定從講解 2.ppt

1、2013高考英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)系列課件,制作人：黃曉云,02定語從句,（一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語,1.定語從句： 修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。,2.先行詞： 被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。,3.關(guān)系詞： 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。,關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 關(guān)系代詞有: who, whom, whose, that, which, as等 關(guān)系副詞有: when, where, why,定語從句三要素,1. 先行詞A（名詞/代詞） 2. 關(guān)系詞B（9=6+3） 3. 從句C,定語從句= 先行詞A+關(guān)系詞B+從句C,關(guān)系詞的三個(gè)原則,1. 等同原則： 關(guān)系

2、詞在意義上失去原本的代詞意義而等同于其前的先行詞； 2. 替代原則： 關(guān)系詞在句法功能上代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)相應(yīng)的成分； 3. 還原原則： 將關(guān)系詞換成先行詞，然后還原到定語從句中.,關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用： A.引導(dǎo)定語從句； B.代替先行詞； C.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。,The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.,主句：The man is a policeman.,從句：The man is shaking hands with my father.,關(guān)系詞who(意義上等同句法上代替作主語）=the

3、 man,The man is a policeman.,The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.,（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1.who 指人，在定語從句中作主語，不能省略。,The boys who are playing football are from Class One.,Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.,Yesterday I helped an old man wh

4、o had lost his way.,That is the teacher who teaches us physics.,2. whom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷裕部捎蓋ho代。,Mr Liu is the person ( whom/who ) you talked about on the bus.,Li Ming is just the boy ( whom/who ) I want to see.,The professor ( whom/who ) you are waiting for has come.,The girl ( whom/who ) the tea

5、cher often praises is our monitor.,注意：關(guān)系代詞 whom 在口語或非正式文體中?？捎?who 來代替，也可省略。,The man ( whom / who ) you met just now is my old friend.,3. which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。,Football is a game which is liked by most boys.,The factory which makes computers is far away from here.,He likes to read books whi

6、ch are written by foreign writers.,The house which is by the lake looks nice.,This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.,The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.,4that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who 或 whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷浴?The number of people who /that come to

7、visit this city each year reaches one million.,Where is the man whom / that I saw this morning?,The person whom /that you introduced to me is very kind.,The season which / that comes after spring is summer.,Yesterday I received a letter which / that came from Australia.,5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。

8、意義為“先行詞的”. Whose +名詞(先行詞指人） =of whom the+名詞 =the +名詞 of whom,.,He has a friend whose (朋友的）father is a doctor. Whose father= of whom the father =the father of whom,I visited a scientist whose （科學(xué)家的）name is known all over the country. whose name=of whom the name =the name of whom,I once lived in the h

9、ouse whose roof has fallen in.,先行詞指物時(shí)，Whose +名詞 =the +名詞 of which =of which the +名詞,I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. = I once lived in the house the roof of which has fallen in. = I once lived in the house of which the roof has fallen in.,Do you like the book whose cover is yellow

10、?,Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?,Do you like the book of which the cover is yellow?,（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。,The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.,The school in which he once studied is very famous.,Tomorrow Ill bring here the

11、magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.,This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.,This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.,Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.,Well go to hear

12、 the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.,The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.,注意： 1.含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, l

13、ook after, take care of 等。,This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.,This is the watch for which I am looking . ,The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. ,The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.,.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that；

14、關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。,The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.,The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.,The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.,The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.,.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, an

15、y, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞。,He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.,In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.,There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.,Up to now, he has writt

16、en ten stories, three of which are about country life.,（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1.when 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。相當(dāng)于in which/on which/at which等,I still remember the day when (on which) I first came to this school.,The time when (at which) we got together finally arrived.,October 1, 1949 was the day when (on which) the

17、Peoples Republic of China was founded.,Do you remember the years when (in which) he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.,2. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,=in/on/at which。,Shanghai is the city where (in which) I was born.,I visited the farm where (on which) a lot of cows were raised .,The house wh

18、ere (in which) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.,Is this the place where they fought the enemy?,3.why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。,Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.,The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.,I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.,注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂?/p>

19、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。,From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.,（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,A.限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。,B.非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“的” 通常譯成主句的并列句。,Great

20、 changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.,The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.,The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.,China is a country which has a long history.,In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.,

21、限制性定語從句舉例：,非限制性定語從句舉例 ：,His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.,China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.,Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.,注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：,1. Her brother who is now a sold

22、ier always encourages her to go to college.,她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）,Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.,她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。（意含： 她只有一個(gè)哥哥。）,2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.,所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含： 不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）,All the books, which

23、 have pictures in them, are well written.,所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含： 沒有不帶插圖的書。）,（一）限制性定語從句中只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況,1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。,Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?,Th

24、ere seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.,All that can be done has been done.,There is little that I can do for you.,He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.,Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.,注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，,Al

25、l the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.,Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.,2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。,The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.,3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。,This is the best film that I have ever seen.,4當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only

26、 修飾時(shí)。,This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.,After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.,注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系代詞 who。,Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.,5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which 等疑問代詞時(shí)。,Who is the man that is standing by the gate?,Which

27、 is the T-shirt that fits me most?,6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。,They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school,Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.,（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)， 其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是,1. as 和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。,He ma

28、rried her, as / which was natural.,He is honest, as / which we can see.,2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。,As is known to all, China is a developing country.,He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.,John, as you know, is a famous writ

29、er.,Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe.,注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：,Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.,These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.,3.當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。,Ive never hear

30、d such stories as he tells.,He is not such a fool as he looks.,This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.,注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。,She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.,She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.,(三) 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通

31、常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。,The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.,I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.,（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇,用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?,A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.,I know a place which / that is famous for

32、its beautiful natural scenery.,Compare :,B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.,I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.,C. This is the reason why he was dismissed.,This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.

33、,（五）but 有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。,There are very few but admire his talents.,（but = who dont）,（六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別,1定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。,The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.,The fact that he has already died is quite clear.,2定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)經(jīng)常

34、可省略。,同位語從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由where, when, how, who, whether, what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。,The news that he told me is true.,The news that he has just died is true.,The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.,The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult

35、to solve.,The question that he raised puzzled all of us.,The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.,3同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞 be 發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子, 而定語從句則不能。,A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.,The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.,B. The f

36、act that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.,The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.,C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals.,The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.,1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course,

37、 _ made the others unhappy. A. which B. who C. this D. what,2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. when C. that D. where,3. The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom,4. Pl

38、ease take any seat _ is free. A. which B. where C. in which D. that,5. The old man has two sons, _ is a soldier. A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them,6. This is the ship _ we crossed the Pacific(太平洋). A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which,7. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大樓)_ has more than 100 storeys. A. the higher of them B. the highest of which C. the highest of them D. some of which,8. My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be. A. which B. as C. where D. when,9. In the office I never s