實驗動物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafety.ppt

實驗動物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyintheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimals,黃彥智國家實驗動物中心Email:.tw,演講目的,1.讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之職業(yè)健康與安全的風險評估2.職業(yè)健康與安全應注意事項及適當?shù)姆雷o方法,職業(yè)健康與安全之定義(OccupationalHealthandSafety),Institutionalemployees,fellows,studentsandvisitorswhointhecourseoftheirworkwithresearchanimalsmightbeexposedtohazardsthatcouldadverselyaffecttheirhealthandsafety.Allindividualshavedirectcontactwithanimals,livingtissues,bodyfluids,wastes,從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害,1.Allergens2.Biologicalhazards-Zoonoticdiseases3.Physicalandchemicalhazards4.Protocolrelatedhazards,職業(yè)健康與安全(OccupationalHealthandSafety),計畫設計及管理(Programdesignandmanagement)計畫(Programs):1.Knowingthehazard2.Avoidingandcontrollingexposures3.Trainingandeducation4.Rulesandguidelines5.Consistency6.Recordkeepingandmonitoring7.Commitmentandcoordination,職業(yè)健康與安全(OccupationalHealthandSafety),管理(Management):1.Animalcareanduse2.Research3.Environmentalhealthandsafety4.Occupationalhealth5.Administrationandmanagement6.IACUCprovidelinksamongthefiveaboveinstitutionalfunctions.,動物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility),動物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility),主要過敏原RatsandMice:urineprotein,ratn1A(pre-albumin),ratn1B(a2-euglobulin),Musm1(producedinliverandsalivaandsecretedinurine,100timesinserum,male4timesfemale)Rabbits:Ag-1,fur(glycoprotein,major)；Ag-2,saliva、urine(minor)Cats:Feld1,producedinsebaceousglandsoftheskinandcoatsofthehairshafts,動物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility),預防(Prevention):1.Facilitydesign:HEPAfilter,filtertop,airchangesandHVACetc.,(RH:5477%)2.Workpractices(Workersshouldbemadeawareoftherisksandavoidexposureasmuchaspossible)3.Personalprotectiveequipment(Onceapersondevelopsallergicsymptoms,surgicaldisposablemasksareusuallynoteffective)4.Evaluationoftheallergicworkers(medicinesoravoidexposurecompletely),減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法,Ventilatedhood,biosafetycabinet,dust/surgicalmaskAnimalroomsshoulddeliveratleast10airchangesperhourDontwearyourstreetclotheswhenworkingwithanimals.Wearprotectiveclothing.Reduceyourskincontactwithanimalsbywearingglovesandlong-sleevedlabcoatsWashyourhandsfrequently.Washhands,faceandneckbeforeleavingtheworkareaAvoidtouchingyourhandstoyourfacewhileworkingwithanimalsandanimalequipmentKeepcagesandyourworkareaclean,人畜共通疾病的防治(Controlofzoonoticdiseasesintheanimalfacility),1.Engineeringcontrol(facilitydesign)2.Animalquarantineandstabilization3.Workpracticesandprocedures4.Personalprotectiveequipment5.Trainingandeducation6.RoleofthefacilitydirectorandIACUC7.Institutionalpoliciesandrules,實驗動物病原分類,A:人畜共通傳染病B:實驗動物致死病原C:非致死但可引起實驗動物發(fā)生疾病或生理功能改變D:實驗動物機緣性病原E:非病原但可為實驗動物微生物條件的指標,各種動物實驗可能風險(Risksbyanimalspecies),人畜共通傳染疾病囓齒類,Hantavirus(漢他病毒),如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(I),HantavirusesareagenusinthefamilyBunyaviridae,whicharelipid-envelopedviruseswithanegative-strandedRNAgenome.Theyaresusceptibletomostdisinfectants(e.g.,dilutehypochloritesolutions,70%alcohol,ormostgeneral-purposehouseholddisinfectants).LimitedstudieswithHantaanvirushaveshownsensitivitytoapHoflessthanorequalto5.Infectivityhasbeenreportedtopersistinneutralsolutionsforseveralhoursat37Candforseveraldaysatlowertemperatures,aswellasindriedcell-culturemediumforupto2daysThatiswhyoneofthemostimportantwaystopreventtransmittingHPSistocarefullywetdowndeadrodentsandareaswhererodentshavebeenwithdisinfectantand/orbleach.,如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(II),Laboratorytransmissionofhantavirusesfromrodentstohumansviatheaerosolrouteiswelldocumented.Exposurestorodentexcreta,freshnecropsymaterial,andanimalbeddingarepresumedtobeassociatedwithrisk.Otherpotentialroutesoflaboratoryinfectionincludeingestion,contactofinfectiousmaterialswithmucousmembranesorbrokenskin,and,inparticular,animalbites.BiosafetyLevel2(BSL-2)facilitiesandBSL-2practicesarerecommendedforlaboratoryhandlingofserafrompersonspotentiallyinfectedwiththeagentsofHPS.,如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(III),PotentiallyinfectedtissuesamplesshouldbehandledinBSL-2facilitiesCell-cultureviruspropagationshouldbecarriedoutinBSL-3containmentfacilitiesLarge-scalegrowthofthevirus,includingpreparingandhandlingviralconcentrates,shouldbeperformedinBSL-4containmentfacilities,LCMV(淋巴球性腦膜脈絡膜炎病毒),Lymphocyticchoriomeningitisvirus(LCMV)isamemberofthefamilyArenaviridae.ItisanotherRNAvirus.Wildmice,laboratorymiceandSyrianhamstersserveasimportantnaturaltransmitterstoseveralspecies,includinghumans.Thevirusisshedinurine,saliva,andmilkduringchronic,asymptomaticinfections.Ininfectedmice,verticaltransmission,thedirecttransmissionofthevirusfromparenttooffspring,isconsidered100%efficient.TwoformsofnaturalLCMinfectioninmice-1.asymptomatic,viremiawithviralshedding.-2.animalsappearnormaluntil7-10monthsofagewhenanimmunecomplexglomerulonephritisdevelops.Thenthemicebecomeemaciated,withroughhaircoatandhunchedposture,anddie.,如何在實驗室預防LCMV病毒感染,TheIFAandELISAaretheserologictestsmostpracticalforroutinescreening.BecauseofthepossibilityofviremiaandinadvertenthumanexposuretoLCMV,anoftenusedsafetymeasureistoheattheserumsampleto56Cfor30minutespriortotesting.Afterthisheatinactivationprocedure,anELISAcanbedonesafelyinaroutinemanner.IfLCMVinfectionisdetectedinacolony,thecolonyshouldbedestroyedimmediatelyforpublichealthconsiderations.Cesareanrederivationisnotanoptionbecauseofthepotentialforinuterotransmission.,人員醫(yī)療評估及預防醫(yī)學Whatimmunizationsorscreeningprogramsshouldbeincluded?,Tetanus(NLAC)Rabies?HepatitisB?(Anti-HBs)Otherimmunizations?TBtesting?Serumbanking?,動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範,Animalbiosafetylevel14一般標準操作程序工作人員設限並遵守生物安全性手冊洗手禁食個人防護設備並且不要穿戴到別的區(qū)域去污及高壓滅菌動物房舍門需往內(nèi)開且能自動關閉蟲害防制,動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範,二級以上需求人員接受處理病原訓練進出實驗室需管制受污尖銳物品需特別處理操作過程需有防護櫃動物房外張貼警告標誌人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓練空氣循環(huán)不能至其他動物房動物房須有去污滅菌鍋,動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範,三級以上需求所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護裝置下執(zhí)行動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理背扣式實驗衣鞋套或消毒池動物籠具有過濾網(wǎng)雙門走道或氣室自動式洗手臺或腳控制動物房門自動關閉且密封非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng),動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範,四級以上需求完全隔離之建築物滅菌後拋棄式動物籠門上鎖須主管或授權人員管制進出工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進出該設施並穿著類似太空裝之安全防護所有實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室門窗防碎且密封專用的非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，廢氣需經(jīng)HEPA過濾及去污或燒燬處理,物理性、化學性及研發(fā)時相關危害(Physical,ChemicalandProtocolrelatedhazards),物理性危害(Physicalhazards):1.Animalbites,scratches,kicksandrelatedhazards2.Sharpobjects:needles,brokenglassetc.,3.Flammablematerials4.Pressurevessels5.Lighting,6.Electricity7.UVradiation8.Lasers9.Ionizingradiation10.Noise11.Machinery,放射性動物試驗-依原委會規(guī)範,動物房設計及使用(獨立、不滲透材質、鉛版)動物飼養(yǎng)管理(SOP、器具清洗、廢棄物、動物組織或屍體、工作人員保護)建立可接受之污染程度範圍(實驗室、動物房、相關器材)並例行監(jiān)測實驗區(qū)域及器材(2millirem/hr)使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質暴露、監(jiān)測工作人員暴露劑量正確處置放射線廢棄物安全訓練及再教育,物理性、化學性及研發(fā)時相關危害(Physical,ChemicalandProtocolrelatedhazards),化學性危害(Chemicalhazards):1.Disinfectants,Pesticides,detergents2.Anestheticgasandchemicals3.Chemicalforpreservingtissues,formaldehyde4.PharmaceuticsMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS),物理性、化學性及研發(fā)時相關危害(Physical,ChemicalandProtocolrelatedhazards),研發(fā)時相關危害(Protocolrelatedhazards):1.Involvingchemicalsofunknownhazards2.Involvingchemicals:carcinogens,mutagensandpotentialhazards3.Involvinginfectiousagents:Levels1,2,3,and44.Proceduresandmanipulation,危害物質使用申請程序,PI送繳使用申請表給IACUC,申請使用危害物質於動物實驗之程序,申請使用危害物質於動物實驗之程序,IACUC審核通過,實驗動物中心,安全計劃書,安委會,動物飼養(yǎng)管理注意事項,員工安全訓練,PI動物實驗,實驗動物中心,實驗動物相關之環(huán)保管理,臭氣：氨氣、體臭。隔離動物室