時，它們的順序是單數(shù)形式（二三一） you，he and I復數(shù)形式（一二三） we ,you and they但是當受到批評或時承認錯誤時正好相反，I 在最前， you 在最后。口訣：單數(shù)二三一，復數(shù)一二三，受到批評我在前，承認錯誤你在后。例如：You, he and I are all the winners.I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.二、物主代詞1.表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，如下表所示。2. 形容詞性物主代詞的作用相當于形容詞，可在句中作定語。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.3. 名詞性物主代詞常用來避免和前面已提及的名詞重復，其作用相當于名詞并=“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”，在句中可用作主語、賓語和表語。Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主語）- Is this English-book yours? （作表語）- No. Mine is in my bag.Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作賓語）4. 名詞性物主代詞可以用在of 后做定語，相當于“of+名詞所有格”表示帶有部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。e.g.: He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一位朋友。真題回放1. His MP3 is the same as , but it is more expensive.A. himB. mineC. my2. Is there any difference between your idea and _ ?A. he B. his C. she 3. -Is this the Greens house?-No, _ is over there.A. His B. Their C. Their 4. -Is this kite _ , Tom?-Yes, its mine. Its made by _ .A. yours, myself B. mine, myself C. ours, himself5. -Are the keys over there _ ?-No, Go and ask Anna. They may belong to her.A. you B. your C. yours 6. What a nice MP5! Whose is it?Its _ . My father bought it for me.A. me B. him C. mine7. Lucys skirt is black. What about ?Mine is white.A. youB. yourC. yours8. Bob! Is this your dictionary?No, it isnt. Ask Sally. She is looking for_.A. his B. hers C. mine 9. Is Miss White _ English teacher, Maria? No, she teaches _ geography.A. your; my B. you; mine C. your; us10. Who is the best friend of _ at school? I think Helen is. We often help each other. A. mine B. his C. yours 三、反身代詞英語中用來表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我們自己，你們自己等意義的代詞稱為反身代詞，也有人稱之為自身代名詞，其形式如表所示: 人稱單數(shù)復數(shù)第一人稱myselfourselves第二人稱yourselfyourselves第三人稱himself herselfitselfthemselves反身代詞可以在句中作賓語，表語，同位語。1. 作賓語，表示動作的承受者就是動作的發(fā)出者，主語和賓語指同一個人或一些人。He called himself a writerWould you please express yourself in English?2. 作表語。It doesnt matterIll be myself soonThe girl in the news is myself3. 作主語或賓語的同位語，表示親自或本人。I myself washed the clothes（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主語同位語）You should ask the teacher himself（作賓語同位語）4. 在一句話之中第二次出現(xiàn)的代詞。 He knows himself well.5.反身代詞常用的短語teach oneself 自學 learn by oneself 自學enjoy oneself=have a good time =have fun 玩的高興help oneself to 隨便吃 come to oneself 蘇醒真題回放1. How was the evening party yesterday? We enjoyed _ very much.A. usB. ourselvesC. itsD. itself 2. His name is James but he calls _ Jim.A. his B. himself C. him D. /3. -Betty, help _ to some soup.-Thanks a lot.A. youB. your C. yourselfD. yours4. -Help _ to some fish, my boy.-Thanks.A. you B. yours C. yourself5. College students are old enough to teach _.A. them B. their C. themselves D. they四 指示代詞指示代詞：表示時間和空間遠近關(guān)系的代詞叫指示代詞。見下表:這,這個那，那個這些那些thisthatthesethose1. this 和these 一般用來指在時間或空間上較近的事物或人，that 和those則指時間和空間上較遠的事物或人。例如：This is a pen and that is a pencilWe are busy these daysIn those days the workers had a hard time2. 有時that 和those 指前面講到過的事物，this 和these 則是指下面將要講到的事物。例如：I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come.What I want to say is this : pronunciation is very important in learning English3 有時為了避免重復提到的名詞，常可用that 或those 代替。例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai4. this 在電話用語中代表自己，that 則代表對方。例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?真題回放1. The machines made in China are cheaper than _ made in Japan.A. ones B. that C. those D. it 2. -Look! Whats _ in the sky?-It looks like a kite.A. thisB. thatC. those3. Have you found your lost mobile phone? No, I havent found _, but I bought _ this morning. A. one; thatB. that; oneC. it; oneD. one; it五、疑問代詞疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what 和which 等。疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如：疑問詞意思用法when什么時間問時間what time什么時間問具體時間，如幾點鐘who誰問人whose誰的問主人where在哪里問地點which哪一個問選擇why為什么問原因what什么問東西、事物what color什么顏色問顏色what about怎么樣問意見what day星期幾問星期幾what date什么日期問日期how怎么樣問情況how old多大年紀問年齡how many多少數(shù)量（可數(shù)名詞）問數(shù)量how much多少錢，多少數(shù)量（不可數(shù)名詞）問多少錢或數(shù)量（不可數(shù)）how about怎么樣問意見how often多久問頻率how long多長時間問時間長度how far多遠問多遠；多長距離真題回放 _ did you buy for your mom for Mothers Day?Some flowers.A. How B. Where C. What It is 10-minute walk from you home to school.(對劃線部分提問)_.Its Monday._.Its September 8th, 2015._.六、關(guān)系代詞連接代詞：用來連接賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句的代詞叫連接代詞。常用的有：what, which, who, whom whose, that；它們在句中可用作主語,表語,賓語,定語。在主句中,它們還代表著從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞。例如：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?I know what he said at the meeting.The problem is who will mend it.Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?真題回放1. We should give love to the children _ lost their parents in the earthquake (地震). A. who B. whom C. those D. which 2. The skirt _ is made of silk is very expensive. I cant afford it. A. whatB. / C. that D. it 七、不定代詞 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語和定語。不定代詞沒有確定的對象， 常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no 以及由some, no, any, every 構(gòu)成的復合詞。注意：不定代詞通?？梢宰鲋髡Z、賓語、表語、定語，而none 及含有some, any, every的合成代詞不能做定語，no 和every 只能做定語。many, few, a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞，much, little, a little 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both, either, neither, each 用于指兩者，all, any, none, every, another 用于指三者或三者以上。兩者三者都both（2/2）all(3/3)都不neither(0/2)none(0/3)或者（任一個）either(1/2)any(1/3)每一個each（2）every（3）注意：both之后加名詞的復數(shù)形式+謂語動詞原形。all 既可以加名詞的復數(shù)形式，也可以加不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)由名詞決定。neither / none of +名詞的復數(shù)形式+謂語動詞三單。neithernor.或either or.用就近原則?，F(xiàn)將幾個常用的不定代詞舉例說明如下：1. some 與any 的區(qū)別1）some 多用于肯定句，表示“一些，幾個”作形容詞時，后面可以接不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動詞；可數(shù)名詞+復數(shù)動詞。例如：Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.Some rice in the bag has been sold out.2）any 多用于疑問句、條件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容詞時，后面可以接不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動詞；可數(shù)名詞+復數(shù)動詞。例如：If you have any questions, please ask me.There isnt any orange in the bottle.Have you got any tea?3）any 和some 也可以作代詞用，表示“一些”。any 多用于疑問句,否定句和條件句中，some 多用于肯定句中。How many people can you see in the picture?I cant see any.If you have no money, Ill lend you some.2. few, a few, little, a little 在用法上的區(qū)別（1）用作形容詞用法 含義表示肯定表示否定用于可數(shù)名詞a few 雖少，但有幾個few 不多，幾乎沒有用于不可數(shù)名詞a little 雖少，但有一點little 不多，沒有什么Im going to buy a few apples.He can speak only a little Chinese.There is only a little milk in the glass He has few friends.They had little money with them.2）a little 和little 也可以用作副詞，a little 表示“有點，稍微”，little 表示“很少”。Im a little /a bit hungry. (修飾形容詞hungry)Let him sleep a little. (修飾動詞sleep)Mary, go a little faster, please. (修飾副詞比較級)She slept very little last night.not a little =very much not a bit =notat all (程度好的)3. other, the other, another, others, the others 的區(qū)別用法代名詞形容詞單數(shù)復數(shù)單數(shù)復數(shù)不定another另一個others別人，其他人another (boy)另一個（男孩）other (boys)其他（男孩）特定the other另一個the others其余那些人、物the other (boy)另一個(男孩)the other (boys)其余那些(男孩)1） other 可以作形容詞用，后面可以跟單數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞，意思是“其他的、別的”。Where are his other books?I havent any other books except this one.2）other 也可以用作代詞，與冠詞the 連用構(gòu)成“the other”，表示兩個人或物中的“另一個”。常與one 搭配構(gòu)成“one ., the other .”句型。He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise book in the other.3）other 作代詞時，可以有復數(shù)“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常與some 搭配構(gòu)成“some ., others .”句型。Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.4）“the others”表示特指某范圍內(nèi)的“其他的人或物”。We got home by 4 oclock, but the others didnt get back until 8 oclock.In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.5）another 可以作形容詞用，修飾后面的名詞，意為“另一個”，還可以跟代詞one.You can see another ship in the sea, cant you?Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?6）another 也可以作代詞用“另一個”，表追加。Im still hungry after Ive had this cake. Please give me another.可以運用圖表法4. every 與each 的區(qū)別。eachevery1)可單獨使用1)不可單獨使用2)可做代名詞、形容詞2)僅作形容詞3)著重“個別”3)著重“全體”，毫無例外4)用于兩者或兩者以上中的每一個人或物4）用于三者或三者以上的每一個人或物each of every one ofThe teacher gave a toy to each child.Each has a different color.當我們說each child, each student 或each teacher 時，我們想到的是一個人的情況。而當我們說every child 和every student 時，我們想到的是全體的情況，every 的意思與all 接近，表示他們都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.5. all 和both 的用法。1）all 指三者以上，或不可數(shù)的東西。謂語動詞既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用作復數(shù)。在句中作主語、表語、賓語、同位語和定語。All of us like Mr. Pope. 我們都喜歡Pope 先生。（作主語）= We all like Mr. Pope. (作同位語)All the water has been used up. (作主語)Thats all for today. (作表語)Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作賓語)All the leaders are here. (作定語)2）both 作代詞。與其他名詞或代詞并列出現(xiàn)，表示“兩個都”。Lucy and Lily both agree with us.They both passed on their sticks at the same time.How are your parents? Theyre both fine.與“of +代詞（或名詞）”連用，表示“兩者都”。Both of them came to see Mary.Both of the books are very interesting.單獨使用，表示“兩者（都）”。Michael has two sons. Both are clever.I dont know which book is better, I shall read both.3）both 用作形容詞，放在名詞之前，修飾該名詞，表示“兩者都”。Both his younger sisters are our classmates.There are tall trees on both sides of the street.6. many 與much 的用法Many 修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，還可以與表示程度的副詞so, too , as, how ,連用。Much 修飾不可數(shù)名詞，也可以與表示程度的副詞so, too , as, how ,連用。There are too many mistakes in your exercises.He never eats so much breakfast.He has got too much work to do.7.復合不定代詞復合不定代詞是由some-，any-，no-，every-加上-one，-body，-thing 等所組成的不定代詞。復合不定代詞包括something（某事物）, somebody（某人）,someone（某人）, anything（任何事物）, anybody（任何人）, anyone（任何人）, nothing（沒事物）, nobody（沒人）, no one（沒人）, everything（一切事物）, everybody（每個人）, everyone（每個人） 等十二個。這些復合代詞具有名詞性質(zhì)，在句中可用作主語、賓語或表語，但不能用作定語。復合不定代詞的指代對象（1）含-body 和-one 的復合代詞只用來指人，含-body 的復合不定代詞與含-one 的復合不定代詞在功能和意義上完全相同，可以互換。只是用-body 時顯得較通俗些，多用于口語中，用-one 時顯得較文雅些，更常見于正式場合及書面語中。如：Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房間哭。No one/Nobody is stupid. 沒有誰是愚蠢的。（2）含-thing 的復合不定代詞只用來指事物。如：Are you going to buy anything? 你會去買東西嗎？I can hear nothing but your voice. 我只聽到了你的聲音。復合不定代詞的屬格（1）含-one 和-body 等指人的復合代詞可有-s 屬格形式。如：Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情沒人管。Is this anybodys seat? 這兒有人坐嗎？（2）含-one 和-body 等指人的復合代詞后跟else 時，-s 屬格應加在else之后。如：Can you remember someone elses name? 你還記得其他人的姓名嗎？（3）含-thing 等指事物的復合不定代詞沒有-s 屬格形式。復合不定代詞的數(shù)（1）復合不定代詞都具有單數(shù)的含義，因此通常被看成是單數(shù)第三人稱。當它們充當句子的主語時，其后的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Is everyone here today? 今天，大家都到齊了嗎？Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。（2）當要對一群人講話時，可使用以復合不定代詞作主語的祈使句，句中的動詞用原形。如：Nobody move！= Don t anybody move！ 都別動！程度好的Everyone lie down! 統(tǒng)統(tǒng)趴下！復合不定代詞的替代問題由于復合不定代詞都具有單數(shù)的含義，所以在正規(guī)的英語中用來替代它們的代詞也應該是單數(shù)形式。（1）含-one 和-body 等指人的復合代詞，其代詞應該是he/she, him/her, 其-s 屬格形式的代詞應該是his/her, his/hers。如：Everyone has his/her own words. 每個人都有他（她）自己的說辭。但是，這樣一來就會因為性別的差異而使得在代詞的運用上具有不確定性，所以為了避免這種別扭的情況，我們一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口語中以及非正式場合下。如：No one gave you a ticket, did they? 沒人給你票，是嗎？Someone came in, but I didnt know who they were. 有人進來了，但我不知道是誰。（2）含-thing 等指事物的復合不定代詞，不會因性別上的差異而使得在代詞的運用上產(chǎn)生不確定性，因此我們就使用it。如：Something goes wrong, doesnt it?出問題了，是嗎？復合不定代詞的定語復合不定代詞的定語必須后置，即放在復合不定代詞的后面。如：Can you tell me something interesting? 你能講些有趣的事情嗎？Is there anybody important here? 這兒有大人物嗎？Would you like something to eat? 要來些吃的東西嗎？含some-和any-的復合不定代詞間的用法區(qū)別：由some-和any-所構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞（即something 和anything；someone 和anyone；somebody 和anybody）之間的區(qū)別跟some 和any 的區(qū)別一樣。（1）something，someone，somebody 通常用于肯定句中，而anything，anyone，anybody 一般用于否定句，疑問句或條件狀語從句中。如：He found something strange but interesting.他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些奇怪但卻有趣的事情。Do you have anything to say ？你有話要說嗎？I cant meet anybody on the island. 在島上，我沒遇見任何人。（2）在表示請求、邀請、提建議等帶有委婉語氣的疑問句，和希望得到對方肯定答復的疑問句，以及表示反問的問句中，也用something，someone，somebody 等復合不定代詞。如:Would you like something to eat？要些吃的東西嗎？Isnt there something wrong with you? 難道你沒問題嗎？（3）當anything 表示“任何事（物），無論何事（物）”，anyone，anybody 表示“無論誰，任何人”等意義時，它們也可以用于肯定句中。如：Anything is OK. 什么都行。Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。復合不定代詞的否定（1）“not every-”表示的是部分否定，意為“并非都，不都”。例如Not everything will go well. 并非一切都會那么順利。The teacher didnt call everyones name. 老師并沒有點所有人的名。（2）“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如：He listened, but heard nothing.他聽了聽，但什么也沒聽到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.You havent called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你沒給誰打過電話，是嗎？= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?復合不定代詞作名詞復合不定代詞可以充當名詞用，表示“的事情（東西或人）”。（1）someone/somebody, anyone/anybody 的意義是“重要人物，大人物”，everyone/everybody 意為“最重要的人”，no one/nobody 則意指“無關(guān)緊要的人，小人物”。 （2）something，anything 的意義是“重要事情（東西）”，everything 表示“最重要的事情（東西）”，nothing 則指“毫無趣味的事情，無關(guān)緊要的東西”。合與分的區(qū)別問題（1）someone，anyone，everyone 都只能指人，且不和介詞of 連用；some one，any one，every one 則既可指人又可指物，可與介詞of 連用。例如：Anyone should be polite to every one of them.任何人都要禮貌對待他們中的每一個人。-Which toy would you like? -Any one is OK. -你要那個玩具？-隨便。（2）no one（=nobody）“沒有人”，只用來指人，通常不和介詞of 連用；none“沒有一個”，既可以用來指人也可用來指物。例如：No one can do it better. 沒有人能做得更好。None of these questions is easy, and none of us can even answer any one of them.這些問題沒有一個是容易的，我們中沒有一個人能答出其中的一題?；卮饂ho 引導的特殊疑問句時用no one；回答how many 引導的特殊疑問句時用none。例如：-Who was late ? -No one. -誰遲到了？-誰也沒有遲到。-How many pigs do you keep? -None. -你養(yǎng)幾頭豬？-一頭也沒養(yǎng).與some, any 結(jié)合的詞如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody 在肯定句、否定句、疑問句、條件句中的用法，大致和some, any 的用法相同。八、相互代詞用于表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。常用的有：each other, one another，兩者沒有很大的區(qū)別，一般可以互換. 相互代詞可以作賓語、定語。相互代詞后可以加s,表示所有關(guān)系，做定語。例如：We should learn from each other / one another. （作賓語）Do you often write to each other / one another? （作賓語）We often borrow each others / one anothers books. （作定語）The students corrected each others / one anothers mistakes in their homework.（作定語） 重難點難點一、人稱代詞與物主代詞的用法1. Your friend is from England, but _ is from America.A. my B. her C. his D. our2. I cant find my ruler. Can you lend me _?Sorry, Im using it myself.A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself3. Deborah always helps my brother and _ with _ English.A. I; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. me; our4. The two little pandas are crying. _ cannot find_ mother.A. She; her B. They; them C. They; their D. They; her難點二、反身代詞的用法1. My brother has taught _ English since 2001.A. oneself B. Itself C. himself D. herself答案：C。這句話的意思是：自2001 年以來，我哥哥就開始自學英語。該題測試反身代詞的用法，用固定搭配法。teach oneself 是個固定詞組，意思是“自學”。因主語My brother 是第三人稱單數(shù)，且屬男性，所以應選himself。難點三、指示代詞的用法1 Todays libraries differ greatly from_ .A. the past B those of the past C that are past D those past難點四、不定代詞的區(qū)別1. We were all asleep a moment ago. _ of us heard the sound.A. Both B. All C. Neither D. None2. Which magazine can I take?Oh, you can take _ of them. Ill keep none.A. both B. either C. Any D. all3. I didnt know which book was better, so I took them _.A. all B. both C. none D. each4. When shall we meet again next time?_ day is all right.A. Any B. NoneC. Either D. Neither5. A computer is very easy to learn. _can learn to use it in a very short time.A. Somebody B. Anybody C. Nobody D. Few people6. Which do you prefer, coffee or orange juice?_, thanks. Id like just a cup of tea.A. None B. Both C. Neither D. Either難點五、a few ，a little， few ，little 的區(qū)別1.Can you speak Chinese?Yes. But only _.A. few B. a few C. little D. a little2. Can I talk to you for a minute, Aggie?Sorry, I have _ time.A. a few B. little C. few D. a little難點六、another，other ，the other，others， the others 的區(qū)別填空題：1. He is taller than _student in his class.2. He is taller than _in his class.3. He is taller than _students in his class.4. Some students like pop music while _dont in their school.5. I want some _books besides this dictionary.難點七、it的用法1. Does _ matter if you cant find your English book?A. it B. this C. that D. he2.It to