科技英語-電子教案

教材：科技英語綜合教程，劉愛軍、王斌主編，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社參考書目: 1) Wuqiu FAN. Selections on Practical EST Translation. Foreign Language Publishing House. 2001./范武邱。實用科技英語翻譯講評。外文出版社。2001年。2) Zhijie FENG. Essentials for EST Translation. China Translation Publishing House. 2000./馮志杰。漢英科技翻譯指要。中國對外翻譯出版公司。2000年。3) Xianfa HUA. A New Practical Textbook of English-Chinese Translation. Hubei Education Press. 2001./華先發(fā)。新適用英譯漢教程。湖北教育出版社。2001年。4) Chengzhang LIN. An Introduction to English Lexicology. Wuhan University Press.1996./林承璋。英語詞匯學(xué)引論。武漢大學(xué)出版社。1996年。教學(xué)目的: 本課程是教授數(shù)學(xué)系學(xué)生的一門英語提高課程。以科技英語文體的詞匯語篇特征、科技英語翻譯的標準、科技英語翻譯的常見語法錯誤、修辭問題和邏輯問題為主要內(nèi)容，以科技英語翻譯理論為指導(dǎo)，在科技英語翻譯實踐的基礎(chǔ)上，集多種教學(xué)模式和教學(xué)手段為一體的教學(xué)體系。本課程的教學(xué)目標是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科技英語的翻譯能力，使他們在今后學(xué)習(xí)和工作中能輕松地勝任科技英語情報收集和翻譯工作。Unit 1 MathematicsText A Game Theory 科技英語閱讀方法（一） 科技英語翻譯技巧（一）Text B Digital Signature in Applied Cryptography Unit 2 MedicineText A Making a Little Progress 科技英語閱讀方法（二） 科技英語翻譯技巧（二） Text B Are Antibiotics Killing Us? Unit 3 Genetics Engineering Text A Ready or Not? Human ES Cells Head Toward the Clinic Text B Gene Doping 科技英語閱讀方法（三） 科技英語翻譯技巧（三）Unit 4 TelecommunicationsText A 10 Hottest Telecom Technologies of the Year (I) 科技英語閱讀方法（四） 科技英語閱讀方法（四） Text B 10 Hottest Telecom Technologies of the Year (II) Unit 5 Wireless CommunicationsText A Your Next Computer 科技英語閱讀方法（五） 科技英語翻譯技巧（五）Text B Share the Internet Wealth Unit 6 Computer ScienceText A Get Mean,Go Green 科技英語閱讀方法（六） 科技英語翻譯技巧（六）Text B Conversational Computers Unit 7 InternetText A We Know Where You Are 科技英語閱讀方法（七） 科技英語翻譯技巧（七）Text B Why Skyware Poses Multiple Threats to Security Unit 8 MaterialsText A Dsigning Superhard Materials 科技英語閱讀方法（八） 科技英語翻譯技巧（八）Text B Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel Unit 1 Mathematics I. The Definition of EST (English for Science & Technology)EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. Its believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. II. Reading Techniques for EST Nominalizaiton(名詞化結(jié)構(gòu))1. 單純名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)：指由一個或多個名詞修飾一個中心名詞構(gòu)成的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。water purification system 該結(jié)構(gòu)的中心名詞是system，purification 修飾water，因此該結(jié)構(gòu)相當于a system for the purification of water2. 復(fù)合名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)：指由一個中心名詞和形容詞、名詞、副詞、分詞及介詞短語等多個前置或后置修飾語構(gòu)成。acute bacterial peritonitis 急性細菌性腹膜炎3. 由動詞派生的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)：通常是由實義動詞派生的名詞搭配介詞短語構(gòu)成，在句子中充當主語、賓語或介詞賓語。The building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country.句中的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the building of these giant iron and steel workds由build的動名詞加上介詞短語構(gòu)成，充當句子的主語，其邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)為動賓結(jié)構(gòu)。III. Translation Techniques for EST1. 將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動詞All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.這里的名詞passage在翻譯時要譯為動詞“通過”。全句譯為：只要有足夠的電位差，電流便可通過任何物體。2. 將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動賓關(guān)系A(chǔ)s a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in an orchard.劃線部分的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為“對天氣的物理過程進行人工影響”全句譯為：我們可舉果園中防霜作為說明對天氣的物理過程進行小尺度人工影響的例子。IV. Text Analysis Game Theory1. Warm-up questionsa) What are the basic elements of games and what is the goal of the participants in the game?b) In order to win in a game, what kind of approach or strategy should be applied?2. Language Pointsa) The games it studies range from chess to chld rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (para.1)Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child brnging-up and from tennis to handovers.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth.b) Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)3. Text OrganizationPart One: paras. 1-3 Game theory can be defined as the sciene of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms.Part Two: paras. 4-11There are two distinct types of strategic imterdependence; sequential move game and simultaneous-move game.Part Three: paras: 12-19The typical examples of game theory are given as basic principles such as prisoners dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.Part Four: para. 20The research of game theory has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.V. Assignments: a) background knowledge search for each lecture; b) preview work for each lecture; c) exercises after each lecture; d) self-study of Text B and its exercisesUnit 2 MedicineI. Reading Techniques for ESTCompound Words 復(fù)合詞1. 復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)成：a) 名詞+名詞 computer capacity 計算機能力b) 形容詞+名詞 synchronous orbit 同步軌道c) 分詞+名詞 combined carbon 結(jié)合碳d) 名詞+動名詞 altitude charging 高空增壓e) 形容詞+動名詞 dynamic programming 動態(tài)規(guī)劃f) 多詞復(fù)合名詞 industrial distribution equipment 工業(yè)配電裝置2. 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：a) 名詞/形容詞/副詞+形容詞 red-hot 熾熱的b) 形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞 high-frequency 高頻的c) 名詞/形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞-ed medium-sized 中型的d) 名詞/代詞/形容詞/副詞+分詞 well-equipped 設(shè)備精良的e) 多詞復(fù)合形容詞 out-of-date 過時的3. 復(fù)合動詞的構(gòu)成a) 動詞+介詞/連詞+動詞 point-and-click 點擊b) 動詞+介詞 sign-on 登錄c) 形容詞+動詞 mass-produce 成批生產(chǎn)II. Translation Techniques for EST1. 意譯：通過對原詞的仔細推敲和理解，準確地譯出其表達的科學(xué)概念。deep space 航天術(shù)語：外層空間，而非“深層空間”2. 音譯：根據(jù)英語單詞的發(fā)音譯成讀音與原詞大致相同的中文。hertz 赫茲（頻率單位）e-mail 伊妹兒電子郵件3. 意音結(jié)合譯：在音譯之后加上一個表示類別的詞，或者把原詞的一部分音譯，而另一部分意譯。Kuru 庫魯病4. 直譯：在科技文獻里，有些詞可以直接使用原文，如商標、牌號、型號和表示特定意義的字母。IBM system IBM系統(tǒng)III. Text Analysis Making a Little Progress1. Warm-up Questionsa) What do you know about medicines or therapies for cancer?b) Can you give examples of the application of nanotechnology in our daily lives?2. Language Pointsa) to bring blood to an old and desperate fight. (para.1)new blood: n. new member, new comerb) as they revert to their original spins.(para. 4)revert to: to return to a previous statec) usher the protons to their original spins. (para. 4)usher: v. to lead ab. politelyl to some placeeg: The waitress ushered us to our seats reserved.3. Text OrganizationPart One: para.1 The government decided to take an initiative to fight against cancer by means of nanotechnology.Part Two: para. 2Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment on account of two main reasons: size and function.Part Three: paras. 3-8Two kinds of nanoparticles nanocrystals of iron oxide and quantum dotshave been used for cancer detection in tests on mice.Part Four: paras. 9-18Three kinds of nanoparticlesdendrimers, carbon nanotubes and liposomeshave been used in tests for cancer killing.Part Five: paras. 19-21 In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve.IV. Assignments: a) background knowledge search for each lecture; b) preview work for each lecture; c) exercises after each lecture; d) self-study of Text B and its exercisesUnit 3 Genetic EngineeringI. Reading Techniques for ESTAbbreviation (縮略詞)1. 截短詞cpd (compound) 化合物 maths (mathematics) 數(shù)學(xué)2. 字母縮略詞AMPS (advanced mobile phone system) 高級移動電話系統(tǒng)3. 首字母拼音詞NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北大西洋公約組織II. Translation Techniques for EST1. Conversion (詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯)a) 動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increase the bactericide effect.Addtion轉(zhuǎn)譯成“加入”全句譯成：在沸水中加入2%的碳酸鈉會增加殺菌效果。b) 具體詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯為抽象詞義the study of the brain is one of the last frontiers of human knowledge and of much more immediate importance than understanding the infinity of space or the mystery of the atom.劃線部分具體含義是“最后的邊疆”，譯為抽象隱身意義“最新領(lǐng)域”c) 抽象詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯為具體詞義The pupil of the eye responds to the changes of light intensity.respond to，作具體化轉(zhuǎn)譯“隨擴大或縮小”2. Amplification (詞的增譯)semi-permanent coupler 半永久性結(jié)構(gòu)infinite adjustment 將adjustment的含義補充為speed adjustment，譯為“ 無極調(diào)速 ”3. Omission （詞的省譯）Best varieties have good resistance to loading.最好的品種抗倒伏力強。III. Text Analysis Ready or Not? Human ES Cells Head Toward the Clinic1. Warm-up Questionsa) What do you know about human ES cells? Give some examples to show its application in the medical field.b) In your opinion, whats the prospect of cell therapies? 2. Language Pointsa) But several hurdles remain.Hurdle: n. obstacle or difficultyb) pleaded with his colleagues to vote with him.Plead with: to ask for; to begc) But these same traits also increase the risktrait: n. characteristicd) ending up in the wrong placeend up: to be in a particular place or state finally3. Text OrganizationPart One: paras.1-6Although hES cells hold promise for the clinic, they still carry some risks in practice that discourage most groups from clinical trials except one companyyGeron.Part Two: paras. 7-12Keirstead and his colleagues have chosen spinal cord injuries as the first trial and carried out several experiments with the main purpose to indicate that the treatment can be safe.Part Three: paras. 13-22Some potential problems may turn up with the clinical trials, such as improper differentiation, tumor formatioon, animal contamination and new mutations in culture.Part Four: paras. 23-26There is still a long way to go befoere cell therapies come onto the stage.IV. Assignments: a) background knowledge search for each lecture; b) preview work for each lecture; c) exercises after each lecture; d) self-study of Text B and its exercisesUnit 4 TelecommunicationI. Reading Techniques for ESTBlending (拼綴詞)1. 前詞首部+后詞尾部Chunnel (channel+tunnel) 英吉利海峽隧道（鐵路）2. 前詞全部+后詞尾部Copytron (copy+technology) 高科技 3. 前詞首部+后詞全部Autocamp (automobile+camp) 汽車宿營地4. 前詞首部+后詞首部Biotech (biology+technology) 應(yīng)用生物學(xué)；生物技術(shù)II. Translation Techniques for EST形容詞和副詞的比較級1. 比較級單獨使用的譯法：譯為“較、更、些”2. 比較級+than的譯法Morethan:可譯為“與相比”，“更”Less than 可譯為“不到” 3. 程度狀語+比較級 在比較級前會加上much,far, even, still, a bit, a little, yet, 譯為“得多”，“大大”4. more and more “越來越”5. the morethe more “越越”III. Text Analysis 10 Hottest Telecom Technologies1. Warm-up Questionsa) Can you name some of the hot telecom technologies?b) How do telecom technologies influence our daily life?2. Language Pointsa) The slightest inkling of a recoveryinkling: n. a slight hint or indicationeg: Can you give me some inkling of the technological trendb) technology development never really went out of vogueout of vogue: no llonger popularc) broadband has become a commodity servicebroadband: n. a wide band of electromagnetic frequencies3. Text OrganizationPart One: paras.1-3The industry is thinking technology again and its time to check out 10 hottest technology picks for the year.Part Two: paras. 4-8PacketCable Multimedia sets cable operators offering from a basic telephony service from an ILEC .Part Three: paras. 9-12Wi-Fi roaming technology allows wireless user to wander from a narrowband cellular network onto a broadband Wi-Fi network without changing handsets.Part Four: paras. 13-16Meshed networks proide city-or metro-wide broadband wireless coverage without requiring wired backhals.Part Five: paras. 17-19 With the advent of hosted BoIP telephonu, users will be able to manege all their calling feature over a web-based interface and gain access to productivity-enhancing applications.Part Six: paras. 20-23Active Ethernet is offered as as alternative to PON and it leverages the best of Ethernet and IP.IV. Assignments: a) background knowledge search for each lecture; b) preview work for each lecture; c) exercises after each lecture; d) self-study of Text B and its exercisesUnit 5 Wireless CommunicationI. Reading Techniques for ESTDerivative （派生詞）Microscope顯微鏡 詞根：scope 詞根的含義：lookMonoraph 專著 詞根：graph 詞根的含義：writtenII. Translation Techniques for ESTNon-finite Verb （非限定動詞）1. 分詞：包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。通常分詞作主語的定語，以半年采用逆序合譯法，放在被修飾詞之前。但是如果定語成分太長，則采用順序分譯法，譯為單獨的詞組或分句。The MEMS part, made by Analog Devices Inc. of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and other firms, is a tiny chunk of silicon suspended in a cavity.由麻省威明頓市模擬設(shè)備公司與其他公司合作制造的MEMS部件是懸掛在凹處的一小塊硅。2. 動名詞：應(yīng)當根據(jù)動名詞短語在句中充當?shù)某煞謥泶_定翻譯時它正在漢語中的位置。Squeezing fullerenes and nanotubes is unlikly to be an inexpensive, practical synthetic route.句中的動名詞短語squeezing fullerenes and nanotubes作主語放在句首。譯為：“靠擠壓形成富勒烯和納米碳管絕非一個經(jīng)濟實用的途徑?！?. 不定式：不定式在科技文章中用得很多。可以在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。應(yīng)根據(jù)在句中的成分及上下文確定在漢語中的位置。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.譯為：所選擇的結(jié)構(gòu)材料在環(huán)境中應(yīng)當能夠保持其彈性。4. 分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。一般采用順譯法，放在句子的后面。At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating b wavelength, a process known as dispersion.句中分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)代替同位語從句，作主句的同位語，采用順譯法，放在句子的后面。譯為：當這些波向外擴散時，它們也在按波長分開，這一過程叫頻散。III. Text Analysis Your Next Computer 1. Warm-up Questionsa) Do you know anything abou the brief history of mobile phones?b) Nowadays most college students have got a mobile phone. What do you think about this?2. Language Pointsa) .that pops up on his small screen each morningpop up: to appear, sometimes unexpectedlyeg: Click here, and a list of files will pop up.b) but at 32 hes too old to indulge his hobbyindulge: v. to let someone do or have sth. That someone enjoys, esp. sth. That is considered bad for someonec) AT&T rolled out the first cellulalr network in 1977roll out: to produce in large quantitieseg: The factory rolls out 300 boxes of its products every day.3. Text OrganizationPart One: paras.1-3 Now peole spend countless/many hours using their mobile phones Internet connection to download, check or send messages.Part Two: paras. 4-5There are 1.5 billion cell phones in the world today, more than three times the number of PCs. The emergence of mobile phone around the world has been slow but overwhelmingly momentous.Part Three: paras. 6-9As our phones get smarter, smaller and faster and enable users to connect at high speed, it has, in one sense, already turned into the next computer.Part Four: paras. 10-12The future mobile phones one day could actually perform many of the functions of PC, like word processing and Web browsing.Part Five: paras. 13-14 Our cell phones arent likely to take the fastest road to its bright future. Innovation in the mobiel industry is full of zigzags and wrong turns, but one day well leave all PCs behind.IV. Assignments: a) background knowledge search for each lecture; b) preview work for each lecture; c) exercises after each lecture; d) self-study of Text B and its exercisesUnit 6 Computer ScienceI. Reading Techniques for ESTFinding out context clues根據(jù)上下文的線索猜測詞義1. 釋義線索2. 近義詞、反義詞線索Technology revolutions come in two flavors: jarringly fast and iimperceptibly slow.文中的fast和slow互為反義詞，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可判斷出jarringly和imperceptibly也應(yīng)互為反義詞，jarringly意為“震動地，刺耳地”，imperceptibly意為“不易察覺地”。3. 同位語線索They have already gotten goats and mice to produce pieces of MSP-1, a protein displayed on the surface of the malaria parasite.這句話中對專業(yè)詞匯MSP-1的含義用同位短語來進行解釋，通過理解同位語的意思可以猜測出MSP-1是一種蛋白質(zhì)。譯為：他們已經(jīng)培育出山羊和老鼠以產(chǎn)生MSP-1的碎片，MSP-1是顯示于瘧疾寄生蟲表面的一種蛋白質(zhì)。4. 舉例線索：科技英語常用的引導(dǎo)用語： for example、for instance、such as、like、especially等。II. Translation Techniques for ESTMultiples 倍數(shù)的譯法1. 倍數(shù)增加的譯法英語中表示倍數(shù)增加的表達法有：1）表增加意義的詞(by) n times + 或 by a factor of n; 2) n times + 表示增加意義的詞的比較級The production of various stereo recorders has been increased four times as against 1977.各種立體聲錄音機的產(chǎn)量比1977年增加了三倍。2. 倍數(shù)比較的譯法1）n times + larger than + 被比較對象，譯為“其大小為的n倍”，“比大n-1倍”This thermal power plant is four times larger than that one.這個熱電站比那個熱電站大三倍。2）n times + as + 原級 + as + 被比較對象，譯為“是的n倍”Iron is almost three times as heavy as aluminum. 鐵的重量幾乎是鋁的三倍。3）n times + that (或表比較方面的詞) of + 被比較對象，譯為“是的n倍”This reservoir is four times the size of that one. 這個水庫是那個水庫的四倍。3. 倍數(shù)減少的譯法1) 表減少意義的詞（by）n times + 或 by a factor of n;2) n times +表示減少意義的詞的比較級The automatic assembly line can shorten the assembling period (by) ten times.自動裝配線能夠使裝配期縮短十分之九。III. Text Analysis Get Mean, Go Green1. Warm-up Questionsa) What do you know about the computing power of todays computers?b) What are the fundamental computing performance bottlenecks?2. Language Pointsa) Businesses may not put much stock in recycling, but when it comes to computing power, put stock in sth: to have confidence or credence in sth.Eg: put much/little stock in sb./sthb) where existing technology would falter.falter: v. to poerate or perform unsteadily or with a loss of effectivenesseg: The automobile engine faltered.c) computing performance come at a steep price.Come at a steep price: