生物化學(xué)教學(xué)課件：9 Lipids

1、liguofu,9 Lipids,9.1 Storage lipids 9.2 Structural lipids in membranes 9.3 Lipids as signals, cofactors, and pigments 9.4 Separation and analysis of lipids,liguofu,Storage lipids,Triacylglycerols,Waxes,fatty acids (C14-36),Alcohols (C16-30),+,High melting points (60-100C) Energy storage (Plankton, 浮

2、游生物) Water repellant (birds and plants),liguofu,Fat cell of pig,Fat droplets,Plant seed cell,Stored oil bodies,liguofu,Triacontanoylpalmitate (major component of beeswax),(三十烷醇 / 蜂花醇),liguofu,Sperm Whales: Fatheads of the Deep,Why?,(Triacylglycerols + Waxes),liguofu,月桂酸,肉豆蔻酸,棕櫚酸,硬脂酸,花生酸,木蠟酸,棕櫚油酸,油酸,

3、亞油酸,亞麻酸,花生四稀酸,liguofu,FA in food (x%),Source 月桂酸(12:0) 棕櫚酸 硬脂酸 Oleic(油酸) Linoleic(亞油酸) 肉豆蔻酸 (14:0) (16:0) (18:0) (18:1) (18:2),Beef 5 26-32 20-25 37-43 2-3 Milk5 12 33 3 Coconut 74 10 2 7 Corn 8-12 3-4 19-24 34-62 Olive 9 2 84 4 Palm39 4 40 8 Soybean9 6 20 52 Sunflower6 1 21 66,liguofu,9 Lipids,9.1

4、Storage lipids 9.2 Structural lipids in membranes 9.3 Lipids as signals, cofactors, and pigments 9.4 Separation and analysis of lipids,liguofu,liguofu,Glycerophospholipids,(major lipid in membranes),liguofu,磷脂酰乙醇胺, PE,磷脂酰膽堿, PC, 又稱卵磷脂,磷脂酰絲氨酸，PS,磷脂酰甘油， PG,磷脂酰肌醇（PI）,心磷脂 雙磷脂酰甘油,liguofu,Some Glycerophos

5、pholipids have ether-linked fatty acids,found in central nervous system and in heart muscle. Its resistant to phospholipases. ( why? ),active at very low concentration (0.1nM) released from basophils（嗜堿白細(xì)胞）,縮醛磷脂,血小板激活因子,liguofu,Sphingolipids,(神經(jīng))鞘氨醇,liguofu,Similarities between PG PGF Thromboxanes (

6、凝血噁烷類) : 由 platelets 產(chǎn)生，促進(jìn) blood clots 形成. Leukotrienes (白細(xì)胞三烯類) : 過量會引起哮喘發(fā)作,Eicosanoids (廿烷類)：旁細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),liguofu,(花生四烯酸),前列腺素類,白細(xì)胞三烯類,凝血噁烷 類,liguofu,環(huán)加氧酶,liguofu,Aspirin and Ibuprofen belong to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ,NSAIDs .,Ibuprofen (布洛芬) inhibits the same step, probably by mimickin

7、g the structure of the substrate or an intermediate in the reaction.,Aspirin inhibits the cyclooxgenase activity of COX by acetylating an essential Ser residue on the enzyme.,liguofu,Derivates of sterols; Play important roles in gene expression; Sex hormones and hormones from 腎上腺 cortex皮質(zhì); Prednisol

8、one and prednisone are steroid drug with potent 強有力的 antiinflammatory消炎 activities.,Steroid hormones (固醇類激素)：組織、器官間信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),睪丸酮,雌二醇,皮質(zhì)(甾)醇,氫化可的松,醛固酮,脫氫皮質(zhì)(甾)醇,強的松,liguofu,Fat soluble Vitamins,vitamins A,D,E,K Long chain polyunsaturates hydrocarbons attached to 1 or 2 benzene rings,Vitamin A (retinol視黃醇)

9、stored in liver precursor:carotene胡蘿卜素 deficiency: night blindness,Vitamin D formed from precursor in skin by UV regulates Ca deposition沉積 deficiency: rickets,liguofu,liguofu,liguofu,Active VitD3,Vit D3 is formed in skin 1,25-dihydroxy VitD3 is biological active; It regulates gene expression, e.g. t

10、urning on the synthesis of an intestinal Ca 2+ binding protein.,liguofu,Vitamins E and K and Lipid Quinones are oxidation-reduction cofactors,Vit E: biological antioxidants防氧化的; Vit K: undergoes a cycle of oxidation and reduction; during the formation of active prothrombin凝血酶源; Warfarin: synthetic合成

11、 compound that inhibits the formation of active prothrombin; Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and plastoquitone: isoprenoids二烯化合物 that functionas lipophilic親脂的 electron carriers in the oxidation-reduction reactions that drive ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively.,liguofu,Active sugar

12、precursors,liguofu,Roles of Lipids,Energy storage (fatty acids, triacylglycerols) Structural elements (phospholipids, cholesterol) Hormones ( sex hormones e.g. Estrogen) Enzyme cofactors (coenzyme A) Electron carriers (coenzyme Q, plastpquinone) Light-absorbing pigments (carotenoids) Hydrophobic anchors (dolichols) Emulsifying