初中英語語法知識(shí)精講精練動(dòng)詞

1、 初中英語語法知識(shí)精講精練：動(dòng)詞(一) 知識(shí)概要?jiǎng)釉~在語言中是必不可少的一部分。它的語法現(xiàn)象也較多，但在初中范圍主要有以下幾方面問題。 時(shí)態(tài)：初中范圍主要有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)六種時(shí)態(tài)。 語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 非謂語動(dòng)詞，也就是不定式，動(dòng)名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。時(shí)態(tài)主要掌握以下幾種時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用要點(diǎn)和習(xí)慣用法。1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：主要有以下三方面， 用來表示狀態(tài)，特征或不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物質(zhì)有三態(tài)。又如：The earth moves around the

2、sun. 表示習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：I often go to bed at 9. 在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：As soon as I get there Ill telephone you.2. 一般過去時(shí)：主要用于表達(dá)過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，如：I was ill last week. 過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，如：I used to get up at six. 3. 一般將來時(shí)：用于表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其構(gòu)成方式 用ill (shall)+動(dòng)詞原形來表達(dá)將來在某一時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生，或經(jīng)常、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，如：School will beg

3、in on Sepember 1st. 用be going to+動(dòng)詞原形，用來表示不久將要發(fā)生或打算去作的動(dòng)作。如：Im going to swim this afternoon. be+現(xiàn)在分詞，也就是用某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來，如：Im coming。這些動(dòng)詞只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等動(dòng)詞。 在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：用于表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示狀態(tài)，情感的某些詞沒有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞有：like,

4、 have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect5. 過去將來時(shí)：用來表達(dá)從過去某時(shí)間點(diǎn)上看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如： He told me he would come to my party.6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的兩個(gè)用處是：用來表達(dá)在過去開始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，如：Ive studied English for two years. 用來表達(dá)過去發(fā)生的事但它影響到現(xiàn)在，如：I havent had my breakfast. s

5、o Im hungry now. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別在于動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于現(xiàn)在，而過去完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于過去。如：I havent seen my old teacher for a long time.我好久未見到我過去的老師了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句話，則將變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadnt seen him for a long time. 因?yàn)槲液镁梦匆娝@一情況截止于昨天。還要注意的一個(gè)問題是截止性動(dòng)詞可以有完成時(shí)，但不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，如：When I got

6、to school, the class had begun? 如果一定要講開始幾分鐘了則要換用表示狀態(tài)，或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes.語態(tài)：英語中只有主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。主動(dòng)語態(tài)，句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：I broke the window. 而被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的主語是主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的賓語，如：The window was broken by me. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要用于，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確，或沒有必要說出來，如：The New building was built last

7、week. 關(guān)鍵要注意的是在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有省略不定式符號(hào)to的動(dòng)詞，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)要還原，如： 主動(dòng)語態(tài) I saw him come in.被動(dòng)語態(tài) He was seen to come in. 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，它只不過與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞，形成了時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、構(gòu)成了疑問句，否定句，以及用來加強(qiáng)語氣。而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則表達(dá)一種可能、必要、允許、愿望、猜測(cè)的意圖、傾向。也用來表示語氣的委婉和祝愿。初中階段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should最后要談?wù)摰氖欠侵^語動(dòng)詞，非謂語動(dòng)詞

8、分為不定式，和動(dòng)詞的ing形式，(即現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞)。雖然在初中范圍，這一項(xiàng)不是語法重點(diǎn)，但還是要花一定時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí)，為的是打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。為進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)提供良好的條件。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語。如：To see is to believe.(百聞不如一見) He want to see a film. 還可以作補(bǔ)足語，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作狀語，如：I come here to learn English.動(dòng)名詞也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而現(xiàn)在分詞多用于作定語

9、、補(bǔ)足語、狀語，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定語) Did you notice his hand shaking?(賓語補(bǔ)足語)Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(狀語) (二) 例題解析1 Mr Zhang asked me the words again.A. readB. readsC. to readD. reading 答案 C. 析 ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。2 You play on the road. Its dangerous.A.

10、 mustntB. mayC. canD. must 答案 A. 析 must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。3 Mr Brown in Beijing since 1993.A. workB. worksC. workedD. has worked 答案 D. 析 句中有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語，因此句中要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。4 I a letter when my mother came in.A. writeB. am writingC. was writingD. will write 答案 C. 析 當(dāng)母親進(jìn)來時(shí)是一個(gè)瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)作，而寫信是一個(gè)長動(dòng)作，所以寫信這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示在寫信過

11、程中發(fā)生的另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作。5 Its not an important party, you neednt .A. pay for itB. wear it outC. try it outD. dress up for it答案 D.析 pay for-為某物，某人付款，wear out-穿壞，磨破，tryout-選拔，挑選，而dress up-梳妝打扮。6 Can I a bike from him?A. lendB. returnC. giveD. borrow 答案 D. 析 borrow something from為向某人某處借某物。而lend, return, give后面的介詞應(yīng)

12、用to。7 - Must I stay at home?- No, you .A. mustntB. needntC. may notD. can not 答案 B.析 neednt 為沒有必要必須做某事，而mustnt為禁止做，can not為不能做。根據(jù)題意是：你不一定待在家里。8 - How long have you here?- About two months.A. beenB. goneC. comeD. arrived 答案 A. 析 have been here是個(gè)狀態(tài)，可以與后面的長時(shí)間狀語連接，而其他三個(gè)動(dòng)詞都是瞬間動(dòng)詞。9 Stamps by people for se

13、nding letters.A. useB. usingC. usedD. are used 答案 D.析 這里是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，意為郵票被人們用來發(fā)信。10 The radio says Tianjin will be tomorrow.A. rainsB. rainC. rainedD. rainy 答案 D.析 rainy為形容詞作表語。11 If you dont know this word, in the dictionary.A. look for itB. look at itC. look after itD. look it up 答案 D. 析 look up 查字典，與loo

14、k有關(guān)的詞組有：look about 四周環(huán)視look after 照顧look around 周圍，四處看look at 看look back 回顧look for 尋找look forward to 期待look out 當(dāng)心look like 看上去像12 My father told me play on the street.A. notB. to notC. not toD. did not 答案 C. 析 不定式的否定式是not to do something.13 There is going to an English party this evening.A. beB. h

15、asC. haveD. is 答案 A. 析 這里是there be 無生命的有加助動(dòng)詞的句型，即there will be,而沒有there have 的句型。14 There no bus stop here last year.A. isB. wasC. areD. were答案 B.析 last year為去年，所以用過去時(shí)。而there be 句型的單復(fù)數(shù)要看be動(dòng)詞之后離之最近的名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.15 Our school will hold a sports meeting if it t

16、omorrow.A. isnt rainB. rainsC. wont rainD. doesnt rain 答案 D.析 在狀語從句中應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)來表示將來。16 Bikes mustnt everywhere.A. be putB. be puttedC. putD. putting答案 A.析 這里是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。與put有關(guān)的詞組如下：put away 放好 put off 推遲 put on 穿上 put out 撲滅 put down 放下17 Neither Li Lei nor Han Meimei Harbin.A. have been toB. has been toC. ha

17、ve gone toD. has gone to 答案 B. 析 has been to 是去過某處。18 Its cold today youd better more coats.A. put onB. take offC. to put onD. to take off 答案 A. 析 d better 其后加不帶to的不定式，而put on 為穿上。19 Henry a birthday card for Sam yesterday.A. has boughtB. buysC. boughtD. will buy 答案 C. 析 因句中的yesterday為表達(dá)過去的時(shí)間狀語，所以應(yīng)用

18、過去時(shí)態(tài)。20 When I got to the factory, the workers about the filim.A. are talkingB. talkedC. were talkingD. have talked 答案 C.析 狀語從句中所用的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，則主句中也要與之呼應(yīng)。而工人們?cè)谡務(wù)撾娪盀橐婚L時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，所以要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。21 No hurry, please your time.A. takeB. bringC. carryD. catch答案 A.析 take ones time 慢慢來別著急。22 I enjoy the light music.A. to

19、listen toB. listening toC. hearingD. to hear 答案 B.析 enjoy 與 finish其后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。23 Please as soon as you get there.A. ring me upB. ring up meC. wake me upD. wake up me 答案 A.析 ring up打電話，而wake up喚醒。英文中有很多動(dòng)詞詞組如其賓語是代詞時(shí)，一定要放在動(dòng)詞與介詞之間。24 When I , I want to be a teacher.A. grows upB. grow upC. shall growD

20、. grew up 答案 B. 析 grow up 長大。而狀語從句要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來，即使主句也用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，但它含有將來之意。25 I called him and he to have a talk with me.A. stopB. stopsC. stopedD. stopped 答案 D. 析 這是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列句，所以時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。26 - Would you please me an evaser, Lucy?- Certainly. Here you are.A. borrowB. lendC. borrowedD. lent 答案 B. 析 would you

21、 please其后接不帶to的不定式即動(dòng)詞原形，而borrow為借入而lend為借出。27 Trees in spring.A. plantB. were plantedC. should be plantedD. should plant答案 C.析 should用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中表示應(yīng)該，而此句又是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。28 - Wheres your father?- He to Paris.A. goB. goesC. wentD. has gone 答案 D. 析 has gone 是已去某處了，不在這里了。所以強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作影響到現(xiàn)在。29 - Must I finish my homewor

22、k in class now?- No, you . You can do it at home.A. mustntB. may notC. needntD. can 答案 C. 析 neednt表示沒有必要一定要這樣做。由must提問，肯定句用must，否定句用neednt.30 Thank you very much for your book me.A. lending, toB. lent, toC. borrow, fromD. borrowing,from答案 A. 析 for是介詞，要用動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語。31 The Great Green Wall will stop the

23、wind from the earth away.A. blowingB. blowC. blowsD. to blow答案 A. 析 stopfrom doing something. 阻止某人或某物作某事。32 The students will go to the West Hill Farm by bike, if it fine tomorrow.A. will beB. isC. shall beD. was 答案 B.33 Our teacher always tells us in the street. Its too dangerous.A. dont playB. not

24、 to playC. to playD. not play 答案 B. 析 不定式的否定式為not to do。34 English is a useful language. It widely in the world.A. is spokenB. was spokenC. can speakD. will speak 答案 A.析 本句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。35 The kite is flying high in the sky. It a bird.A. looks atB. looks likeC. looks forD. looks after 答案 B. 析 look like 像，其中

25、like 為介詞。36 - Look! Whats Wang Ping doing over there?- She under a big tree. A. singsB. sangC. has sungD. is singing答案 D.37 You see a doctor. Youve got a bad cold.A. willB. are going toC. had betterD. could 答案 C. 析 had better 最好，意為一種真心的勸告。38 Your radio is too loud. Would you please ?A. turn down itB

26、. turn it downC. to turn down itD. to turn it down 答案 B. 析 would you please 后面加動(dòng)詞原形。39 Could you tell me if it tomorrow?A. rainsB. is rainingC. will rainD. rain 答案 C. 析 if從句是賓語從句，而不是狀語從句。所以還是要用將來時(shí)，而不能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。40 Suddenly one of the bags the truck and landed in the middle of the road.A. fell outB.

27、fell downC. fell offD. will be答案 C.析 fall off 掉落，與off有關(guān)的詞組有 see off 送行 give off 散發(fā) shut off 關(guān)閉 kick off 踢掉 turn off 關(guān)閉 get off 下車 jump off 跳下 show of 炫耀 take off 脫下 pay off 付清41 He at this school since two years ago.A. wasB. has beenC. isD. will be 答案 B. 析 since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)與完成時(shí)相呼應(yīng)。42 She doesnt know .A.

28、 when to doB. what to doC. how to doD. where to do答案 B.析 when, how, where均為疑問副詞，而what為疑問代詞，又因do是及物動(dòng)詞需要賓語。如用疑問副詞時(shí)應(yīng)為when to do it, how to do it, where to do it.43 Must older people to politely.A. speakB. spokenC. be spokeD. be spoken答案 D. 析 這句話的主動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)為People must speak politely to older people對(duì)年齡較大的人講話

29、應(yīng)有禮貌。44 Teachers usually ask their students loudly in class.A. to speakB. speakC. speaksD. spoke答案 A.析 ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。45 - Where is Mr Zhang?- Look! He on a big machine over there.A. worksB. workedC. is workingD. has worked答案 C.析 由look, listen等詞開始的句子一般要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。46 Theres a footb

30、all match. Please the TV at once. Lets watch together.A. turn onB. take offC. turn offD. go on答案 A. 析 turn on 打開。與turn有關(guān)的詞組有： turn against 背叛 turn on 打開 turn +顏色 變?yōu)槟撤N顏色 turn off 關(guān)閉 turn over 翻轉(zhuǎn) turn to 翻到某頁 turn into 變?yōu)?turn up 向上翻47 Please tell me where have our picnic tomorrow.A. we willB. will weC. willD. will you 答案 A.析 where 引導(dǎo)的從句是賓語從句，而不是狀語從句。48 We English for three years already. And we can speak a li