蘇教版牛津高二英語語法總結(jié)

1、牛津高中英語模塊五第一單元一 動(dòng)詞不定式：帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式帶to-的動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)是to+動(dòng)詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以組成動(dòng)詞不定式短語。如：I was determined to be cheerful.1帶to-的動(dòng)詞不定式可以做：1）句子的主語如：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1） 賓語不足語如：I asked him t

2、o come over.2） 定語如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3） 同位語如：His intention was to cheer me up.4） 狀語如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2帶to-的動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 動(dòng)詞不定式：不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式1可用于不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞有：1）let make

3、 have（有時(shí)候）如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官動(dòng)詞：feel hear see watch如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroomWhy not visit

4、 your cousin in Japan?注：感官動(dòng)詞后可以接v-ing如：I saw her talk to her new friend. (見證談話的整個(gè)過程)I saw her talking to her new friend. (見證談話正在發(fā)生，但不一定見證整個(gè)談話過程)2當(dāng)有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，后一個(gè)不定式往往省略to。如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or w

5、atch a film?We had nothing to do but watch TV?I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞1V-ing可以充當(dāng)名詞用?？梢员挥米觯?）做主語（指一般性的動(dòng)作）如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動(dòng)作）如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3) 介詞之后如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后如：Her swimming has improve

6、d since she started training every day.注：如果所談?wù)摰娜吮容^明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復(fù)合名詞如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2以下動(dòng)詞后面接v-ingAdmit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest3以下常用詞組后面接v-ingWould you mind cannot help look forward

7、to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on如：Would you mind helping me with my homework?I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I dont feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about yo

8、ur exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4以下動(dòng)詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區(qū)別。Continue prefer begin hate like start5一些動(dòng)詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區(qū)別。在使用時(shí)要確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go onforget+ to do (事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close

9、the door when he left.Forget+ doing (事情已經(jīng)做了)如：Ill never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元一 V-ing 充當(dāng)形容詞或副詞1v-ing可作：1）定語v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時(shí)候會(huì)把一個(gè)副詞放在v-ing前。如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如：The fast-growing economy has cause

10、d environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.=People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語如：This destruction is frightening

11、.1） 賓語補(bǔ)足語如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3v-ing有完成時(shí)態(tài)，如，having worked如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environ

12、ment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短語v-ing短語可以單獨(dú)使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1v-ing短語可以表示：1）時(shí)間如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. =When

13、I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announ

14、ced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）結(jié)果如：The factory k

15、eeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2連詞+v-ing 也可以來表示時(shí)間。常用的連詞有：when whenever while once until如：We have to take environ

16、mental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3v-ing 從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4否定形式是： not+v-ing如：He sat there, not knowing what to

17、say.第三單元一 V-ed形式v-ed在句中可以充當(dāng)形容詞和副詞的用法。1v-ed可以被用作：1）定語v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名詞前的v-ed表達(dá)被動(dòng)的含義。但有些v-ed 表達(dá)過去的含義，如，escaped retired fallen。比較下面的短語：表被動(dòng)：the highly praised scientist ( Th

18、e scientist has been highly praised.)表過去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.)有時(shí)候可以把副詞放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachersv-ed 可以和副詞或名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如：underdeveloped region handmade furniturev-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I thi

19、nk the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補(bǔ)足語如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2v-ed可以接在動(dòng)詞后面表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：stand sit lie如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She la

20、y there and was trapped.)二 V-ed短語v-ed短語可以是v-ed單獨(dú)使用，也可以后面接賓語和/或狀語。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1表被動(dòng)的v-ed短語可以表示：1）時(shí)間如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied

21、a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3) 條件如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split in

22、to several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2v-ed形式有一個(gè)邏輯主語。在上述例子中，邏輯主語都是主句的主語。如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical sciencethe woman who was shocked by the articlethe cell tissue which is treated with electricity所有這些主語都

23、跟主句的主語一致。三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞1v-ing形式用來描述某人或某物給人造成某種感覺，在意義上通常是主動(dòng)的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2v-ed形式用來表達(dá)我們對(duì)某人或某事的感覺，在意義上通常是被動(dòng)的，因?yàn)樗硎疚覀儽灰粋€(gè)動(dòng)作所影響。如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The

24、boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語模塊六第一單元時(shí)態(tài)的概要1：現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)可以用來談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在的時(shí)間，包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。1我們用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)摚?）現(xiàn)在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she u

25、ses a thing, called a prop.2我們用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)摚?）現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I dont understand why I am not losing weight!2）現(xiàn)在正在被計(jì)劃，但在將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，和always一起使用

26、，通常帶有否定的附加含義如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)撨^去和現(xiàn)在是如何聯(lián)系起來的。它用于：1）重復(fù)的經(jīng)歷。如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發(fā)生的事情，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的事情。如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer

27、!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）過去開始，但現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的事情。如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)搹倪^去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的事情。如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curta

28、ins finally openthe audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元時(shí)態(tài)的概要2：過去和將來時(shí)態(tài)過去時(shí)態(tài)用來談?wù)撨^去的事情，包括一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，過去完成時(shí)態(tài)等。1我們用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)摪l(fā)生在過去并且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2我們用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)摪l(fā)生在過去，并且持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的事情。如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents pr

29、oud.3我們用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)摚?）在過去的過去發(fā)生并且在過去的某一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前就已經(jīng)結(jié)束的事情。如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2) 在過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的同時(shí)所發(fā)生的事情。如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.將來的時(shí)態(tài)用來討論將

30、來的事情，包括一般將來時(shí)態(tài)，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，過去將來時(shí)態(tài)等。1我們用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)來討論將來將要發(fā)生的事情。如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：1）will shall （用于提供有關(guān)將來的信息）如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do （用于談?wù)搶淼挠?jì)劃和意圖）如：Toda

31、y, Im going to talk about how to find happiness.2我們用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)撌加趯聿⑶乙掷m(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3我們用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)撛谶^去的時(shí)間被提起的時(shí)候發(fā)生在將來的事情。如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元非真實(shí)條件句非真實(shí)條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實(shí)的或是想象的。1我們用

32、非真實(shí)條件句來闡述不真實(shí)的或想象的一個(gè)現(xiàn)在的條件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2我們用非真實(shí)條件句來指代一個(gè)想象的過去的動(dòng)作。如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abu

33、t!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3我們用非真實(shí)條件句來談?wù)撓胂蟮膶淼那闆r。如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4非真實(shí)條件句的構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在 If was/were/did , would/could/might do過去 If had been/done , would/could/might have done將來

34、If was/were/did , would/could/might do注：would，could，might經(jīng)常可以互換，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意圖，計(jì)劃；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性非真實(shí)條件句還有幾點(diǎn)需要注意：1在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經(jīng)常用到。如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2在表將來的非真實(shí)條件句中，還可以用were to/should如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I woul

35、d have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3在非真實(shí)條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were， had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you wo

36、uld be there much sooner.4在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實(shí)的條件。如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元非真實(shí)條件句：其它情況非真實(shí)條件句還有以下其它情況。1當(dāng)主句是有關(guān)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情，而從句是有關(guān)過去發(fā)生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would

37、know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2我們用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 開頭的短語來替代if條件句，來表達(dá)隱含的條件的意思。如：With (if I had) more money, I could help more people in need.Without (If we didnt have) the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on proj

38、ects would not be encouraged.But for the ( If there was no ) help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.Im too busy now, otherwise/or (If I werent so busy) I would help you do the work.3我們也可以用even if， as if，as though，if only 來引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件句。如：I would never go there even if

39、 I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4Wish和would rather后面可以表達(dá)非真實(shí)的情況。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadnt told me about it.牛津高中英語模塊七第一單元一

40、介詞介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達(dá)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，行動(dòng)等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1時(shí)間介詞at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用來表示時(shí)間。At后接點(diǎn)時(shí)間，in后接段時(shí)間，on后接具體某一天。For用來表示某事延續(xù)了多長時(shí)間，by指的是不晚于什么時(shí)間（到 為止），since指從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間到稍晚的某個(gè)時(shí)間或現(xiàn)在為止。其它表示時(shí)間的介詞還有during，after，before，between，from， until等。如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular

41、 public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我們經(jīng)常說in the morning/afternoon/evening,但當(dāng)談?wù)摼唧w的早上，下午和晚上時(shí)，則要用on，如on Sunday morni

42、ng on the afternoon of 5th June.2地點(diǎn)介詞at，in和on是表示地點(diǎn)的介詞。At后接小地方或一個(gè)場合，in后接大地方，on表示在某個(gè)東西的表面。其它表示地點(diǎn)的介詞還有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。如：Ill meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50year

43、s before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3行動(dòng)介詞介詞to經(jīng)常用來表示行動(dòng)，意思是“朝著方向”。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介詞短

44、語介詞可以和動(dòng)詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構(gòu)成介詞短語。1介詞與動(dòng)詞連用許多介詞可以跟動(dòng)詞連用構(gòu)成詞組，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model. Do you have any in store?The British Association for the Advancement of Science

45、will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2介詞與名詞連用介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products w

46、ere delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale?There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This

47、 technology is quite up to date.注：當(dāng)up to date出現(xiàn)在名詞前時(shí)，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products3介詞與形容詞連用一些介詞可以和形容詞連用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is sati

48、sfied with her new job.第二單元?jiǎng)釉~短語動(dòng)詞短語是由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞加副詞或介詞構(gòu)成的。動(dòng)詞+副詞：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.動(dòng)詞+介詞：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great drug of the 20th century.在使用動(dòng)詞短語時(shí)有一些規(guī)則需要注意：1在動(dòng)詞短語里，副詞可以放在名

49、詞的前面或后面。如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2動(dòng)詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3在有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面如：Doctors are looking into th

50、e case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4有時(shí)候動(dòng)詞短語里的副詞后會(huì)接一個(gè)介詞。如：How can you put up with this for so long?It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1 動(dòng)詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：動(dòng)詞詞組 含義 例句try out test Dont try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing somethi

51、ng Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc. after a meal She is washing up in the kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Lets talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick do

52、g.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 oclock.6許多動(dòng)詞短語的意思不止一個(gè)，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個(gè)意思：1）能夠看見或聽見某事如：It was too dark, and I couldnt make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）如：I cant make out what the article says.3) 闡述可能不是正確的事情如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三

53、單元系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態(tài)的成分的動(dòng)詞。最常用的系動(dòng)詞是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”如：The information is true and acute.1Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動(dòng)詞。如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to

54、us during our project.You shouldnt keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2感官動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，sound， taste， feel，look，smell如：That sounds wonderful, but some peop

55、le claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard days work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3暗指變化的詞是系動(dòng)詞：turn，go，fall，

56、grow，get，become如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you dont allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1 大多數(shù)情況下，系動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞。但有時(shí)也接名詞或介詞短語。如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solv