大學(xué)英語語法--定語從句_祥解

TheAttributiveClause,Grammar,1.定語從句：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面2.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的那個名詞或代詞稱為先行詞3.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞：who,whom,whose,which,that,as等；關(guān)系副詞：where,when,why等。關(guān)系詞常有三個作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句；代替先行詞；在定語從句中充當一個成分。,4.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號和主句隔開，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語，“的”。非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。,Heisthemanthat/whowantstoseeyou.,定語從句（AttributiveClauses）定義：在主從復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。,被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫“先行詞”,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫“關(guān)系詞”,定語從句的特點：,定語從句一般都緊跟在它所修飾名詞或代詞的后面,先行詞,關(guān)系詞,(在從句中充當主語),1.位置：,2.先行詞：,3.關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）：,主語或賓語,主語或賓語,指物,指物,指人,指人,指人,指物,主語,賓語,定語,用于限制性的定語從句suchas,thesame.as.,as.as.結(jié)構(gòu)中,用于非限制性定語從句中指代整個句子，有“正如”之意。,Aletterthatiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.,指人,Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdaywasjimssister.,ThecomputerwhichisbeingusedhereismadeinBeijing.Theletter(which)Ireceivedwasfrommybrother.,Herecomesthegirlwhowantstoseeyou.,Thisistheboy(whom/who)yousawjustnow.,Tomistheboywhosemotherisalawyer.,Thebookwhosecoverisblueismine.,作賓語時可以省略,用作賓語時可以省略,可以省略,狀語,狀語,狀語,時間,地點,原因,In1998,hereturnedtothesmalltownwherehegrewup.,IstillrememberthedaywhenImethimforthefirsttime.,Thereasonwhyhemissedthespeechwasthathedidntcatchthebus.,Iwillneverforgettheday_Ifirstwenttoschool.Iwillneverforgettheday_wespentinBeijing.Thehouse_wevisitedisbeingrepairednow.Thehouse_Luxunoncelivedisbeingrepairednow.,如何判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,when,(which/that),(which/that),where,1.Theman_cametoourschoolisMr.Wang.2.Achild_parentsaredeadiscalledTom.3.Couldyoutellmethereason_youarelate.4.Idontknowtheboy_youtalkedwith.5.Beijingistheplace_Icame.6.Gonearethedays_weusedforeignoil.,鞏固性訓(xùn)練：用關(guān)系詞填空,who/that,whose,(whom/that),where,why,when,Remember:引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞關(guān)鍵要看他們在從句中作什么成份而定。或者說，假如把先行詞放到從句中是作主語、賓語還是狀語而定。,Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone,Isthisthemuseum_weheldtheexhibition?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone,例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hisisthemuseum_weheldtheexhibition.,例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hismuseumis_youvisitedafewdaysago.,(that/which),theone,where,(1)先行詞被形容詞最高級；序數(shù)詞；theonly,thevery,theright,thesame，thelast修飾時。ThisistheonlybookthatIboughttoday.(2)先行詞為all,none,much,little,few,everything,something,anything,nothing,等不定代詞時。(先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,no,little,some等修飾)Isthisallthatisleft？Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.(3)先行詞中既有人又有物時。Lookatthemanandhishorsethatarewalkingupthestreet.,關(guān)系代詞which和that的區(qū)別,在定語從句中,當先行詞指物時,下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which:,(4)先行詞在從句中作表語。Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.(5)當主句中含有疑問詞which或who時,為避免重復(fù)，常用that代替who或which。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?(6)主句以therebe開頭時ThereislittlethatIcandotomakeupforthelosttime.,1.在介詞提前的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞只能用which。ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunusedtolive.2.Which可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，that則不能。Shefailedtheexam,whichmadeherparentsveryangry.,只能用which而不能用that的情況：,限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別,as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,二者都可以引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句，指代從句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，有時可以互換。,Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.,在下列情況下一般只能用as：,(1)as放在句首，而which不能。,(2)as本身有“正如；正像”之意，而which沒有；此時as常和know,see,expect,announce,suggest,hope,believe等連用。,e.g.Asweallknow,theearthisround.,Aseverybodyknows/AsisknowntoeverybodyAswecansee，AsishopedAsisoftenthecase,AshasbeensaidbeforeAsisreportedinthenewspaper,(3)當先行詞被thesame,such修飾時，定語從句需用as引導(dǎo),e.g.Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.,thesameas(指同類的東西)thesamethat(指同一個東西),ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.,1.眾所周知，中國是世界上人口最多的國家。,Asisknowntoeveryone,Chinaisacountrythathasthelargestpopulationintheworld.,2.他戴著你昨天買的同樣手表。,Heiswearingthesamewatchasyouboughtyesterday.,Translatethefollowingtwosentences.,介詞+關(guān)系代詞,提醒:介詞關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)的定語從句,關(guān)鍵是判斷介詞的選擇.Theteacherforwhomyouarewaitingiscoming.ThisistheroominwhichLuXunusedtolive.方法一:根據(jù)從句中動詞的習(xí)慣搭配Thisisthemanwithwhomyoutalkedyesterday.方法二:根據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配Thespeedatwhichlighttravelsis3000,000kmpersecond.方法三:根據(jù)句子所需要的意思Thecolorlessgasiscalledoxygen,withoutwhichwecouldnotlive.,注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。此時關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom;不可用that或who代替,2.Whose引導(dǎo)的從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“of+關(guān)系代詞”的形式，即whose+名詞=the+n+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the+n.,Helivesintheroomwhosewindowfacessouth.,=Helivesintheroom,thewindowofwhichfacessouth.,=Helivesintheroom,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth.,Doyouknowthewomanwhosehusbandisadoctor?Thisisabookwhosecoverisgreen.,1.whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語。其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物。,whose用法及轉(zhuǎn)換形式,非限制性定語從句中，要表示先行詞的一部分時，可用“名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞+ofwhich/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)，如：e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.,1.Therearetwobuildings,_standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich解析：答案為D。thelargerofwhich指代thelargerofthetwobuildings;B選項缺少一個連詞。2.(2004遼寧卷)Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%_aresoldabroad.A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat解析：答案為A。80%ofwhich指代的是80%oftheshoes。本題意為：這家工廠每年生產(chǎn)的50萬雙鞋子有80%都是銷往國外的。,3.Therearealtogether56studentsinourclass,_isanewcomerfromamountainvillage.A.themosthard-workingofwhoB.ofwhomthemosthard-workingC.themosthard-workingofthemD.butthemosthard-workingofwhom,介詞+關(guān)系代詞,Themanwhomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitywhichshelivesisfaraway.,to,in,介詞+關(guān)系代詞,Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.,to,in,Arethesetwosentencesright?,介詞+關(guān)系代詞,Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.,to,in,Arethesetwosentencesright?,可見,who、that不能用于介詞之后,介詞+關(guān)系代詞,Isthisthewatchthatyouarelookingfor?TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter.,下面兩句中的介詞能提前嗎?,含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面，不能提前。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof，payattentionto,dependon等。,1.Doyoulikethebookshepaid$10?2.Hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.3.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_istheYellowRiver.,forwhich,throughwhich,ofwhich,練習(xí):介詞+關(guān)系代詞的使用,4.Thereisatalltreeoutside,_standsourteacher.5.Theman_Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.6.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.,underwhich,towhom,ofwhich,1.Idontliketheway_hespeaks.A.thatB.whichC.howD.who,當先行詞為way時，意為“方式，方法”，引導(dǎo)詞可以為that,inwhich或省略,使用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的問題,2.MissChenistheonlyoneofthefewteacherswho_(give)uswonderfulEnglishlessonsinourschool.,Itisoneofthebestfilmsthat_(have)beenshownrecently.,使用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的問題,定語從句中的動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致,oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)動詞,theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)動詞,gives,have,3.Letmethinkofapropersituation_thissentencecanbeused.,A、whereB、thatC、ofwhomD、which,使用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的問題,先行詞是situation,pointcase,scene,stage，一般用where,或用inwhich,4.Thisistheman_Ibelieveishonest.Weseethechildren_wethinkarehungry.,who,who,定語從句中加插入語：關(guān)系代詞和動詞之間有時有一個插入語，常用做插入語的動詞有believe,think,suppose,guess,say等解題時應(yīng)注意把插入語成分取出。,使用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的問題,5.分隔式定語從句ThereisanexpressioninhiseyesthatIcantunderstand.Afastfoodrestaurantistheplacewhere,justasthenamesuggests,eatingisperformedquickly.ThedaysaregoneforeverwhentheChinesepeoplewerelookeddownupon.,使用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的問題,定語從句有時不直接緊靠著先行詞，中間由一個定語，狀語或謂語隔開。,1.判斷關(guān)系詞2.關(guān)系代詞that或which的區(qū)別3.as和which的區(qū)別4.whose用法及轉(zhuǎn)換形式5.介詞+關(guān)系代詞6.特殊定語從句及注意事項,常見考點,1.定語從句和并列句（1）.Isawsometrees,andtheleavesofthetreeswereblackwithdisease.=Isawsometrees,theleavesof_wereblackwithdisease.（2）.Theprofessorisanordinary-lookinglittleman,onthenoseof_thereisapairofglasses,分析：是否有連詞是區(qū)分定語從句和并列句的一個關(guān)鍵。,which,whom,定語從句和其他句式的區(qū)別,2.定語從句和狀語從句(1)Thisissuchabigstone_noonecanliftit.Thisissuchabigstone_noonecanlift.(2)Pleaseputtheletterinthedrawer_hecaneasilyfindit.(=where)Pleaseputtheletter_hecaneasilyfindit.,分析：（1）句從引導(dǎo)詞來看，狀語從句中的that是連詞，在從句中不充當任何成分，而定語從句中的as在從句中要作一個成分（主語，賓語或表語）。,that,as,inwhich,where,定從,狀從,定從,狀從,3.定語從句和名詞性從句(1)Hedidall(that)hecouldtohelpme.(=what)(2)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(=what)(3)_isknowntousall,theearthturnsroundthesun.Itisknowntousall_TaiwanbelongstoChina.(4)_isknowntousallisthattheearthissmallerthanthesun.,As,that,What,定語從句,主語從句,主語從句,4.定語從句和強調(diào)句(1)Itisinthisroom_Ilivedlastyear.Itistheroom_Ilivedlastyear.(2)Itwasatsevenoclock_hewenttoschoolthismorning.Itwassevenoclock_hewenttoschoolthismorning.,分析：強調(diào)句句型：Itis/was+被強調(diào)的成份+that/who+其它部分，去掉Itis/was.that/who,句子照樣成立。而定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在句中要作一成份。,that,where,that,when,定語從句,強調(diào)句,強調(diào)句,定語從句,5.定語從句和同位語從句(1)Thenews_ourvolleyballteamwonthematchmadeusexcited.(2)Thenews_hetoldmeyesterdayisexciting.(3)Theproblem_weshouldanswerfortheaccidentiscleartoyou.(4)Theproblem_heaskedmetosolveishardtosolve.,分析：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，在從句中不充當任成份，并且引導(dǎo)的句子是說明前一名詞的內(nèi)容,在從句中不可省去，也不可用which替代。that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中充當成份，作賓語時可省去，從句起說明主句性質(zhì)和特征的作用。,that,that/which,that,that/which,定語從句,同位語從句,定語從句,同位語從句,1.ThisisthemostexcitingfootballmatchthatIhaveeverseen.,2.Idontlikethewayinwhich/that/不填youlaughedatothers.,3.Itisthethirdtimethatyouhavebeenlatethisweek.,ItisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.,4.Thereasonwhyhedidntattendthemeetingwasthathismotherwasseriouslyill.,5.Thereasonforhisfailureisthathedidntworkhard.,【疑難1】區(qū)別非限制性定語從句與并列句Hewrotealotofnovels,noneof_werepopular.Itsthesamewithhiswife.Shewrotesomeplays,butnoneof_wasasuccess.A.these;themB.which;whichC.those;whichD.which;them,【疑難剖析1】此題應(yīng)選D。很容易誤選A、B。選對該題的關(guān)鍵是：要注意前面一句的noneof沒有并列連詞(說明它才是非限制性定語從句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的noneof前有一并列連詞but(說明它與前面一句構(gòu)成并列句，所以其后填them)。,【疑難2】區(qū)別定語從句與名詞性從句Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsaroundtheearth.Itisknowntoallthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearth.Thatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthisknowntoall.Whatisknowntoallisthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearth.,疑難剖析2as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；it作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)主語從句；that引導(dǎo)主語從句；what引導(dǎo)主語從句，that引導(dǎo)表語從句。,【疑難3】區(qū)別定語從句與地點狀語從句Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamarkintheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.Pleaseputthebookintheplacewhereyougotit.Pleaseputthebookwhereyougotit.【疑難剖析3】定語從句修飾place;地點狀語從句；定語從句修飾place；地點狀語從句。,【疑難4】區(qū)別定語從句與強調(diào)句、狀語從句Itwasthissmallvillagewherewegottoknoweachother.Itwasinthissmallvillagethatwegottoknoweachother.Itwas1914whenthewarbrokeout.Itwasin1914thatthewarbrokeout.Itwas1914,whenthewarbrokeout.【疑難剖析4】定語從句；強調(diào)句；時間狀語從句；強調(diào)句；非限制性定語從句。,【疑難5】定語從句中含有插入語Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkisofgreatimportancetoscience.TheChinesegovernmenthasdecidedtodevelopthewestofChina,which,Idaresay,willbenefitthepeoplethere,especiallythosewhoarestillleadingapoorlife.【疑難剖析5】Ithink作插入語；Idaresay作插入語。,Shewillneverforgettheday_shespentinBeijing.,A、whenB、whatC、whichD、why,C,4、Thisistheschool_myfatherworked20yearsago.,A、thatB、whenC、whichD、where,D,5、Thisistheveryfactory_wevisitedlastyear.,A、thatB、whichC、whatD、theone,A,6、Thetextisoneofthemostinterestingstories_learntinthepastthreedays.,A、thathaveB、thathavebeenC、whichhasD、whichhasbeen,B,7、Thecollegewonttakeanyone_eyesightisweak.,A、whoB、whoseC、ofwhomD、which,B,8、Letmethinkofapropersituation_thissentencecanbeused.,A、whereB、thatC、ofwhomD、which,A,9、Theman_youaretalkingisinthenextroom.,A、towhomB、aboutwhomC、aboutwhoD、whom,B,10、Thisisthelastfactory_heusedtoworkat,manyworkersof_stillhaveagoodrelationshipwithhim.,A、that;itB、which;whomC、that;whichD、which;that,C,11、Those_totakepartinthegamewritedownyournames.,A、whoB、whowantC、whatwantsD、want,B,12、I，_yougoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.,A、whoisB、whatisC、whatamD、whoam,D,13、Hiswalkingstick,_hecantwalk,waslostyesterday.,A、thatB、withwhichC、whichD、withoutwhich,D,14、Theyhavedecidedtofinishtheirwork,_,Ithinkisawisechoice.,A、thatB、whatC、whichD、whether,C,15、Idontliketheway_hespoketome.,A、bythatB、whatC、bywhichD、/,D,16、Thisistheonlything_Icandonow.,A、whatB、whichC、thatD、all,C,17、Therearethreelibrariesinourschool,_werebuiltfiveyearsago.,A、allofthemB、eitherofthemC、allofwhichD、bothofthat,C,18、Hetoldmethereason_hedidntcomehere.,A、whichB、thatC、whyD、what,C,19、Thisisthereason_hetoldme.,A、thatB、whyC、onwhichD、forthat,A,定語從句練習(xí)題（1）Donttalkaboutsuchthingsof_youarenotsure.A.whichB.whatC.asD.those2.Isthisthefactory_youvisitedtheotherday?A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.theone3.Isthisfactory_someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone,4Inthedarkstreet，therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelpAthatBwhoCfromwhomDtowhom5Canyoulendmethenovel_theotherday?AthatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitCwhichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout6Thematter_youwerearguingaboutlastnighthasbeensettledAthatB.whatC.whyD.forwhich,1、Isthisthefactory_heworkedtenyearsago?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone2、Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces_couldntbefound.A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.inthat,3、Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersons_theyrememberedintheschoolAwhichBthatCwhoD.whom4、Heistheboy_fatherworksinthebank.AwhoB.whomCwhoseD.that,Ihaveboughtthesamedress_sheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what2.BobisgoodatEnglishsoIthinkheisthestudent_canhelpyou.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.what3.Weretalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist_wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that,Thegirl_anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTomssister.A.whoissingingB.issingingC.sangD.wassinging2.Those_notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn3.Isthereanything_toyou?A.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongsC.thatbelongD.whic