cryogenics-in-space-制冷與低溫技術(shù)在太空的發(fā)展VIP

Cryogenicsinspace,*2012.03,-areviewofthemissionsandofthetechnologies,Contents,IntroductionApplicationsofcryogenicsinspaceCryogenicsandspacecraftengineeringKeytechnologiesConclusions,.Introduction,ThecontinuiousimprovementofcryogenicequipmenthasmadeiteasierandeasiertoachievetemperaturewellbelowtheliquefactionpointofnitrogenTherapidprogressofthelast30yearsisclearlyvisible.,Fig.1Historicaldevelopmentofcryogenictechniques.,.Introduction,Cryogenicdevices,suchassensorsandcoldelectronics,havetakenadvantageoftheprogressmadeinmaterialsscience,offeringareliableandeffectivesolutiontootherwiseunsolvableproblems.,.Applicationsofcryogenicsinspace,ScientificmissionsTelecommunicationsEarthobservationandmeteorologysatelliteCryo-electronicsLarge-scaleapplications,Scientificmissions,ScientificmissionsdominatethepresentscenarioofcryogenicsapplicationsinspaceduetotheadvantagesofferedbycryogenicphotondetectorsoverconventionalsensorsThemuchhighersensitivityThebetterenergyresolution,Overviewofphotondetectorsandrelatedoperatingtemperatures,Scientificmissions,Scientificmissions,InfraredSpaceObservatory(ISO)wasdevelopedbyESAandoperatedatwavelengthsfrom2.5to240mbetweenNovember1995andMay1998inahighlyellipticalorbit.Thesatelliteisbasedonacryostatcontainingabout2200Lofsuperfluidheliumandona0.6mdiametertelescope,feedingfourinstruments(aninfraredcamera,aphotometerandtwospectrometersworkingindifferentwavelengthranges)Theinstrumentsmadeuseofdifferentphoto-conductorsbasedonInSb,SiandGeandoperatingbetween1.8and10K.,Fig.TheISOoftheEuropeanSpaceAgency.fullyintegratedandreadyfortransporttothelaunchfacilities,Telecommunications,AlthoughsuperconductorshavezeroDCresistance,atfinitefrequenciestherearelosseswhichremainsmallerthanthoseofanormalmetalforallfrequenciesuptothemillimetrewaveregion.Inengineeringtermsthisimpliesthepossibilitytosignificantlyimprovetheenergyefficiencyofhighfrequencytelecommunicationssystemsortosignificantlyreducetheirsizeandweightwithoutincreasingtheinsertionlosses.Givenahighfrequencysystem,themorethecomponentsbenefitfromalowoperatingtemperaturethemoreattractivewillbetheselectionofacryogenicdesign.,Earthobservationandmeteorologysatellite,Severalmissionshavebeendevelopedwiththeobjectiveofmonitoringearthsnaturalenvironmentandtostudythenaturalphenomenarelatedtotheplanetwatercycle.CryogenicsisrequiredbecauseoftheutilisationofdetectorscapableofimagingtheearthsurfaceintheNIRandMIRDuetothelowaltitudeorbitsofthesesatellites,thelargethermalfluxemittedbytheearthprecludestheutilisationofpurelypassivemeans,thusobligingtomakeuseofmechanicalcoolers,Cryo-electronics,Inthelast10yearselectronicssystemsoperatingatcryogenictemperature(oftenindicatedbythetermcryoelectronics)havefoundnumerousapplicationsinseveralfields,includingflighthardwareonboardspacecrafts,Large-scaleapplications,Large-scaleapplicationsinvolvingcryogenicsinspaceincludetwomaincategories,energystorageinlargesuperconductingmagnetsandgasstoragebyliquefactionforlifesupportsystemsandpropulsionpurposes.,.Cryogenicsandspacecraftengineering,ArchitectureofcryogenicspacecraftSpacecoolersThermalinsulationandancillaryequipment,Architectureofcryogenicspacecraft,Aspacecraftisusuallycomposedofasatellitebusandapayloadmodule.Thepayloadmodulecarriesoneorseveralinstruments,whichareusedtoprocesssignalscomingfromtheearthorspace.Theinstrumentscaneitherhavetheirownopticsorshareacommonunit.Cryogenicinstallationshaveastrongimpactonthearchitectureofaspacecraftorofaninstrument.,Spacecoolers,Coolersprovideacoldheatsink,byremovingtheheatinthecoldarea,anddissipatingitinthewarmarea.Theopencyclecorrespondstotheuseofstoredcryogens;Theclosedcyclecorrespondstotheuseofmechanicalcoolers.,Spacecoolers,Thermalinsulationandancillaryequipment,InsulationtechnologyforspaceLowconductivesupportsMulti-layerinsulationV-grooveshieldsAncillarycryogenicequipmentforspaceHighthermalconductivitylinksHeatswitchesHighheatcapacitancedevicesPressure,levelandflowmeters,V.Keytechnologies,PresentsituationandfutureneedsMainissuesinvolvedandtheenvisageddevelopmentneeds.PassiveradiatorsActivecoolingsystemsTwentyKcoolersTwotofourKcoolersVLT(VeryLargeTelescope)coolers(T1K)MiniaturisationAncillaryequipmentanddevices,Technologyroad-map,InthefollowingTablewehavesummarisedthekeyareastobeexploredinthefuturetoproducesignificantadvancesinthefieldofcryogenicsforspaceapplications.,Technologyroad-map,V.Conclusions,Cryogenicshasmaderemarkableprogressoverthelast15years,movingfromlaboratoryprototypestocommercialapplicationsinseveralfields.SeveraltechnologiesneedtobeimprovedtoextendtheapplicationofcryogenicsinspaceTheeffortproducedbytheleadingspaceorganisationsshowswithoutanydoubtthatcryogenicsisgoingtoplayastrategicroleonboardfuturespace