測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯(1-8章)

1、測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是測(cè)繪學(xué)） 2 Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量） 7Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距離測(cè)量） 12Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向測(cè)量） 15Unit 5 Traversing （導(dǎo)線測(cè)量） 18Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程測(cè)量方法） 22Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智

2、能型全站儀） 26Unit8 Errors in Measurement（測(cè)量工作中的誤差） 30Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是測(cè)繪學(xué)）Geomatics Defined（測(cè)繪學(xué)定義）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics測(cè)繪或地球空間信息學(xué)，這個(gè)名詞是怎么來(lái)的呢？） GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for in

3、formatics. （大地測(cè)量學(xué)地理信息學(xué)GEOMATICS 測(cè)繪學(xué) 或者 geo 代表地 球，matics 代表數(shù)學(xué)，或者 geo 代表地球科學(xué)，matics 代表信息學(xué)） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（據(jù)說(shuō)測(cè)繪學(xué)這個(gè)詞對(duì)不同的人有不同的 理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of inst

4、itutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)【term 術(shù)語(yǔ)】作為一個(gè)學(xué)科【academic discipline 學(xué)科】第一次形 成【emerge】于加拿大；在過(guò)去的幾年里被全世界的許多高等教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)所熟知，通常是以前的“大地測(cè)量學(xué)” 或

5、“測(cè)量學(xué)”在引入了許多計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS” 】的課程后重新命名的。 ） Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in meas

6、uring and monitoring our environment.（隨著新技 術(shù)的發(fā)展和不斷增長(zhǎng)的對(duì)空間關(guān)系的信息類型的需求，尤其是在測(cè)量和監(jiān)測(cè)我們的環(huán)境方面【環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)】 ，現(xiàn)在， 傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量學(xué)定義連同【along with】日益【steadily 穩(wěn)定的】增長(zhǎng)的測(cè)量的重要性一起包含在這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)里了。 【逗 號(hào)后面的句子修飾 demand】 ） Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the con

7、tinuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. （日益增長(zhǎng)的危機(jī)來(lái)自人口擴(kuò)張，地價(jià)上漲，資源緊縮【緊張】 ，還有由于人類活動(dòng)引起的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量 的持續(xù)的壓力【由人類活動(dòng)帶來(lái)的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的惡化】 As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning,

8、 land development and the environmental sciences.（這樣，測(cè) 繪學(xué)在地球科學(xué)，各種工程學(xué)【engineering sciences 工程學(xué)】 ，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，空間規(guī)劃，土地開發(fā)和環(huán)境科學(xué) 相互之間架起了廣泛的橋梁。 ） Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（現(xiàn)在 geomatics 這個(gè)詞

9、已經(jīng)被包括 ISO【國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 組織】在內(nèi)的數(shù)個(gè)國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)【international bodies】所采用， 因此它就這樣被普遍接受【be here to stay 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)“被普遍接受” 】 The term “surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. （surveyor 這個(gè)詞按慣例用來(lái)總指（這換成“總稱”較好） 【collectively 全體的】那些從事上述 活動(dòng)的人。 ） More explicit job descriptions s

10、uch as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise. （更具體的 【explicit 清楚的、 直接的】 工作如土地測(cè)量員、 工程測(cè)量員和水道測(cè)量員， 【commonly 一般 一般地】被業(yè)內(nèi)人士【practitioners 從業(yè)者】用來(lái)更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。 【直譯為：更清楚的工作描

11、 述就如如土地測(cè)量員、工程測(cè)量員和水道測(cè)量員，一般被從業(yè)者用來(lái)更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。） 】 The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（geomatics 這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是個(gè)新詞，表達(dá)【

12、convey 傳達(dá)】了實(shí)體集合和它們相關(guān) 聯(lián)【related】的活動(dòng)的自然科學(xué)，并使這些領(lǐng)域的未來(lái)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)合【incorporation 結(jié)合】成為可能。 【flexibility 彈性、機(jī)動(dòng)性】 ） Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. （這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的采用同時(shí)也在全世界范圍里為行業(yè)【industry】里和學(xué)校建立了【allow 允 許了】一個(gè)一致的【coherent】專業(yè)市場(chǎng)） As a res

13、ult, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world s leading universities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”. （結(jié)果，世界上許多一流大學(xué)的 傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)量專業(yè) 【部門】 的無(wú)論是課程還是授予資 【授予學(xué)位名稱】 格都改為 “測(cè)繪學(xué)位” 【Degree in Geomatics】 的了） This does not suggest the demise of the term “surv

14、eyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specialization.（這并不意味著“surveyor” 這個(gè)詞的消亡，測(cè)繪畢業(yè)生還將從事適合他們專業(yè)的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地測(cè)量員、 攝影測(cè)量員及其他【ect.】的工作） In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in

15、 the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.（在過(guò)去的十年中，在應(yīng)用硬件和軟件的方法 【solution 解決方法】 來(lái)測(cè)量和處理地球空間數(shù)據(jù)工作時(shí) 有著戲劇性的發(fā)展和增長(zhǎng)） the use of 在使用 in 時(shí) This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualifi

16、ed graduates. （創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用【application】領(lǐng)域，并為合適的、合格 【qualified 有資格的】的畢業(yè)生提供相關(guān)的【associated】工作。 ） As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.（結(jié)果是， “surveyor”的角色大大超越傳統(tǒng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域如前面所述 的領(lǐng)域，進(jìn)入到新的【opportunity 機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)機(jī)】的

17、領(lǐng)域。 ） In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. （另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認(rèn)為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的 practice and activity】界限） Such developments ar

18、e forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.（可以預(yù)見【forecast】 ，這 種發(fā)展繼續(xù)并將為涉獵廣泛、學(xué)識(shí)一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新 的事業(yè)。 ） To enable graduates to take full advantage of these de

19、velopments, significant changes in education and training are required.（為了使畢業(yè)生能充分利用【take full advantage of】這些發(fā)展，教育和訓(xùn)練的 重大改革【significant changes】成為必需的） Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. （學(xué)院的和專業(yè)的機(jī)

20、構(gòu)也作出反應(yīng)，部分地，采用術(shù)語(yǔ)“geomatics” 作為一門課程和一項(xiàng)授予資格【授予學(xué)位名稱】） 。 A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（測(cè)繪 學(xué)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)在使用的反映了當(dāng)前的思想和對(duì)未來(lái)的預(yù)期的定義是： ） The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenc

21、ed information(geo-spatial data ).（獲取、處理、存儲(chǔ)，分析和上呈【presenting 呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。 ） This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,computer systems, environ

22、mental visualization and computer graphics.（這個(gè)廣泛的術(shù)語(yǔ)應(yīng)用于科學(xué)和技術(shù)，以及 制圖、大地測(cè)量學(xué)、衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測(cè)量學(xué)、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計(jì)算 機(jī)制圖等領(lǐng)域） Several terms such as “geomatics” , “geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（現(xiàn)在

23、一些術(shù)語(yǔ) 如 “測(cè)繪學(xué)” ， “測(cè)繪工程” “地學(xué)信息學(xué)” 和 共同應(yīng)用于某些活動(dòng)中專屬于 【pertain to】 【generally】 通常 涉及【concern with】地理信息的活動(dòng)。 ） These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （這些術(shù)語(yǔ)起初被采用用來(lái)表示地理信息的采集、管理和應(yīng)用的總體的 方法。 ） Along with land surveyi

24、ng, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an important component of geomatics. （連同土地測(cè)量學(xué)，攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和制圖學(xué)一起，GIS 也是測(cè)繪學(xué)中重要的一個(gè) 組成部分。 ）Branches of Geomatics（測(cè)繪學(xué)分支） Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed

25、 imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. （數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術(shù)包括普通野外測(cè)量，GPS 測(cè)量，衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取，通過(guò)航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像） It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)資料的獲取通過(guò)掃描就有地圖和設(shè)計(jì)圖，還有有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu) 收集的數(shù)據(jù)。 ） Data management

26、 and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS).（通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)程序， 數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)， 數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量 【digital photogrammetry】 ， 圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫(kù)的管理和 GIS。 ） Data plotting(pre

27、sentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過(guò)制圖和其他直觀的 計(jì)算機(jī)程序【illustrative 直觀的、說(shuō)明性的】進(jìn)行的；其表達(dá)顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕

28、上（交互式編輯處理） ，也可 以通過(guò)數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上。 【handle 操作、處理】 ） Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理實(shí)體的位置和屬性被數(shù)字化并 被存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器，就可以有效的【available 有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用） Through the use of mod

29、ern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navig

30、ation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.（通過(guò)現(xiàn)代【估計(jì) moderm 應(yīng)該是 modern】信息技術(shù)，測(cè)繪學(xué)將以下學(xué)科的專業(yè)人員整合到一起：測(cè)量 學(xué)、制圖學(xué)、遙感、國(guó)土注冊(cè)、土木【civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程，林業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)，決策與發(fā)展，地質(zhì)學(xué)，地 理科學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施【infrastructure】管理，導(dǎo)航，環(huán)境與自然資源監(jiān)測(cè)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。 ）.Other Definitions of Geomatics （測(cè)繪學(xué)的其他定義） As defined by the Canadian

31、 Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”: Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations【業(yè)務(wù)】 involved in the pro

32、cess of the production and management of spatial information. （加拿大測(cè)量學(xué)會(huì)【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學(xué)”中這樣定義：測(cè)繪 學(xué)是利用系統(tǒng)的方法， 為生產(chǎn)和處理 【management】 科學(xué)的， 行政的， 法律的 【legal】 和技術(shù)的業(yè)務(wù) 【operations】 所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域?！綼s part of 作為 ） 的一部分，這里不翻譯出來(lái)】 The definition of Geomatics

33、is evolving. A working definition might be “ the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site-specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to

34、 the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（測(cè)繪學(xué)定義在發(fā)展。 現(xiàn)行的一個(gè)定義是“涉及工藝、科學(xué)和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理” 。測(cè)繪學(xué)或地球空間信息學(xué)包括一個(gè)廣泛的生

35、產(chǎn) 活動(dòng)從工程學(xué)和發(fā)展了的測(cè)量學(xué)領(lǐng)域中特殊點(diǎn)的空間數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和分析 到 GIS 和遙感技術(shù)在環(huán)境管理中的 應(yīng)用。它包括地籍測(cè)量、水道測(cè)量和海圖測(cè)量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。 ） Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spa

36、tial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which d

37、epend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（測(cè)繪學(xué)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，用以 表示測(cè)量、分析、管理，存儲(chǔ)和

38、顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【often termed spatial data】數(shù)據(jù) 的描述和位置的集成方法。這些數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。利用 計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和硬件，借助現(xiàn)代【state-of-the-art】信息技術(shù)。它的應(yīng)用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學(xué)科，包括環(huán) 境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學(xué)，導(dǎo)航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學(xué)，海洋學(xué)，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營(yíng)和旅游學(xué)。它因而成為所有使 用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。 ） from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales（摘自新南威爾士大學(xué)測(cè)

39、繪【或地 球空間信息學(xué)】工程學(xué)院） Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land manage

40、ment, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying. （測(cè)繪學(xué)是測(cè)量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)。其包括的主要學(xué) 科有制圖學(xué)，土地管理，GIS，環(huán)境可視化，大地測(cè)量學(xué)，攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和測(cè)量學(xué)。 ） from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne（摘自墨爾本大學(xué)測(cè)繪學(xué)系【或者地球空間信息學(xué)系】 Geomatics c

41、omprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managing geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions. （測(cè)繪學(xué)包括自然科學(xué)，工程學(xué)

42、和工藝或【技術(shù)】學(xué)；對(duì)地理信息的收集與管理。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)，陸地和 海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【real estate 房地產(chǎn)，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。 from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB（摘自加拿大紐布朗斯 維克大學(xué) 測(cè)量與大 地測(cè)量學(xué)系） The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of

43、spatial information describing both the Earths physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as : Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.（測(cè)繪學(xué)測(cè)量，表示，分析，管理，重獲和顯示空間信息，用來(lái)描述地球物理特 征和環(huán)境。測(cè)

44、繪學(xué)包括的學(xué)科有：測(cè)量學(xué)，大地測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，制圖學(xué)，GIS，GPS ） from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania （摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學(xué)，測(cè)量與空間信息科學(xué)系）Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of

45、natural and artificial features on, above or below the earths surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （測(cè)量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上 的自然

46、與人工地貌特征【features 形態(tài)、特征】 ；并使之按比例【in analog form】測(cè)繪成 地形圖【contoured map】 、平面圖【paper plan】或圖表，或形成報(bào)告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式 形成三維立體數(shù)學(xué)模型存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)。 ） As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同樣的，測(cè)量員/大地測(cè)量學(xué)家處理的就是測(cè)量出的物理的和數(shù)學(xué)的特征） The accurate determination and monumentation

47、【標(biāo)石、標(biāo)志】 of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精確確定并標(biāo)定地表點(diǎn)位便 成為測(cè)量的主要任務(wù)） Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same-they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. （雖然測(cè)量工作有不同目的，基本的操作

48、卻都一樣他們包括測(cè)量和計(jì)算， 或更基本地稱之為，外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工作） There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （測(cè) 量分為許多不同的類型，如土地測(cè)量，

49、路線測(cè)量，城市測(cè)量，建筑測(cè)量，水道測(cè)量等等，但 是總的來(lái)說(shuō)，測(cè)量分為兩個(gè)主要的種類：大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量） Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys） or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的大地 測(cè)量還是將地球當(dāng)成一個(gè)平面的平面測(cè)量【緊跟著上句】 ） Additionally, surveys are conducted【表現(xiàn)】 for the purpose of positioni

50、ng features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，測(cè)量還分為確定平面位 置的水平測(cè)量和確定海拔的高程測(cè)量或兩者的綜合。 ） Geodetic Surveying（大地測(cè)量） The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic su

51、rveying. （考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的測(cè)量工作稱為大地測(cè)量） This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. （這種測(cè)量適用于大范圍和長(zhǎng)距離的測(cè)量工作，用來(lái)確立基本點(diǎn)的精確位置，用 以建立其他測(cè)量工作所需的控制網(wǎng)。 ） In geodetic surveys, the stations are normall

52、y long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.（在大地測(cè)量中，站點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠(yuǎn)，那么這種測(cè)量就比平面測(cè)量 需要更精確的儀器和測(cè)量方法。 ） Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative pos

53、itions. （廣泛間隔開的永久標(biāo)石就作為計(jì)算點(diǎn)位之間距 離的基礎(chǔ)） 【serve 當(dāng)作】 These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects.（這種永久標(biāo)石點(diǎn)被稱為大地控制點(diǎn)，為測(cè)量和繪圖工作提供可靠 和一致的數(shù)據(jù)） In the past, ground-based theo

54、dolites, tapes【卷尺】, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. （過(guò)去，大地經(jīng)緯儀【DJ 大地經(jīng)緯儀 的中文縮寫】 、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測(cè)量的野外工作初時(shí)【primary】的工具。 ） Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost. （現(xiàn)在， 技術(shù)

55、的發(fā)展 GPS 【expansion 擴(kuò)充、膨脹】使大地測(cè)量工作花費(fèi)非常小的代價(jià)【a fraction of 一小部分】就能獲得極為 精確的結(jié)果成為可能。 ） A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.（大地測(cè)量工作計(jì)劃的編制 【planning】和實(shí)施【execution】【proper 恰當(dāng)?shù)?，翻譯時(shí)略掉】 ， ，絕對(duì)需要【absolute prerequisit

56、e】 對(duì)大地測(cè)量學(xué)知識(shí)有全面的掌握。 thorough knowledge of the principles 【A of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一個(gè)徹底的知識(shí)大地測(cè)量學(xué)的原理的，是 絕對(duì)需要的。） 】 In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. （在大地測(cè)量中，地球的形狀被 看成一個(gè)橢球體，雖然在技術(shù)角度來(lái)看，它不是真正的橢

57、球。 ） Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近測(cè)量 距離并不是沿著直線或平面進(jìn)行，而是在一個(gè)曲面上。) Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earths minor and major diameters fr

58、om which a spheroid of reference is developed. （因此，在大地測(cè)量距離的計(jì)算中，參考橢球的長(zhǎng)軸與短軸所帶來(lái)的誤差就顯示【develop 顯示出來(lái)】出來(lái)。 ） The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. （每個(gè)大地站 點(diǎn)的位置都與這個(gè)橢球有關(guān)） The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.（這個(gè)位置是用緯度（與赤道面所成的角）和經(jīng)度（與初子午線所 成的角）或用在直角坐標(biāo)系中的北距和東距來(lái)表示。 ） A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country. （大地測(cè)量為建立國(guó)家范圍內(nèi)的重力場(chǎng)和確定地表架構(gòu) 提供【establishes 建立】基礎(chǔ)） T