建筑與環(huán)境設(shè)備工程外文翻譯

畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯題 目： 淺談建筑環(huán)境與暖通空調(diào)能耗 系部名稱： 專業(yè)班級： 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號： 3 指導(dǎo)教師： 教師職稱： 講師 淺談建筑環(huán)境與暖通空調(diào)能耗 摘要：研究建筑環(huán)境，了解暖通空調(diào)負(fù)荷產(chǎn)生的原因及影響因素，可以更加合理地提出解決問題的方法。關(guān)鍵詞：建筑環(huán)境 暖通空調(diào) 能耗淺談建筑環(huán)境與暖通空調(diào)能耗能源為經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了動力，但是由于各種原因，能源的發(fā)展往往滯后于經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。近幾年，中國的國民生產(chǎn)總值的增長率維持在約10，但是能源的增長率只有34。這樣的形勢要求我們必須節(jié)能。建筑能源消耗在社會總能耗中的比例較大，發(fā)達(dá)國家的建筑用能一般占到全國總能耗的3040；中國采暖區(qū)的城鎮(zhèn)人口雖然只占全國人口的13.6，但是采暖用能卻占全國總能耗的9.6。建筑節(jié)能是建筑發(fā)展的基本趨勢，也是當(dāng)代建筑科學(xué)技術(shù)的一個新的生長點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)代建筑的必要組成部分暖通空調(diào)領(lǐng)域也已經(jīng)收到這種趨勢的影響，暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中的節(jié)能正在引起暖通空調(diào)工作者的加合理地提出解決問題的方法。暖通空調(diào)能耗的組成為了創(chuàng)造舒適的室內(nèi)空調(diào)環(huán)境，必須消耗大量的能源。暖通空調(diào)能耗是建筑能耗中的大戶，居統(tǒng)計(jì)在發(fā)達(dá)國家中暖通空調(diào)能耗占建筑能耗的65，以建筑能耗占總能耗的356計(jì)算，暖通空調(diào)能耗占總能耗的比例竟高達(dá)22.75，由此可見建筑節(jié)能工作的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是暖通空調(diào)的節(jié)能。從暖通空調(diào)的能耗組成可以看出：暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的能耗主要決定于空調(diào)冷、熱負(fù)荷的確定和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的合理配置，空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的布置和空調(diào)設(shè)備的選擇是以空調(diào)負(fù)荷為依據(jù)的。所以暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能的關(guān)鍵是空調(diào)外界負(fù)荷和內(nèi)部負(fù)荷的確定，而暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能工作也應(yīng)該從這個方面著手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正確選擇外墻、門、窗、屋頂?shù)男螤罴安牧系?，盡量減少空調(diào)負(fù)荷。室內(nèi)環(huán)境的影響暖通空調(diào)的目標(biāo)是為人們提供舒適的生活和生產(chǎn)室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境，主要包括：室內(nèi)空氣溫度、空氣濕度、氣流速度以及人體與周圍環(huán)境（包括四壁、地面、頂棚等）之間的輻射換熱（簡稱環(huán)境熱輻射）等。在一般的舒適性空調(diào)中，以能夠使人體保持平衡而滿足人們的舒適感覺為目的；在恒溫恒濕或有潔凈要求的工藝性空調(diào)中，一切以滿足生產(chǎn)工藝為目標(biāo)。而房屋的建筑熱工設(shè)計(jì)是恰當(dāng)?shù)乩梅课菥S護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱導(dǎo)性，抵抗室外氣候的變化，使房間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生舒適的微氣候。圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)暖通空調(diào)負(fù)荷的影響圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)包括外圍結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)。外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括屋面、外墻和窗戶（包括陽臺門等）；內(nèi)圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括地面、頂棚、內(nèi)隔墻等。在采暖建筑中，圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱熱損失占總的熱損失的比例是較大的，以4個單元6層的磚墻、混凝土樓板的典型多層建筑為例，在北京地區(qū)，通過圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱熱損失約占全部熱損失的77（其中外墻25，窗戶24，樓梯間隔墻11，屋面9，陽臺門下部3，地面2）；通過門窗縫隙的空氣滲透熱損失約占23；在哈爾濱地區(qū)，通過圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱熱損失約占全部熱損失的71（其中外墻28，窗戶28，屋面9，陽臺門下部1，外門1，地面4）；通過門窗縫隙的空氣滲透熱損失約占29。由此可見改善圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱工性能對于暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能具有重要意義。建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)對暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能的影響規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)時建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)的重要方面，規(guī)劃節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)從建設(shè)選址、分區(qū)、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑體型、建筑間距、冬季季風(fēng)主導(dǎo)方向、太陽輻射、建筑外部空間環(huán)境構(gòu)成等方面進(jìn)行研究。以優(yōu)化建筑的微氣候環(huán)境；有利于節(jié)能，充分重視和利用太陽能、冬季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。節(jié)能規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)就是分析成氣候的決定因素、輻射因素、大氣環(huán)流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影響，通過建筑的規(guī)劃布局對上述因素進(jìn)行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住條件和有利于節(jié)能的微氣候環(huán)境。建筑旁邊的綠化不但有防風(fēng)、隔聲、防塵和美化環(huán)境的作用，而且對于建筑節(jié)能也有重要作用。因?yàn)槭紫葮淠究梢詮母课账郑^葉面蒸發(fā)，從而降低空氣溫度，其次樹木有很好的遮陽作用，從而使建筑物直接受到的太陽輻射及從地面得到的輻射熱減少，二是樹木有引導(dǎo)風(fēng)及擋風(fēng)的作用。此外，地面不但會反射太陽輻射，而且其本身輻射升高后又會成為新的熱輻射源。所以盡量種草、植樹，避免地面土壤裸露，并減少不必要的大面積混凝土地坪對于減少空調(diào)負(fù)荷，達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的是非常重要的手段。而且清潔的室外環(huán)境對于潔凈空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的有效運(yùn)行和空調(diào)箱過濾器的壽命也是有利的?？傊?，建筑環(huán)境是影響暖通空調(diào)能耗的重要因素，從建筑環(huán)境著手考慮是解決暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能問題的關(guān)鍵，也是一種積極的節(jié)能工作作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)著重以下方面的工作：（1）制定相應(yīng)的政策法規(guī)。制定政策法規(guī)對建筑節(jié)能工作具有指導(dǎo)意義，而且以法規(guī)的形式出現(xiàn)，一則表示政府重視和鼓勵，二則可以為節(jié)能工作的開展提供法律依據(jù)。近年來國務(wù)院和有關(guān)部委也頒布了相關(guān)的建筑節(jié)能法規(guī)；此外各地方政府也根據(jù)氣候條件和能源特點(diǎn)，制定了各自的建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)定；但是總的來說法規(guī)和政策還有待進(jìn)一步的完善。（2）推動科技的進(jìn)步。暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能工作的順利開展離不開技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。國家在制定節(jié)能政策時，即指明了發(fā)展方向，同時也鼓勵了技術(shù)進(jìn)步。只有依靠科技的發(fā)展，不斷優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu)和用能方式，才能夠真正做到節(jié)能，創(chuàng)造巨大的社會效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。（3）加強(qiáng)專業(yè)間的協(xié)調(diào)。建筑是各工種配合的產(chǎn)物，建筑專業(yè)在考慮建筑環(huán)境時，不但要從建筑功能、建筑美學(xué)等方面考慮，還要與設(shè)備工種進(jìn)行配合，充分重視建筑環(huán)境、建筑材料等對暖通空調(diào)乃至建筑能耗的影響，各工種協(xié)調(diào)工作，共同完成節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)。總之從建筑內(nèi)外環(huán)境著手，不斷優(yōu)化建筑熱功能，充分利用有利的建筑環(huán)境，必然會創(chuàng)造出適宜的室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境，同時也必將有利于暖通空調(diào)節(jié)能的發(fā)展參 考 文 獻(xiàn)1姚江波，白蔚君.綠色建筑與建筑節(jié)能J.華中建筑.20002魏東杰，胡彤.綠色建筑中暖通空調(diào)的應(yīng)用J.河北建筑科技學(xué)院學(xué)報.2003本文摘譯自 2013年第7期企業(yè)導(dǎo)報雜志目次Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to consume with the warmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition to consumeFirst,Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizens total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% s 4%.Such situations requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth ofwith the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. (1) the destruction and pollution of the environment of our countrys traditional construction industry is very big.Systems construction and environment relationship is purely to bestow, is naturally turn to adapt to the construction, the consequences of doing so is necessarily provoke human nature. The natural disaster to mankind in color. The correct relationship between architecture and ecology, should be less disturbance of the building ecology, architecture and ecology. Although this approach seems to be more difficult, but, in fact, it is feasible. Especially in the HVAC field there are many ways to the relationship between architecture and ecology to form a harmonious relationship between the natural. Between the two links, promote each other. Deep research, we found that the HVAC energy consumption is the biggest is heating and refrigeration, and produced by users in these two points is the determining factor in the HVAC system cooling load parameters, the two parameters determines the air conditioning operating conditions and system configurations. Internal users demand is an internal load, and the external environment influences the external load of the HVAC system. So for the HVAC energy saving and consumption must be resolved from the two aspects. In the actual construction process, we found the building toward the position, and in the process of building envelope, door materials, window sealing condition of size and shape and so on will have a very important influence on the air conditioning load, and green building is at the foot of the effort. (2) the retaining structure includes the external and internal. The peripheral structure mainly includes the roof, walls and windows; in the retaining structure mainly includein groundcrestinside separate wall etc. In building heating and building envelope heat loss accounted for the proportion of the total heat loss is larger, in the Beijing area, through the envelope structure heat transfer heat losses accounted for 77% of the total heat loss; through gaps of doors and windows of air infiltration heat loss accounted for 23%; in Harbin area, envelope structure heat transfer heat losses accounted for 71% of the total heat loss; through gaps of doors and windows of air infiltration heat loss accounted for 29%. This shows that improving the thermal performance of building envelope is of great significance to the HVAC energy saving. (3) planning and design an important aspect of the construction of energy-efficient design, siting and planning the construction of energy-saving design should be, zoning, building and road layout to, toward the building orientation, building size, building space and winter monsoon leading direction, solar radiation, exterior space environment composition. In order to optimize the construction of micro climate environment, it is conducive to energy conservation, full attention and use of solar energy, wind direction, topography and geomorphology in winter, the use of natural factors. Energy-saving planning and design is the analysis into the determinants of climate, radiation, atmospheric circulation factors and geographic factors advantageous and disadvantageous influence, through the architectural layout of the above factors to make the transformation, the formation of good living conditions and micro climate environment conducive to energy conservation. Second,Warm the air condition can consume of constitute For creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible. Third,The influence of the indoor environment Warm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。Take can make the human body hold the balance but satisfy peoples comfortable felling as a purpose in the general comfortable sex air condition;In the constant temperature wetly or have the craft air condition ofwith clean request, everything takes satisfying to produce a craft as a target.But the building of the house the hot work design is the heat that the fitting land utilization uses the house maintenance structure to lead sex, resisting the variety of the outdoors weather, making comfortable tiny weather of creation inside the room.Round to protect a warm of structure the influence ofwith air condition burdenRound to protect structure to include the outer circle structure with inside round to protect structure.The outer circle protects structure to mainly include the house noodles,outside wall and window;(include the veranda door etc.)Inside round to protect structure to mainly includein ground,crest,inside separate wall etc.In adopt the warm building, the comparison that rounds to protect structure to transmit heat hot loss to share total heat to lose is bigger, with 4 units 6 the brick wall,the concrete building knothole typical model of the layers many layer buildings for example, the region in Peking, pass to round to protectstructure to transmit heat hot lose about 77% of have the all hot loss;(among them outside the wall is 25%, the window is 24%, the stairs partition wall is 11%, the house noodles is 9%, the veranda door the lower part is 3%, ground 2%)The air that passes the doors and windows blind side permeate hot lose to have 23% about;The region in Harbin, pass to round to protect structure to transmit heat hot lose about 71% of have the all hot loss;(among them outside the wall is 28%, the window is 28%, the house noodles is 9%, the veranda door the lower part is 1%, the outside door is 1%, ground 4%)The air that passes the doors and windows blind side permeate hot lose to have 29% about.Be showed from this an improvement to round hot work function of protect the structure an air condition for the warm.The economy energy has important meaning.Fourth，Influence constructed the programming design an air condition economy energy to the warm.Program a design construct the important aspect ofwith the economy energy design, programing economy energy a design should choose an address from the construction,cent area,the building and road set up an alignment,building directions toward,building type offigure,building be apart from,winter monsoon predominance direction,the sun radiation,building the exterior space environment constitute etc. carry on a research.With excellent turn the tiny weather environment of the building;Be advantageous to economy energy, full value and make use of the solar energy,winter predominance direction of wind,geography and geography, make use of natural factor.The design of economize on energy the programming is the beneficial and disadvantageous influence of decision factor,the radiation factor,the atmospheric-circulation factor and the geography factor that analyzes to make good, passing a building of the programming layout carries on to the above-mentioned factor full make use of,reformation, become to live a condition and be advantageous to the tiny weather environment ofwith economy energy goodly.The flank of the building of green turn to have already defended breeze and separate a voice,dust palliative and beautify environment not only of function, and for building the economy energy also has an important function.Because the tree can absorb humidity from the root first, leading leafs noodles toevaporate together, lowering the air temperature thus, secondly the tree is good hide the sun function, make thus the building be subjected to directly of the sun radiation and get from the ground of the radiation heat reduce, two is the function that the tree has leading breeze and blocks breeze.In addition, the ground will reflect the sun radiation not only, and its radiation become again after go up new of hot radiation source.So grow grass and plant trees as far as possible, avoid the ground soil bare, and reduce the otiose and big area concrete ground ping for reduce the air condition burden, the purpose that attains economy energy is a count for much means.And outdoors environment sweep for clean air condition system of valid circulate and the air condition box the life span of the filter is also beneficial.In fine, the building environment is influence a warm, the air condition can consume ofimportant factor, from construct environment to begin consideration is the key that resolves awarm an air condition economy energy a problem, is also a kind of aggressive economy energy work the author think and should emphasize a following work:(1)the establishment correspond of policy laws.Draw up the policy laws to economize on energy a work to have meaning of instruction to the building, and is appear with the form of the laws, on then meaning a government a value and encouraging, two can work for the economy energy of open an exhibition to provide law a basis.In recent years State Department with relevant department the also promulgated a related building economy energy laws;In addition each local government also according to the weather condition and the energy characteristics, draw up e