2016年職稱英語(yǔ)理工-B 新增短文

1、.Common Questions about DreamsDoes everyone dream?Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large muscles

2、of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. _1_ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.Do people remember their dreams?A few people remember their dreams. However, most

3、people forget nearly everything that happened during the night dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. _2_ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing

4、to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.Are dreams in color?Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ： They dont usually remember the details of their dreams, or they dont notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. _3_Do dreams h

5、ave meaning?Scientists continue to debate this issue. _4_ Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. Its also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas f

6、rom dreams.How can I learn to understand my dreams?The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams th

7、at many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stu

8、ffed elephant. _5_ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you.詞匯： vivid /vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生動(dòng)的，逼真的lid /lid/ n. 眼瞼（=eyelid)motive /mutiv/ n. 動(dòng)機(jī)stuffed /stft/ adj.

9、填充的，塞滿了的注釋：1. back and forth：來(lái)回地，反復(fù)地。2. bring it back：回憶起它來(lái)。bring back：使回憶起來(lái)，帶回來(lái)、拿回來(lái)，使恢復(fù)。3. Scientists continue to debate this issue. 科學(xué)家們不斷地討論這個(gè)問題。“debate”作動(dòng)詞“爭(zhēng) 論，辯論，討論”講，既可以是不及物動(dòng)詞也可以是及物動(dòng)詞，作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)常與 “about/ on/upon” 搭配。練習(xí)：AHowever, people who spend time thinking about their dreams believe that they

10、 are meaningful and useful.BThe final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes.C People who are very aware of color when they are awake probably notice color more often in their dreams.D Our most powerful dreams dont happen during deep sleep.E To learn to understand your dreams, think about what ea

11、ch part of the dream means to you or reminds you of.F Sometimes, though, people suddenly remember a dream later in the day or on another day.答案與題解：1. B 文中第一部分主要介紹快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期，而且前一句正好提到每晚快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期的間隔時(shí)間、出現(xiàn)頻率及其持續(xù)時(shí)間的情況。2. F 題目所在的前一句提到大多數(shù)人會(huì)忘記晚上所發(fā)生的幾乎所有事情，而后一句中又提到人們對(duì)夢(mèng)的記憶好像沒有完全丟失，由此可以推斷出中間這一句應(yīng)該說(shuō)的是人有時(shí)會(huì)記起自己的夢(mèng)。3. C

12、文中第三部分提到夢(mèng)是彩色的，前面主要講的是人們可能意識(shí)不到這個(gè)問題以及意識(shí)不到的原因，由此可以推斷后面應(yīng)該會(huì)提到那些可以意識(shí)到這個(gè)問題的人。因此，答案為C。4. A 文中第四部分講的是夢(mèng)的意義，縱觀六個(gè)選項(xiàng)與部分主題相關(guān)的只有選項(xiàng)A，而且后面主要提到人們會(huì)利用夢(mèng)做些什么，這也就意味著人們會(huì)思考他們的夢(mèng)而且相信夢(mèng)是有意義的。5. E 由第五部分的標(biāo)題就可以鎖定選項(xiàng)E，而且后一句講的是要尋找夢(mèng)與現(xiàn)實(shí)的聯(lián)系，正好與選項(xiàng)E的意思相吻合。Baby TalkBabies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones

13、 is only eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. When lie is hungry, he opens and closes his hand. This means milk. He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more. Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him to si

14、gn. They say a word and make a sign at the same time. They repeat this again and again. When _1_ Ryans parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them. Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia. Although Garcia was not from a deaf

15、 family, he decided to learn American Sign Language (ASL). First, he took courses in ASL. Then he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people. In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants. He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearin

16、g children. _2_ When they were one year old, they could use as many as 50 signs. Garcia decided to try something new. He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf. The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven months old. _3_ More and more parents took Garcias ASL cl

17、asses. Like Ryans family, they were excited about signing with their babies. They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words. Some people worry about signing to babies. They are afraid that these babies wont feel a need to talk. Maybe they will develop spoken

18、 language later than other babies. _4_ In fact, one study found just the opposite. Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children. As they grow older, these children are more interested in books. They also score higher on intelligence tests1. There is still a big question for p

19、arents: Which are the best signs to teach their babies? Some parents make their own signs. Other parents want to teach ASL. _5_ Theres no clear answer, but we do know this: All signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot!詞匯： normally /n:m()li/ adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地infant /infnt / n. 嬰兒；幼兒；未

20、成年人communicate /kmju:nikeit/ 通信；交流；感染opposite /pzit/ adj. 相反的；n. 對(duì)立面，反義詞注釋：1. intelligence test：智力測(cè)試練習(xí)：A However, research does not show this.B All parents want to teach babies to sign.C Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.D These babies started using signs about two months later.E It

21、 can be useful because many people understand it.F They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.答案與題解：1. C 第二段主要是討論Ryan學(xué)習(xí)手語(yǔ)的過(guò)程，當(dāng)他學(xué)會(huì)一種新的手勢(shì)時(shí)，父母非常高興。2. F 這一段講的是嬰兒在學(xué)習(xí)手語(yǔ)過(guò)程中的共同規(guī)律。題目前一句講Garcia注意到學(xué)習(xí)手語(yǔ)的嬰兒比普通嬰兒更早開始交流，后一句講嬰兒1歲時(shí)能使用的手勢(shì)多達(dá)50種，因此，此處應(yīng)填“這些嬰兒從8個(gè)月起就開始用手語(yǔ)交流”。3. D 這一段講有些家庭在嬰兒六七個(gè)月的時(shí)候開始教他們

22、手語(yǔ)。D選項(xiàng)中的these babies指代這些嬰兒，符合題意。4. A 前文講有些人擔(dān)心嬰兒學(xué)習(xí)手語(yǔ)會(huì)導(dǎo)致其會(huì)話能力發(fā)展緩慢，后文講的是研究表明并不是這樣，因此空格處應(yīng)填表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子。5. E E選項(xiàng)是對(duì)前文中ASL的解釋，ASL是通用手語(yǔ)，因此能被更多的人理解。選項(xiàng)中的it即指代ASL。The Apgar TestThe baby was born at 3:36 p. m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.Ano

23、ther baby, born at 8:24 p. m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. _1_ He called for help1. These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. _2_ Most babies take t

24、wo tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a babys score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. Its a test that shows a babys health right after it is born. The

25、 Apgar test measures things such as a babys color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2. _3_ A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many cha

26、llenges because she was the first woman in the program. However, she was one of the best students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients2.Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3. During her studies, she learned how to give pat

27、ients anesthesia. _4_ In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbias medical school, she created her simple test. She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953.

28、Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world. In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a masters degree in public health. _5_ Today, the Apgar test

29、is still used all over the world. Newborn babies dont know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.詞匯： diagnose /daignuz/ vt. & vi. 診斷（疾病）anesthesiology /,nis,izildi/ n. 麻醉學(xué)anesthesia /,nisizi/ n. 麻醉 注釋：1. called for help：需要幫助，求救。call for：需要，要求，提倡；來(lái)找

30、（某人），來(lái)?。澄铮?。2. she started treating patients：她開始治療病人。treat sb.有三種意思，分別是“對(duì)待某人”“治療某人”和“款待某人”。treat作“治療”講，是普通用語(yǔ)的治療，意義廣泛，cure多用于疾病方面，heal多用于創(chuàng)傷或外傷方面。3. at the time：當(dāng)時(shí)，在那時(shí)。同義短語(yǔ)有at that point, at that time, on the occasion。練習(xí)：A Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.B She spent the rest

31、of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.C A score of 10 is uncommon.D The doctor was worried.E They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.F Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.答案與題解：1. D由

32、第二段的前半部分可知這個(gè)嬰兒三次健康測(cè)試的分?jǐn)?shù)都不理想，而且最后一句提到他需要救助，說(shuō)明他的情況不容樂觀，所以醫(yī)生應(yīng)該擔(dān)心。因此，答案為D。2. E第三段中第二句話提到這項(xiàng)測(cè)試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問題，即醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)測(cè)試結(jié)果判斷新生兒的健康狀況。因此，答案為E。3. A順承本段倒數(shù)第二句的句意可知選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C都可以，但選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)10分的成績(jī)不常見，這一點(diǎn)由全文其他地方推斷不出來(lái)。因此，答案為A。4. F本段第二句話最后提到阿普加學(xué)習(xí)給病人實(shí)施麻醉，而選項(xiàng)F講的是麻醉是什么，正好與本段第二句話句意吻合。因此,答案為F。5. B本段主要講的是阿普加幫助新生兒的愿望以及她為此所做的努力，縱觀六個(gè)選項(xiàng)

33、符合段意的只有選項(xiàng)B。因此，答案為B。Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet JobJohn Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. Hes the official taster for Edys Grand Ice Cream, one of the nations best-selling brands. Harrisons taste buds are insured for $1 million. _1_ And when he isnt doing that, he tra

34、vels, buying Edys in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor. After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isnt all Cookies n Cream a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, its extremely hard work, which r

35、equires discipline and selflessness. For one thing, he doesnt swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. _2_ Then he breathes in gently to b

36、ring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach m

37、akes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors. During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. _3_ Harrisons family has

38、been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. _4_ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4,

39、 the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year. Edys ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selli

40、ng variety in the United States. _5_ “Its a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.詞匯： taste bud 味蕾texture /tekst/a/ n. 質(zhì)地aroma /rum/ n. 芳香vanilla /vml/ n. 香草注釋：1. in one way or another：以某種方式,用這樣或那樣的方式2. has spent his entire life with it：為此他已付出一生。spend.with sth.：花（時(shí)間等）在某事上3. on these occasions：在這種場(chǎng)合下4.

41、 by comparison：相比之下練習(xí)：A However, you should never call it plain vanilla.B He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert.C Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.D This is a small price to pay for what he calls the worlds best job.E In his younger days, he would hel

42、p out at the ice cream factory his uncle owned.F He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edys headquarters in Oakland, California.答案與題解：1. F文中第一段講了Harrison的工作情況。后文提到他休假時(shí)的情況，所以此處應(yīng)為對(duì)他工作狀態(tài)的介紹。2. C第二段主要介紹了他工作時(shí)品嘗冰淇淋的過(guò)程。前文介紹了剛?cè)肟谥械那闆r，此處應(yīng)該是后續(xù)介紹。3. D第四段講了他為此工作做出的犧牲。4. B此處前文講到他仍然愛吃冰淇淋，所以此處B選項(xiàng)最符合原文。5. A根據(jù)后文講“

43、香草是一種復(fù)雜的口味”可以推斷此處應(yīng)為A選項(xiàng)。 Primer on SmellIn addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. _1_ “Whether we

44、 realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed. Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “Its a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is

45、 burning, everyone in the house knows it. With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Lets say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. _2_ Now lets imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldnt need to identify

46、the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts? That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans hav

47、e roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. _3_ Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain its a pea-sized object

48、. In a mouse, its a little bigger. Its bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute? Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any an