The computer and job displacement 原文+翻譯.docx

The Computer and the Job DisplacementBack in the early1960s there was fear and unjustified concern over job displacement due to a new technological invention called the Computer. Today, although many people have learned to adjust to the terrific impact the computer has had on society, there are still many who fear that the computer will replace them in their jobs and undermine the labor force as a whole. Nonsense! Instead of replacing people, their computer is developing more positions for employees.1、追溯到上世紀(jì)60年代，人們對(duì)于電腦這種新科技發(fā)明在工作上對(duì)人工的替代性充滿了恐懼和不當(dāng)?shù)膿?dān)憂。如今，雖然很多人已經(jīng)學(xué)者去適應(yīng)了這種由電腦作用在社會(huì)上而帶來(lái)的巨大沖擊，但仍然有許多人擔(dān)心電腦作為一個(gè)體系將在工作中取代他們并且破壞勞動(dòng)力，然而，事實(shí)是電腦非但沒(méi)有替代人工，反而給受雇者創(chuàng)造了更多的職位。 The computer industry has grown from one of the least understood to one of the most understood and applicable industries the world has ever seen. Much of the growth in computer operations will result in the future from advances in the capabilities of computers. The growth in computer technology, such as the change from transistors to the use of silicon chips, has also caused the industry to change from a specialized field with a small percentage of employees to a verydiversified industry that is constantly meeting new applications and uses. To supplement this change, there has been a demand for an influx of people to fill ever-increasing job openings.2、在過(guò)去的這些年，全球已經(jīng)見(jiàn)證了電腦工業(yè)已經(jīng)從最不被理解的行業(yè)之一發(fā)張為最被理解和可應(yīng)用性最高的行業(yè)之一，電腦運(yùn)營(yíng)的許多發(fā)展將決定于未來(lái)電腦性能的發(fā)展上。電腦科技的發(fā)展，就像晶體管到硅片的發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變也已經(jīng)使得工業(yè)從一個(gè)只擁有小部分雇工的特殊領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)需要不斷迎合新應(yīng)用新用途的多樣化工業(yè)體系。為了適應(yīng)這種轉(zhuǎn)變，一種對(duì)人才匯集的訴求便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，從而去填補(bǔ)不斷增加的工作缺口。 One reason for this fantastic growth in employment is that the computer workers are in every industry. Eighty percent of these workers are employed in four major divisions of industry: Services, Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. For example, Services, which includes wholesale, manufacturing, and retail trade, experienced an increase of 34 percent in computer employment between the years 1970 and 1978, according to Occupation Outlook Quarterly.3、在雇傭關(guān)系中發(fā)生這種不可思議的發(fā)展，一種解釋便是每個(gè)行業(yè)都需要計(jì)算機(jī)工作者，這些員工中有八成受雇于四個(gè)主要的產(chǎn)業(yè)分支：服務(wù)業(yè)，金融業(yè)，保險(xiǎn)業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)業(yè)。例如，由職業(yè)前景季刊的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在1970年到1978年的時(shí)間段內(nèi)，服務(wù)業(yè)，其中包括批發(fā)業(yè)、零售業(yè)和制造業(yè)在計(jì)算機(jī)方向的員工招聘數(shù)量增加了34%。 Statistics from this decade prove beyond a doubt that computers have developed a wealth of job opportunities. Of the five faster-growing jobs in the 1980s, Department of Labor statistics show that three are in the computer industry. These three include: computer service technicians, systems analysts and computer programmers. Although all three of these fields require an educational background that goes beyond the secondary school level, there are many other jobs which require only a high school degree. Some examples of these jobs are computer operators, whose profession has doubled in employment since 1970 and has the largest growth rate of any one field in the computer industry; computer salesmen, who make 10 percent more per year than the average salesman; and data entry personnel, who have experienced great increases in pay and now average $ 245 per week. These are but a few of the many jobs created by the computer.4、通過(guò)這十年的資料數(shù)據(jù)證明，計(jì)算機(jī)在被質(zhì)疑的情況下，依然創(chuàng)造了大量的工作機(jī)會(huì)。由勞動(dòng)部提供的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在20世紀(jì)80年代的五個(gè)發(fā)展最迅速的行業(yè)中，三個(gè)都是計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)，這三個(gè)行業(yè)包括：計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù)技師，系統(tǒng)分析師和計(jì)算機(jī)編程人員。雖然這三個(gè)領(lǐng)域都對(duì)應(yīng)聘者有中學(xué)以上學(xué)歷教育背景的要求，但仍有許多工作只要求高中學(xué)歷即可。這類(lèi)工作包括計(jì)算機(jī)操作員，這個(gè)職業(yè)從1970年到現(xiàn)在從業(yè)人員已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了一倍，這在計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)的所有領(lǐng)域中是發(fā)展最快的；計(jì)算機(jī)銷(xiāo)售員，他們相對(duì)于一般的銷(xiāo)售員每年會(huì)有多出10%的工資；數(shù)據(jù)錄入人員，他們的工資增長(zhǎng)速度最快，現(xiàn)在每周平均工資245，這些都是由計(jì)算機(jī)創(chuàng)造的，而不是幾個(gè)大眾型工作。 According to Scholastic writer Andrew Calkins, 75 percent of our work force will be using a computer in some way on the job by 1990. Employment of computer workers increased dramatically over the years from 1970-78, rising about two and one-half times as much as did total employment in the economy. This growth rate is expected to continue at an exponential rate. As you can well see, the computer industry is supplying more jobs than any other single industry. Occupation Outlook Quarterly predicts that by 1990, 2,140,000 people will be employed in computer operations, a rise of 85 percent over 1978.5、根據(jù)Scholastic 作者Andrew Calkins所提，到1990年75%的勞動(dòng)力將在工作中通過(guò)某種方式使用電腦。從1970年到1978年的八年間計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)就業(yè)率增長(zhǎng)顯著，受雇人數(shù)比金融業(yè)總受雇人數(shù)高出2.5倍，這種增長(zhǎng)速率期望可以繼續(xù)以指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)速率增長(zhǎng)。正如你所看到的，計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)比起其它任何一個(gè)單獨(dú)的行業(yè)能提供更多工作機(jī)會(huì)，職業(yè)前景季刊預(yù)測(cè)到1990年將有2,140,000的人受雇于計(jì)算機(jī)操作行業(yè)，同比1978年將上升85%。 It is clear that there are many jobs waiting for qualified workers or people who are willing to learn. However, an argument often expressed is that older people who have been trained in semiskilled positions and have lost their jobs to computers will not be able to adapt or retrain to accommodate a job relating to computers. Undoubtedly this has become of major concern to the industry. Many companies have taken on the task of retraining or simply initiating their personnel or customers to computers. Such quotes as Honeywell offers a 20-hour introduction are becoming commonplace in magazines and newspapers. What these ads mean is that companies are confronting the problem by teaching. Control Sata Corporation, for example, has an entire organization devoted to teaching; their software, termed Plato, is being used by many other companies to train personnel in the use of computers. In addition, the most common type of supplementary training includes in-hour education, on-the-job training, reimbursement for college courses, and vocational school. There are but a few of the ways companies are helping to retrain and initiate training. In other word, even though the problem of adaptation to new ideas exists, it is recognizable and surmountable.6、 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，有很多工作崗位等待著那些技能合格的工人和那些愿意學(xué)習(xí)提高的人。但是，常常存在一個(gè)爭(zhēng)議-那些在工作崗位上被培養(yǎng)成半熟練而因計(jì)算機(jī)而失去工作年邁的人們，他們將不能適應(yīng)與計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)的職業(yè)，或者被再教育來(lái)適應(yīng)這些職業(yè)。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這將成為工業(yè)中主要涉及到到問(wèn)題。許多公司已經(jīng)著手于員工到再教育和客戶的導(dǎo)向，從而使之適應(yīng)計(jì)算機(jī)。有關(guān)“霍尼韋爾公司提供來(lái)二十小時(shí)的介紹”的言論在雜志和報(bào)紙上司空見(jiàn)慣。言外之意，這些廣告意味著這些公司正在通過(guò)培訓(xùn)來(lái)面對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。例如，數(shù)據(jù)控制公司有一個(gè)組織來(lái)教員工使用plato軟件，其他公司用這種軟件來(lái)培訓(xùn)員工使用計(jì)算機(jī)。除此之外，最常見(jiàn)的繼續(xù)教育，包括在校教育，在職教育，大學(xué)和職業(yè)院校的課程補(bǔ)充學(xué)習(xí)。這些有利于再教育和啟蒙教育，但這