英語中的否定

1、英語中的否定一、否定概念1否定的基本特征：含有否定詞（語）。例如： not, never, seldom, hardly, nor, no, few, , neither, none, nothing, nobody, without, but, except含有否定詞綴的詞，也是一種否定意義的表達(dá)手段。但不屬于否定結(jié)構(gòu)或否定句。2否定范圍否定范圍指否定意義在句中涉及的范圍。一般講，從否定詞開始到句末，或到表示停頓的標(biāo)點(diǎn)為止。在口語中，句末用升調(diào)，表示修飾形狀語在否定范圍之內(nèi)，反之則在范圍之外。下列句子的劃線部分是否定范圍：（1）I didnt see Jack in the cinema y

2、esterday.（2）None of them passed the exam.（3）I didnt go there because I was afraid of him. （4）I didnt go there, because I was afraid of him. （我沒去那兒，因?yàn)槲遗滤?。）句?）在書面語中意義不明確：可能是“我沒去那兒，因?yàn)槲遗滤保?也可能是“我去那兒并不是因?yàn)榕滤?。所以最好避免，或改寫成句?）和句（5）兩個(gè)意思不同但明確的句子。 （5）I did go there not because I was afraid of him. 3. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移 從結(jié)

3、構(gòu)上看， not通常用于否定動(dòng)詞。但實(shí)際意義上講，not真正要否定的焦點(diǎn)可能是否定范圍中的其他成分。這種情況稱為否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如： （6）Shut up. I didnt come to listen to your stupid excuse.= (7) I came here not to listen to your excuse. (8) I dont think it will rain tomorrow. = (9) I think it will not rain tomorrow. (10) I do not go to school by bike everyday.= (11

4、) I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday.二、常見的否定手法1全句否定和局部否定 （也稱“一般否定和特指否定”）11 全句否定(general negation)：結(jié)構(gòu)上not, never否定謂語或no否定名詞。（12）They are not interested in these subject. (13) You cant take these books out of the reading-room. (14) There is no time to be lost.12 局部否定(special negation)：n

5、ot 置于某個(gè)特定對(duì)象之前。（15）You must always remember not to become conceited. (16) The moon gives no light of its own.局部否定用得很少，通常采用全句否定形式。但可以通過否定轉(zhuǎn)移來達(dá)到局部否定的目的。例如，句（17）比句（18）更自然：（17）I wont stay here for long.：（18）I will stay here but not for long.但有時(shí)用全句否定會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義：（19）It didnt rain all the month. 句末用升調(diào)，表示否定轉(zhuǎn)移至狀語：是下

6、雨了，但沒有整整下一個(gè)月。句末用降調(diào)時(shí)，not否定rain：整整一個(gè)月沒下雨。如果將狀語置于句首，原句改為All the month it didnt rain，則all the month處于否定范圍之外，not 只能否定rain，意思也就明確了。采用局部否定也可避免類似的歧義。例如：（20）It rained not all the month but for part of the month.有時(shí)全句否定和局部否定意義全然不同：（21）He didnt try to mention it to Tom. 他不想對(duì)Tom提起這件事情。 (22) He tried not to menti

7、on it to Tom. 他盡量不對(duì)Tom提這件事。 否定的前綴、后綴也是一種局部否定，但從結(jié)構(gòu)上講，不屬于否定句結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，在含有這類詞的句子后，附加疑問句中用否定。如：It is unimportant, isnt it?2全體否定和部分否定21 全體否定(absolute negation) 含有no, none以及neither, never等否定詞，或every, all與帶有否定詞綴的詞連用時(shí)，均為全體否定： (23) No one can do it. (24) Neither of the sisters is good-looking. (25) All these sta

8、rs are invisible to naked eyes. (26) Every plan he has made in impossible to carry out. （27）I looked everywhere for the cell phone, but it could be found nowhere.22 部分否定(partial negation) not與下列詞語連用時(shí)，具有部分否定意義：both, all, every, every-, always, entirely, wholly等。例如： (28) I dont wholly agree with you._

9、(29) All that glitters is not gold. (30) Both of his parents are at home. (31) Not everything he says is right. 但這些詞語否定的前綴連用時(shí)，意為全部否定。如：（32）All this is unnecessary.3雙重否定和重復(fù)否定31雙重否定（double negation） 雙重否定時(shí)止，同一結(jié)構(gòu)中用一個(gè)否定詞否定另一個(gè)否定詞（也包括否定前綴詞）。兩個(gè)否定詞互相抵消。雙重否定通常強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)肯定的意思。（33）He doesnt lend his books to nobody.

10、(34) I didt do it for no reason. (35) We are not unprepared for the outcome of the conference. (36) He never came without asking for money. (37) I can not but admire his courage. (38) They couldnt help laughing at the joke.32重復(fù)否定(repeated negation)重復(fù)否定是指用兩個(gè)（以上）的否定詞連續(xù)否定一個(gè)意思，所以就加強(qiáng)了否定的意義。其一般形式是：否定的謂語+否

11、定的賓語；否定的主語+否定的謂語：（39）I dont know nothing about the matter. (=I dont know anything about it.) (40) We wont lose nothing by it. (=We wont lose anything) (41) Nobody hardly took notice of him. (=Nobody took notice of him)重復(fù)否定在早期英語里很普遍，因?yàn)樵~的重復(fù)是正常的修辭手段。在現(xiàn)代英語里，不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言。但在口語中仍不少。尤其是教育程度不高的人群中。4延續(xù)否定（resumptive

12、 negation） 用 notnot /neither / nor (42) Ill not do such a thing, not I. (同一主語)(43) You cannot do it, nor can I, nor can anyone else. （不同主語）(44) But Oliver did not come that day; nor the next day,; nor the next after that; nor for many ,many days after. （連續(xù)否定多個(gè)狀語）(45) It was not surprise, nor disappo

13、intment, nor anger, not any of the expressions that Della had been prepared for. 用 to say nothing of, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone, still less, much less +名詞(后三個(gè)短語也可接動(dòng)詞)， 表示“（連都不，）更別說了?！?46) He doesnt like music, still less dancing.(47) He does not speak English well, to say nothing of

14、 German or French.(48) She cant afford to buy a bicycle, let alone a car. （CIDE）(49) Are you getting a new car this year? You must be joking! I cant afford to pay my bills, let alone buy a new car! (CIDE)(50) At the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, much/still less an aircraft.5半否定(s

15、emi-negation) 用hardly, seldom, rarely, scarcely, few, little, almost not / no; (51) He seldom went out on Sundays.(52) It is hardly possible, is it?(53) Few believed it, did they?(54) He is interested in almost nothing except computer games.6. 排除否定 (excluded negation) 用allbut, everybut, anything but

16、等。(55) All the people at the meeting agreed but Jack.(56) I d like to do everything except housework.(57) He is anything but a good teacher. 在否定句中用but/except則成了肯定的意思：Nobody except Bill can do it.7. 強(qiáng)勢(shì)否定（emphatic negation）強(qiáng)勢(shì)否定實(shí)際上就是加強(qiáng)否定的語氣。71 使用副詞：certainly, simply, just, absolutely等用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)之前。 You just

17、 dont listen, do you? I told you youd burn yourself if you touched that pan, didnt I?No one wants to buy these toys - we just cant sell them.Look here, my (dear) boy, this simply wont do.It is absolutely impossible to finish the work within a week.72 使用介詞短語：in no way, by no means, at no time等。It is

18、by no means certain that we will be able to move to our new office in June.I would like to point out that I am in no way connected with them.At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.73 在not后使用single, at all, a bit, in the least, the slightest 等表示“微量”的詞語。He

19、didnt have a single word about it.I am not in the least tired.If an accident happens to him I will not surprised at all.7.4 用the last表示“最不”。He is the last person to do such a thing. 他是最不可能做這種事情的人。Housework is the last thing that I want to do.Bill was the last person that Kate wanted to see.三、否定結(jié)構(gòu)中的用

20、詞問題1 非肯定詞英語中有些詞義相近的詞語，有的只用于肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為“肯定詞（assertive words）”；有些只用于非肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為“非肯定詞(non-assertive words)”。如：非肯定詞any, any-, yet, either, at all, ever肯定詞some , some-, already, still, as well, too, either, once注： 非肯定結(jié)構(gòu)指：否定，疑問，條件。 ever可用在以下的肯定意義中： This is the most beautiful city that I have ever been to. 非肯定詞用于

21、含有not, never, hardly等詞的否定句時(shí)，不可置于否定詞之前。以下是誤句：（葛著DEU） Either of them is not a doctor. (應(yīng)改為：Neither of them is a doctor.) Anybody cannot do it. (應(yīng)改為：Nobody can do it. )2情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may, can, must 這三個(gè)詞用于否定句時(shí)，意思大相徑庭。 He may not come this afternoon. （他可能不來） He cannot come this afternoon. （他不可能來） He mustnt come th

22、is afternoon. （不準(zhǔn)他來）3almost和nearly almost后可接nobody, nothing等否定詞，nearly則不行；可以說not nearly（遠(yuǎn)非），但almost前不能用否定詞。 There was almost nothing in the fridge. There is almost no possibility of our winning the lottery. Theres not nearly enough (= There is much too little) food for all these people! Shes not nea

23、rly as beautiful as you said she was.4在非肯定句中用 long，在肯定句中用（for）a long timeHave you been waiting long?I waited (for) a long time.She seldom stay out long.He didnt speak for long. (PEU)It takes a long time to get to her house.一個(gè)疑問：在否定句中，for long與long是否等同? PEU的例句似乎表明等同，但敘述時(shí)似乎并沒有等同的態(tài)度。 注意以下特殊情況 long與too, enough, so, as等詞連用時(shí)，可用于肯定句：I have been working here too l