語言學(xué) 超音段特征課件

1、語言學(xué) 超音段特征,welcome to our class,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,2.5 Suprasegmentals,Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,語音單位在語流中有前后的順序, 它們的組合呈線形的, 稱線性組合。,據(jù)線性組合的先后順序切分出來的語音單位, 各占一定的時(shí)間段落, 所以也稱音段。,語流中最小的音段是音位, 因此音位也稱音段音位( segmental phonemes ), 即元音(vowels

2、)和輔音(consonants)。,但是在實(shí)際語流中, 語音成素還有一種非線性的共時(shí)組合。當(dāng)音位前后連綴組合成較大的音段時(shí), 往往具有原來所沒有的某種語音成素作為它的特征及組成部分。這種較大音段所具有的語音成素超越了原來的較小音段的線性組合, 因而具有超音段的性質(zhì)。因此我們?cè)谶@里要研究超音段特征。,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,For example instinct instikt(本能) television teli,vin （電視）,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,2.5.1 The Syllable Structure,monosyllable: with one syllable, like cat a

3、nd dog Polysyllable: with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,A syllable must have a nucleus or peak,Usually, a vowel plays the part of a nucleus,Sometimes, a consonant plays the part of a nucleus,Table teibl /tei/ /bl/,m,n bottom btm cotton ktn,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,Syllable (cracked)

4、,O(nset),R(hyme),N(ucleus),Co(da),k,r,k,t,Syllable structure,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable A syllable with coda is a closed syllable,Open syllable and closed syllable,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three c

5、onsonants, while the coda position may be filled by as many as four consonants. aim eim spread spred sixthssikss,English (C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C),Chinese (C)v(C),語言學(xué) 超音段特征,Maximal onset principle,When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.,Nationa

6、l nnl,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,2.5.2 stress,Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line ( ) is often used before the syllable it relates to.,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,Stress relative notion,stressed syllables vs unstressed syllables At the word level At the sentence

7、level,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,At the word level, it only applies to the words with at least two syllables. For long words, there are often two stressed syllables primary stressed and secondary stressed syllables.,eg. communication k,mju:nikein epiphenomenal ,epifnminl,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,At the sentence level,In general si

8、tuation, notional words are normally stressed while structural words are unstressed. eg. I was thinking of you all the time. In principle, stress may fall on any word or any syllable to express emphasis, surprise ect. eg. John bought a red bicycle.,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,John bought a red bicycle. John bought a

9、red bicycle. John bought a red bicycle. John bought a red bicycle.,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,2.5.3 Intonation,* Intonation refers to the total pattern of pitch changes ,i.e., the rising and falling of the voice when a person is speaking, within an utterance. Types of intonation patterns: rising, falling and falling

10、-rising,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,The rising tone at the end is often used for asking yes-no questions and showing politeness or surprise.,e.g. Are you sure? Excuse me?,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,The falling tone is often used for complete sentence.,I am very pleased with it.( 陳述句) What are you reading?（特殊疑問句） Hands up, please.（祈使句

11、） Do you want a cup of coffee or tea?（選擇疑問句） But the falling tone sometimes leads to rudeness and abruptness.,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,The fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.,e.g. She is beautiful. -isnt her name Mary? -No, Jenny.,語言學(xué) 超音段特征,2.5.4 Tone,Chinese is