外文翻譯--計算機與工業(yè)機器人.doc

ComputerandIndustrialRobotsThereareavarietyofdefinitionsofthetermrobotDependingonthedefinitionused，thenumberofrobotinstallationsworldwidevarieswidelyNumeroussingle-purposemachinesareusedinmanufacturingplantsthatmightappeartoberobotsThesemachinesarehardwiredtoperformasinglefunctionandcannotberepogrammedtoperformadifferentfunctionSuchsingle-purposemachinesdonotfitthedefinitionforindustrialrobotsthatisbecomingwidelyacceptedThisdefinitionwasdeveloper)bytheRobotInstituteofAmerica：Arobotisareprogrammablemultifunctionalmanipulatordesignedtomovematerial,parts，tools，orspecializeddevicesthroughvariableprogrammedmotionsfortheperformanceofavarietyoftasksNotethatthisdefinitioncontainsthewordsrepmuammableisthesetwocharacteristicsthatseparatethetrueindustrialrobotfromthevarioussingle-purposemachinesusedinmodernmanufacturingfirmsThetermreprogrammableimpliestwothings：Therobotoperatesaccordingtoawrittenprogram，andthisprogramcanberewrittentoaccommodateavarietyofmanufacturingtasksTheterm“multifunctional”meansthattherobotcan，throughreprogrammingandtheuseofdifferentend-effectors，performanumberofdifferentmanufacturingtasksDefinitionswrittenaroundthesetwocriticalcharacteristics.becomingtheaccepteddefinitionsamongmanufacturingprofessionalsThefirstarticulatedarmcameaboutin1951andwasusedbytheUS.AtomicEnergyCommissionIn1954，thefirstprogrammablerobotwasdesignedbyGeorgeDevol.Itwasbasedontwoimportanttechnologies:（1）Numericalcontrol（NC)technology（2)RemotemanipulatortechnologyNumericalcontroltechnologyprovidedaformofmachinecontrolideallysuitedtorobotsItallowedforthecontrolofmotionbystoredprograms.Theseprogramscontaindatapointstowhichtherobotsequentiallymoves，timingsignalstoinitiateactionandtostopmovement，andlogicstatementstoallowfordecisionmakingRemotemanipulatortechnologyallowedamachinetobemorethanjustanotherNCmachineItallowedsuchmachinestobecomerobotsthatcanperformavarietyofmanufacturingtasksinbothinaccessibleandunsafeenvironmentsBymergingthesetwotechnologies，Devoldevelopedthefirstindustrialrobot，anunsophisticatedprogrammablematerialshandlingmachineThefirstcommerciallyproducedrobotwasdevelopedin1959.In1962，thefirstindustrialrobottobeusedonaproductionlinewasinstalledbyGeieralMotorsCorporation，ThisrobotwasproducedbyUnimation.Amajorstepforwardinrobotcontroloccurredin1973withthedevelopmentoftheT-3industrialrobotbyCincinnatiMilacronTheT-3robotwasthefirstcommerciallyproducedindustrialrobotcontrolledbyaminicomputer.Numericalcontrolandremotemanipulatortechnologypromptedthewide-scaledevelopmentanduseofindustrialrobotsButmajortechnologicaldevelopmentsdonottakeplacesimplybecauseofsuchnewcapabilities.SomethingmustprovidetheimpetusfortakingadvantageofthesecapabilitiesInthecaseofindustrialrobots，theimpetuswaseconomics.Therapidinflationofwagesexperiencedinthe1970stremendouslyincreasedthepersonnelcostsofmanufacturingfirmsAtthesametime，foreigncompetitionbecameaseriousproblemforUSmanufacturersForeignmanufacturer；whohadundertakenautomationonawide-scalebasis，suchasthoseinJapan，begantogainanincreasinglylargeshareoftheUSandworldmarketformanufacturedgoods，particularlyautomobiles.Zhruughavarietyofautomationtechniques，includingrobots，Japanesemanufacturers,beginninginthe1970s，wereabletoproducebetterautomobilesmorecheaplythannonatomatedUSmanufacturersConsequently，inordertosurvive，USmanufacturerswereforcedtoconsideranytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatcouldhelpimproveproductivityItbecameimperativetoproducebetterproductsatlowercostsinordertobecompetitivewithforeignmanufacturersOtherfactorssuchastheneedtofindbetterwaysofperformingdangerousmanufacturingtaskscontributedtothedevelopmentofindustrialrobotsHowever，theprincipalrationalehasalwaysbeen，andisstill，improvedproductivity.OneoftheprincipaladvantagesofrobotsisthattheycanbeusedinsettingsthataredangeroustohumansWeldingandpartingareexamplesofapplicationswhererobotscanbeusedmoresafelythanhumansEventhoughrobotsarecloselyassociatedwithsafetyintheworkplace，theycan，inthemselves，bedangerousRobotsandrobotcellsmustbecarefullydesignedandconfiguredsothattheydonotendangerhumanworkersandothermachinesRobotworkenvelopesshouldbeaccuratelycalculatedandadangerzonesurroundingtheenvelopeclearlymarkedoff.RedflooringstripsandbarrierscanbeusedtokeephumanworkersoutofarobotsworkenvelopeEvenwithsuchprecautionsitisstillagoodideatohaveanautomaticshutdownsysteminsituationswhererobotsareusedSuchasystemshouldhavethecapacitytosensetheneedforanautomaticshutdownofoperationsFault-tolerantcomputersandredundantsystemscanbeinstalledtoensurepropershutdownofroboticssystemstoensureasafeenvironmentManufacturingintothecomputeristheinformationage.Thecomputerhaslongbeeninthebusinessandmanagementhavetoawiderangeofapplications,itisasanewtoolintothefactories,butasthesteamengineinitMorethan200yearsagotomakechangesinthemanufacturingsector,asarechangestakingplaceinmanufacturing.Althoughthebasicmetal-cuttingprocessisunlikelytochangefundamentally,buttheirformoforganizationandthecontrolisboundtochange.Inonerespectcanbesaidthatthemanufacturingsectorintheprocessofcompletingacycle.FirsthandthemanufacturingindustryisthefamilyIndustry:thedesignersarethemselvesproducers,productideasandthecompletionofprocessingbythesameperson.Subsequently,theformationofthepartsOverviewoftheinterchangeabilityofthisblog,productionhasbeendividedinaccordancewithprofessionalfeaturesandtextcanbeproducedinbatchesofthousandsofthesameparts.Today,despitethedesignerandthemanufacturerisnolongerthesameperson,butforwardtotheintegratedmanufacturingsystemWay,thesetwofunctionshavebecomeincreasinglycloser.Mayhave,ironically,ahighdegreeofdiversificationinthemarketdemandfortheproducts,manufacturingmustbeincreaseproductivityandreducecosts.Demandedbyconsumerswithlessmoneytobuyhigh-qualityanddiversifiedproducts.Computerisrequiredtomeetthesekeyfactors.Itisabletoproviderapidresponsecapability,flexibilityandtomeettheonlytoolforthediversificationofthemarket.Moreover,itistherealizationofintegratedmanufacturingsystemneedtocarryoutdetailedanalysisandtheuseofaccuratedata,theonlytool.Computermaybeinthefutureisabasicconditionforbusinesssurvival,manyoftodaysenterpriseswillbeHealthHigherproductioncapacitytoreplacethecorporateportfolio.HigherproductioncapacityoftheseenterprisesareofgreatcombinationsHighquality,veryhighproductivityoftheplant.Objectiveistodesignandoperationofahighproductivityoftheside100%ofqualifiedproductionplantproducts.Auseofadvancedtechnology,competitiveworldistopromotethemanufacturingsectorbegantodomoretotheiruseofadvancedtechnology.Inordertoadapttocompetition,acompanywillmeeteachothertosomeextent,spearShieldsrequest,suchasproductdiversification,improvedquality,increasedproductivity,lowerprices.IntheireffortstomeettheseThecourserequirements,thecompanyneededatoolfortheuseofadvancedtechnology,acustomerneedstomakeRapidresponse,andresourcesfromthemanufacturingoftoolstomaximizerevenue.Computeristhetool.Becomeaveryhighquality,veryhighproductivity,thefactories,theneedforaverycomplexmiscellaneousintegratedsystem.Itisonlythroughtheuseofthecomputeronallthecomponentsofthemanufacturingindustry-design,Fabrication,assembly,qualityassurance,managementandmaterialhandlingandtransportationtocompleteintegration.計算機與工業(yè)機器人有許多關于機器人這個術語的定義。采用不同的定義，全世界各地機器人的數(shù)量就會發(fā)生很大的變化。在制造工廠中使用的許多單用途機器可能會看起來像機器人。這些機器是硬連線的，用來完成單一的工作。這種單用途的機器不能滿足被人們日益廣泛接受的關于工業(yè)機器人的定義。這個定義是由美國機器人協(xié)會提出的：機