新編劍橋商務(wù)英語unit11PPT課件

Module11,.,11.1Ethicaleconomics,.,11.1Keywordsandexpressions,economicsn.經(jīng)濟學(xué)，經(jīng)濟狀況，經(jīng)濟因素visualaids視覺教具，視覺設(shè)備deluxeadj.高級的，豪華的，奢侈的cappuccinon.卡布其諾咖啡（加牛奶或奶油用蒸汽加熱煮出來的濃咖啡）caffein(e)n.咖啡因addictionn.嗜好，癮disparityn.懸殊，差異charitiesn.慈善團體，善舉coffeeshopchains連鎖咖啡店，連鎖咖啡屋grossdomesticsproduct(GDP)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值staplecrop主要作物mark-up漲價，標高售價,.,importern.進口商servicecharge服務(wù)費exportsn.出口產(chǎn)品outgoingsn.(復(fù))支出，開銷precinctn.區(qū)域，管轄區(qū)，分區(qū)staffingcost勞工成本，雇工的開支overheadsn.企業(yè)一般管理費用，日常開支factorvt.把.作為因素計入(in)，把.作為因素排除(out)break-even收支平衡，盈虧平衡addedcost附加成本irrespectiveadj.不考慮，不問的，不顧的marketrates市場價格,.,middlemann.中間商certificationn.認證marketinginitiative營銷倡議schemen.計劃certifiedadj.證明合格的，特有證件的internationalcertificationmark國際認證標志catalystn.催化劑，刺激因素agriculturalcommodity農(nóng)產(chǎn)品minimumguaranteedprice最低保證價socialconscience社會道德心，社會責任感專有名詞Scandinavia斯堪的納維亞,.,相關(guān)背景知識,什么是道德經(jīng)濟學(xué)？所謂道德經(jīng)濟學(xué)，與商業(yè)社會中效率與公平、發(fā)展與代價、經(jīng)濟與道德、自由與公平的關(guān)系問題有關(guān)。盡管有些國家經(jīng)濟高速增長，但生態(tài)環(huán)境卻急劇惡化。有些經(jīng)濟高增長國家污染超標，出現(xiàn)高濃度的煙霧、酸雨、河湖污染，以及嚴重的森林砍伐和荒漠擴大癥狀。這和相關(guān)企業(yè)和政府追求片面經(jīng)濟增長有相當大的關(guān)系。據(jù)世界銀行估計，亞洲有些國家相當高比例的城市中，空氣污染水平是世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦水平的5倍。污染性增長的經(jīng)濟代價非常巨大，難以計算。另外，作為生產(chǎn)者的農(nóng)民也未在商品價格中得到應(yīng)有的補償份額。無可否認，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展必須受到法律和道德的監(jiān)督和制約，企業(yè)必須促進教育發(fā)展等社會行為。“君子好財，取之有道”這句話反映了合理化或道德化的經(jīng)濟學(xué)最原始的道理。有專家呼吁，在發(fā)展市場經(jīng)濟和建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家的過程中，應(yīng)愛護環(huán)境，保障生產(chǎn)者的權(quán)利，任何非法、非道德的“掠奪”致富都是對社會發(fā)展的阻礙。,.,1.Thetwophotosbelowshowthebeginningandtheendoftheprocessofmakingcoffee.Workinpairs.Howmanystagescanyouthinkofinbetweentocompletetheprocess?,?,coffeegrown-coffeepicked-coffeetransported-coffeepacked,-coffeesoldandshipped-coffeesoldontoshops-coffeeboughtanddrunk,.,2.Writeinthecorrectletter,A-F,forthemissingsentencestocompletethetext.Thereisoneextrasentence.,A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother25,000tothat.,Coffeenomics:thetruecostofourcaffeineaddictionThenexttimeyouhandover3foryourdeluxecappuccino,askyourselfhowmuchtheroastedbeansthatwentintothatcupreallycost.Foryouraveragecupofcoffee,theproducerreceivesroughly10pthatsabout3.5%.ThisdisparityiscausingincreasingconcernamongsomecharitieswhobelievethattheexcessiveprofitsofcoffeeshopchainscomeattheexpenseofvulnerablecoffeeproducersincountrieslikeEthiopia,KenyaorLatinAmerica.(1)_.Forexample,inEthiopiaalone,15millionpeopledependon,B,.,thecoffeetrade,whichconstitutesaround50%ofthecountrysgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)and90%ofitsexports.Theaveragewagepaidtolaborerswhopickthebeansandworkonfarmsisabout50paday.Sowheredotheaddedcostscomefrom?Accordingtoexperts,bythetimeitisconsumedbyusinourhomesorinacoffeeshop,thebeanmayactuallychangehandsupto150times,eachtimefacingamark-upasitistransported,roasted,packagedandsold.(2)_.Thenanother10%inexportcostswithfreightandinsurancebeforeanimportertakesover.Finally,itissoldtousinacoffeeshopandrunningacoffeeshopisnotcheap.Forexample,takeyourtypicalcoffeeshopinashoppingprecinct,seating75insideand50outside.Therentis20,000ayear.(3)_.Inotherwords,evenbeforeaddingstaffingcostsandoverheads,settingasideanamountforredecorationandmaintenanceontheproperty,thisparticularcoffeeshopneedstosellaminimum,A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother25,000tothat.,A,F,.,of50,000coffeesayear,or200coffeesaday.Factorintheseadditionalcostsandweareprobablytalkingaboutabreak-eventotalof400coffeesaday.However,irrespectiveofhowmuchweenduppayingorthereasonswhy,therealityisthatgrowersthemselvesseeonlyatinyproportionofthatamount.OrganizationslikeFairtradedotrytomakeadifference.(4)_.Forexample,afarmersellingapoundofFairtradeArabicacoffeeispaid$1.26comparedtotheworldmarketpriceof$1.10apound.TheFairtradepricealsoincludes5whichisinvestedbackintocommunityprojects.ManyshopsandcoffeebarsdonowofferFairtradecoffeetocustomersalongsidetheirstandardoffering,butnotallofthatinflatedpricegoestothegrower.(5)_.Afterthat,mark-upsaredeterminedbytheretailersandmiddlemen.Thatsaid,atleastFairtradeisonesmallstepthatdoeshelpfarmersaroundtheworldgetabetterpricefortheirproducts.,A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother25,000tothat.,C,E,.,3.Thesefourvisualaidsrefertotheeconomicsofthecoffeetrade.Readthearticleaboveandwriteinthemissingfactsandfiguresinthesevisualaids.,3,Only(1)_goestothegrower.,EXPORTS,10%=OTHER,90%=(7)_,10p(pence),coffee,.,CoffeeShopOutgoingsSalaries115,000(5)_65,000(6)_20,000Overheads80,500,Keyfacts:Ethiopia(2)_millionpeopleincoffeetrade(3)_%ofGDP(4)_pence=alaborerspayperday,15,50,50,rent,servicecharge,1.26,.,Vocabulary:Financialandtradeterms,Matchthesedefinitionstothewordsinboldinthearticle.,1.Peoplewhohandlegoodsbetweentheproducerandtheretailer._2.Alargedifference(inprice,forexample)._3.Beboughtandsold._4.Costofheating,lightingandelectricity._5.Takeitemsintoaccounttocalculatecosts._6.Theamountneededtopaycostsbeforeprofit._7.Theamountaddedtotheproductwhenitissold._8.Goodswhicharetransportedbyships,planes,lorries,etc._9.Thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryinoneyear._10.Organizationswhichhelpandrepresenttheinterestsofagroupofpeopleinneed,_,disparitycharitiesgrossdomesticproductchangehandsmark-upfreightoverheadsfactorinbreak-eventotalmiddlemen,middlemen,disparity,changehands,overheads,factorin,break-eventotal,mark-up,freight,grossdomesticproduct,charities,.,Speaking:Theeconomicsofyourcountry,Workinsmallgroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestionsabouteachofyourcountries.Ifyoudontknowalltheanswerstothequestions,trytofindoutforthenextlessonandprepareashortpresentation.,1)Istherealargedisparitybetweenrichandpoorinyourcountry?2)Doyouthinkthedisparitybetweenpoorandrichcountriescanbecontrolled?Shoulditbecontrolled?,Thetop20%ofthepopulationconsumes50%ofoverallnationalincome,whilethebottom20%havetomakedowithamere4.7%.人口中最頂層的20%富人消費了全民收入的50%，而處于社會最底層的20%窮人僅僅只消費4.7%，勉強度日。Incomeinequalityhasworsenedrapidly.,Ifthesetrendscontinuetherecouldbeserioussocialunrest.Richcountriescansupportpoorcountriesinfinance,technology,education,culture,healthcaredonationorlow-interestloan.富國可以通過資金技術(shù)教育文化衛(wèi)生保健捐贈或低息貸款等方式扶持窮國。Internationalorganizationsformulatefavorablepoliciesinsupportofpoorcountries.Internationalagenciescanstrengthennationaleffortstoachievegreaterequity.,.,3)Whataresomeofthebiggestcharitiesinyourcountry?Dotheyhavemuchinfluenceoveryourgovernmentandbusinesses?4)WhatarethemostimportantproductsandservicesforyourcountrysGDP?,*AmongbiggestcharitiesinChinaareChinaCharityFederation（中華慈善總會）,RedCrossSocietyofChina（中國紅十字總會）,ChineseRedCrossFoundation（中國紅十字基金會）,ChinaFoundationforPovertyAlleviation（中國扶貧基金會）,ProjectHope（希望工程）,tomentionafew.*Influenceandassistgovernmentsdecisions*Helpgovernmenteffectivelyintimesofnaturaldisasters.,ImportantproductsandservicesforChinasGDPincludecoal,power,steel,house-holdappliances,financing,cateringandtourism.對我國GDP影響最大的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)包括原煤電力鋼材家用電器金融服務(wù)餐飲和旅游。ITproductsandservices,electromechanicalproducts,financingandtourismarepillarindustriesfornationaleconomyinChina.信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)機電產(chǎn)品金融服務(wù)和旅游業(yè)等成為中國國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)。,.,Grammar:Articles,Writeinthemissingarticlesthe,a,anor0(thezeroarticle)inthistextaboutFairtrade.,(1)_Fairtradeis(2)_internationalcertificationmarkusedin21countriesas(3)_marketinginitiativetohelpdevelopingnations.Britainhas(4)_largestFairtrademarketin(5)_world,whichhasseen(6)_amazingincreaseoverthelastfiveyears.Theorganizationisalsostrongin(7)_Netherlands,whereFairtradefirststarted,andinSwitzerlandandScandinavia.Originallystartedin1989as(8)_schemetohelppoorproducers,(9)_FairtradeFoundationwasestablishedthreeyearslater.Nowthereareover(10)_550certifiedproducersrepresentingoveronemillionfarmersin52countries.,0,0,an,an,a,a,the,the,the,the,.,語法小結(jié)要點解釋：定冠詞the用于1）某些國名，2）形容詞最高級，3）獨一無二的事物，4）之前已提到過的人或者事物eg.TheUnitedStatesisamongthosecountriesinterested.Chinaisthebiggestproducerofthesegoods.Whosthesupplierinyourcountry?Theleaderswillholdtalksontrade.不定冠詞a,an用于1）工作，2）單數(shù)名詞，3）一些數(shù)字。eg.Imafinancedirector.Thisisaninternationalcertificationmark.Ionlyhaveahundredleft.以下場合不用冠詞（0冠詞）：1）城市、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)及大多數(shù)國名，2）復(fù)數(shù)名詞eg.Madridismyfavoritedestination.WhendoyouflytoChina?LeadersoftheG8countriesaremeetinginTorontothisweekend.,.,Listening:Fairtrade,1.CanyoubuytheseFairtradeproductsinyourcountry?Wouldyoubuytheseproductseveniftheyweremoreexpensive?Why?Whynot?,.,.,Astocosmetics,themostfamousistheBodyShop,pioneersoffairtradefor20yearsnow.說到化妝品，最著名的是美體小鋪化妝品公司，他們倡導(dǎo)公平貿(mào)易活動已經(jīng)有20年。Theyarentcheap,buttheyreethicallyrightandusuallyofextremelyhighquality.Ethicalbuying/shoppingcanmeanbuyingproductsfromcompaniesorstoreswhocareabouttheethicsofwhattheyproduce;andboycottingtheoneswhodont.Shop/buywithaclearconscience買得安心（問心無愧）Spendethically合法消費，符合道德的消費Ethicalandsustainablegoods環(huán)保并符合道德的商品Importanttosupportlocalworkersorfarmersandtheirrights,.,2.ListentoaninterviewwithIanBretman,thedeputydirectoroftheFairtradeFoundation.ChoosethebestendingA,BorCforeachsentence1-8.,1)TheFairtradeFoundationbeganinA.1989.B.1990.C.19922)WhentheUnitedStateswithdrewfromtheinternationalcoffeeagreement,thepriceofcoffeedecreasedbyA.50%B.0.5%C.twentymillion.3)OnewayFairtradehelpsfarmersisbygivingadviceonhowtoA.diversifybygrowingothercrops.B.producemorecoffee.C.beprofitableinaglobalmarket.4)OneofFairtradesmainmessagestogovernmentsisthatA.tradecanbemanagedmoreeffectively.B.economicgrowthisthebeststrategy.C.theymustinvestmoreinproducers.,.,5.IanbelievesthatFairtradeandfreetradeA.cannotbothexist.B.canoperatetogether.C.arebasicallythesamething.6.Eventhoughacountrymayincreaseitswealththroughbusiness,thisdoesnotguaranteeA.itcancompeteinternationally.B.everyonereceivesthebenefits.C.socialjustice.7.Ifproducersaresuccessful,theywillalsoA.investintheeconomy.B.becomethepeoplewhobuyproducts.C.beabletosupplymorecoffee.8.Aswellasimprovingitspublicimage,aFairtradecompanywillA.sellmore.B.attractmoretalentedstaff.C.attractwell-informedconsumers.,.,Listeningscript,I=InterviewerIB=IanBretmanI:So,Ian.IunderstandthattheoriginalideaforFairtradecamein1989.Howdidithappen?IB:Actually,theFairtradeFoundationitselfwasfinallysetupin1992,butyes,youreright,thecatalystforthespreadofFairtradewasthreeyearsearlierwhentheinternationalcoffeeagreementthatcontrolledpricescollapsedwiththewithdrawaloftheUS.Atthattimecoffeewastheworldsbiggestagriculturalcommodity.Inafewmonthsthepricefellbyhalf.Itwasahugedisasterforthetwentymillionpeoplegrowingandprocessingcoffeearoundtheworld.Manyoftheproducingcountriesweredependentoncoffeeforoverhalftheirexports.I:Canyougiveussomeexamplesofhowyouhelp,exactly?IB:Onewayisthatweencourageproducerstolearnhowtocompeteeffectivelyininternationalmarkets.Wehelpfarmerscomingintothesystemtodevelopthecapacitytocopewithfulfillingdemandandwesetaminimumguaranteedpricefortheirproducts.,.,I:Isee.Butaswellashelpingfarmersdirectly,youalsohaveinfluenceongovernments,dontyou?Imean,governmentsaretalkingmoreandmoreaboutfairerglobaltradeIB:Yes,werefindingthattheissueswevebeentalkingaboutforthepasttenyearsaremovinguptheagenda.Forexample,werehavingmoreofadebateonhowwecanachieveeconomicgrowthandsocialjustice,asbothareneeded.Asaresult,leadersoflargerFairtradeorganizationshavebeeninvitedtohigh-levelinternationalmeetingsandeconomicforums.Wecanuseourexperiencetoillustratetogovernmentshowtradecanbebettermanaged.I:Buthowdoyouconvincepeoplewhosayeconomicgrowthistheanswertoeverything?DontthesepeoplearguethatFairtradeisntgoodforfreetrade?IB:Well,IworkedinbusinessforalongtimeandsoIunderstandtheneedforafreemarket,butitseemsunlikelytomethatwhenitcomestosocialproblems,likeglobalpoverty,theanswerisjustaneconomicone,becausesocialchoiceshavetobemade,too.Ourpointisreallyaboutpriorities.Increasingflowsoftradewillhelpwealthbutthatdoesnotnecessarilyguaranteethatthiswealthgoesdowntothepeoplewhoneeditmost.Thatrequiresalittlebitmoremanagement.Fairtradehaspracticalexperienceon,.,thegroundinhowyoucancombinethebestofboth.Howyoucangetpeopletooperateeffectivelyandcompetitivelywhiletradinginawaythatproducerscanearnadecentlivingandimprovetheirlives.Inthelongrun,iftheydoimprovetheirlives,theytoowillbecomeconsumersandpurchasers.I:SoisthisthemessageyougivebusinessestomakethemchangetoFairtradeproducts?IB:Itsintheinterestofanybusinesstotakethemessageonboard,notonlytoimprovetheirpublicimagebutalsoasarecruitingtoolforthefuture.Theyoungergenerationiswellinformedandwantstobepartofthesolution.Companiesfindthathavingasocialconsciencehasapositiveeffectonrecruitingandretaininggoodstaff.Staffgetexcitedaboutpersuadingconsumerstobuyproductsthatmakeadifferencetopeopleslives.I:Itsoundslikethatswhatmotivatesyou,too.IB:Formypartyes-meetingtheproducersandseeingwhatadifferenceFairtradecanmaketotheirlivesisreallyquiteinspiring.,.,Speaking:Givingreasonsandbenefits,AcoffeeshopinyourtownisthinkingofsellingFairtradecoffee.However,itisconcernedthatthismaybemoreexpensive.,ImagineyouandyourpartnerworkforFairtrade.Youaregoingtotryandconvincethecoffeeshoptousecoffeefromyourproducers.Discussandprepare:*Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange.*Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop,itsstaffanditscustomers.Afterwards,presentyourideastotherestoftheclass.,.,*Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange.*Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop,itsstaffanditscustomers.,-protectpoorfarmersandtheirrights-anindicationofcaringabouttheethicsofwhattheysell-positiveimageofbeingfriendlytoenvironmentandcoffeegrowers-consumerslikelytopaymoreforethically-tradedcoffee,-feelgoodandcomfortablebecauseitsethicallyright.-giveoneasenseofdoingsomethingforpoorfarmers.-buywithaclearconscience-Fairtradecoffeeusuallyenjoyshighqualitywhichwouldbenefitthecustomer.,.,Aproposal,Describingtrends,Alternativeenergysources,Goodgreed,Speaking,Writing,Vocabulary,Reading,11.2Discussingtrends,Listening,Reasonsfortrends,Speaking,Discussingtrends,.,11.2Keywordsandexpressions,alternativeadj.oneproducerofhigh-efficiencysolar-powercells,forexample,wasrecentlytrading(7)_thestockmarketatmorethan166timesearnings.,1.A.doB.makeC.haveD.give2.A.ofB.inC.byD.for3.A.sectorB.companyC.departmentD.division4.A.dollarsB.cashC.amountsD.profits5.A.shopB.shareC.personallyD.publicly6.A.sellB.buyC.investD.grow7.A.byB.inC.onD.at,.,Cautiousinvestorscantforgetthatasimilaroptimismwas(8)_forthepeakine-businessstocksintheninetiesbeforethecrash.Inthecaseofsolarpower,such(9)_arewell-foundedbecausesolarenergyhasonebigeconomicproblem:itcurrentlycostsroughlytwice(10)_muchperkilowatt-houraspowerfromthegrid.(11)_,eventsarechanginginawaythatmayencourageallinvestors.First,ofcourse,therearerisingpetroleumpricesandononereallybelievesthecostofnaturalgaswill(12)_godownagain.Secondly,eventastraditionalenergypricesbegintosoar,solarcostareexpectedto(13)_theirdescent.Thecostofasolarkilowatt-hourhasdeclinedfrom47centsin1990toaround21centstoday,(14)_ithasremainedstable.Thethirdforceisgovernmentsubsidies.IntheUSA,forexample,UncleSamnowgivesa30%taxcredittobusinessthatusesolarenergy-andthatsjustthe(15)_,withmuchmorestilltocome.,8.A.reportB.chargeC.dealD.responsible9.A.concernsB.personalityC.problemsD.difficulties10.A.thanB.asC.soD.more11.A.AlthoughB.NeverthelessC.DespiteD.Moreover12.A.everB.alwaysC.fastD.to13.A.moveB.goC.pushD.continue14.A.whereB.whyC.whoD.when15.A.beginB.firstC.startD.money,.,3.Whatdoesthegraphtellyouaboutsolarenergy?Doyouthinkitsagoodmomenttoinvest?,Thegraphshowsthatwhilesolarpowercoststwiceasmuchperkilowatt-hourthantraditionalenergysourcesusedonpowergridsatpresent,itscostshavebeenfallingcontinuouslysincetheearlynineties.Thelineshowingtheaveragepriceforpowerfromthegridforresidentialenergyisalsoclimbing.Ifthesetrendscontinue,solarpowermaybecomeverycompetitive,makingitagoodlong-terminvestment.,graph,.,Vocabulary:Describingtrends,Inthelasttwoparagraphsofthearticlethereareeightwordsorpairsofwordsinboldthatdescribetrends.Completethistablewiththewordsandwriteifthewordisaverb(v),noun(n)oradjective(a).,peakcrashrisinggodownsoardescentdeclineremainstable,rising,peak,soar,remainstable,crash,godown,descent,decline,.,Listening:Reasonsfortrends,1.Listentofiveinvestorsgivingadviceaboutdifferenttypesofenergy.Ineachcase,theydescribeanoveralltrend.DecidewhichtrendA-F,isbeingdescribedandwritethenumberofthespeaker.Thereisoneextratrendshown.,A_,B_,C_,D_,E_,F_,.,2.Listentothefivespeakersagainandwriteinthemissingwords.,1)isprobablyagoodlong-terminvestment_itsgrowthhasbeenslowbutfairlyconsistent2)Itsallabitupanddown_somegovernmentsaresayingnowisthetimetolookforalternativeenergies3)_puttingyourmoneyinoilcompaniesisthatquiteafewarealsodevelopingenvironmentally-friendlyfuels4)Anyway,_governmentssuddenlyrealizingforatleastthenextcenturywewontbeabletogetenoughenergyfromnaturalsources,nuclearwillprobably5)Idontpredicttheyregoingtoseemuchchangeinthenearfuture,either,_itsgoingtobeslowtodevelop.,because,duetothefactthat,Anotherreasonfor,asaresultof,as,.,S=SpeakerS1:Ithinkwindpowerisprobablyagoodlong-terminvestmentbecauseitsgrowthhasbeenslowbutfairlyconsistentoverthelastdecade,andmoreandmorewindfarmsseemtobeappearing,sosomeonemustbemakingmoneyunlessitsallcomingfromgovernmentsubsidies.SoifyoucansparesomemoneyforthenextfiftyyearsorsoI