虛擬語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在英語(yǔ)文法中有三種語(yǔ)氣，即直述式語(yǔ)氣(Indicative Mood)、祈使語(yǔ)氣 (Imperative Mood)和虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Subjective Mood)，其中前兩種我們?cè)缫咽煜ち耍@里則不多談了，如： How beautiful she is! 則是直述式語(yǔ)氣，而Hurry up! Dont hurry up 則是祈使語(yǔ)氣。我們主要來(lái)看看虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主要用法。虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要是用來(lái)表達(dá)一種無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，一種與事實(shí)相反的情況，或者將不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的，或可能性很小的事實(shí)，假想為事實(shí)予以表述。這樣的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為虛擬語(yǔ)氣。它主要有三種形式，即與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，與將來(lái)事

2、實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。它們具體結(jié)構(gòu)如表。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成種類(lèi)條 件 句 結(jié)構(gòu)主 句 結(jié) 構(gòu)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式be 動(dòng)詞用 wereShould/could動(dòng)詞原形would/might動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的用had過(guò)去分詞Should/couldhave過(guò)去分詞would/mighthave過(guò)去分詞與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式were to 加動(dòng)詞原形should 加動(dòng)詞原形should動(dòng)詞原形would動(dòng)詞原形虛擬語(yǔ)氣其他習(xí)慣用法簡(jiǎn)表種類(lèi)功用句型例句虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示主觀愿望主句謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I wish we could go to the seaside today.wish現(xiàn)在過(guò)去式過(guò)去

3、had+過(guò)去分詞I wish I had gone to the basketball match.將來(lái)should+動(dòng)詞原形would+動(dòng)詞原形could+動(dòng)詞原形might+動(dòng)詞原形I wished I could fly to the moon.I wish you would stay here a little longer.would rather現(xiàn)在過(guò)去式I would rather you came to my party tomorrow.表示虛擬比較或方式狀語(yǔ)從句從句動(dòng)詞形式She looked after the orphan as if he were here own

4、 child.as if, as though, even if 從句與現(xiàn)實(shí)相反過(guò)去式與過(guò)去相反had+過(guò)去分詞Theyre talking as if they had been friends for many years.與將來(lái)相反should+動(dòng)詞原形would+動(dòng)詞原形could+動(dòng)詞原形might+動(dòng)詞原形The man looked worried, as though something would happen to him.that, so that, in order that從句may+動(dòng)詞原形might+動(dòng)詞原形can+動(dòng)詞原形could+動(dòng)詞原形Turn on th

5、e light so that I could see it clearly. I warned him in order that he might keep away from the danger.表示間接的命令、建議或請(qǐng)求賓語(yǔ)從句用于suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等之后(should)+動(dòng)詞原形They required that I (should) go at once. He suggested that the meeting (should) start earlier.表語(yǔ)從

6、句主句中的主語(yǔ)常是：suggestion, idea, proposal, order, request等My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible.同位語(yǔ)從句They received an order that the work be stopped.在主語(yǔ)從句中表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等It is necessary (important, natural, strange 主語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞形式：

7、It is necessary that every member remember these rules.It is a great pity that he should be so careless.It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight.等) thatIt is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) thatshould+動(dòng)詞原形It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that表示祝愿或愿望may+動(dòng)詞原形May you succeed!

8、動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)Long live the Peoples Republic of China!其他It is time that+主語(yǔ)+should+動(dòng)詞原形It is time that+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式Its time that you should go home now.It is high time that we left.1 語(yǔ)法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl， I would marry you表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，if條件句中的be動(dòng)詞一律用were，這

9、句話應(yīng)譯為我要是個(gè)女孩，我就嫁給你。實(shí)際上不可能是個(gè)女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldnt worry現(xiàn)在時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣主句要用should 或would 加動(dòng)詞原形，這句話應(yīng)譯為我要是你的話，就沒(méi)有必要煩惱。要注意這種語(yǔ)態(tài)用在這里實(shí)際上是想把要講出的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得婉轉(zhuǎn)些，有禮貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!這里的主語(yǔ) God 是第三人稱單數(shù)，之所以動(dòng)詞不加 s 是因?yàn)橐磉_(dá)一種祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情，

10、實(shí)際上是 forgive前有一助動(dòng)詞should， May 等，但在口語(yǔ)中將其省略了。如： May you be happy 祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有 yesterday 一詞即表示的是與過(guò)去相反的事實(shí)，即昨天天氣很不好，我們也未去動(dòng)物園，所以 if 條件句應(yīng)用 had過(guò)去分詞。Incorrect:

11、If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài) be 動(dòng)詞作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則可用was來(lái)取代were， 如 was to。虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞如果是表示正在進(jìn)行之中也要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would have been better nowCorrect: If you had taken my advice,you

12、would be better now這句話的意思是如果你以前要是能聽(tīng)我的忠告的話，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。其條件句是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬句，而主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬句，這在語(yǔ)法書(shū)中叫做混合虛擬條件句。例如： If I had caught that plane， I would be dead now 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you， he would go home at onceCorrect: Were he you， he would go ho

13、me at onceCorrect: If he were you， he would go home at once在虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，但if省略后其句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think?這句話中沒(méi)有if條件句，但仍要用作虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)。這里因?yàn)橛行┓衷~或介詞短語(yǔ)，起到了從句的作用。這些短語(yǔ)有： without， provi

14、ding, supposing， but for(you)Incorrect: To see the girl， you will like herCorrect: To see the girl， you would like her這里的條件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: Im sorry I did have come here by carCorrect: Im sorry I should have come here bycar這里的條件句被省略了，其意為我真應(yīng)該坐小車(chē)來(lái)。同樣在句意不會(huì)混淆的情況下，主句也有時(shí)可以被省略，如：What if we should fail!

15、 (我們?nèi)f一失敗了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果他能做，他怎么會(huì)不干呢?)Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift條件句中也常用were to 來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者認(rèn)為可能性極小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If you

16、d have told him early， he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early， he would have passed the exam非正式口語(yǔ)中往往聽(tīng)見(jiàn)外國(guó)人講：d havepp (過(guò)去分詞)但仍沒(méi)有人認(rèn)為它是正確的句子，不易為我們效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghostCorrect: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是

17、as if 從句中如果用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，它的用法要與 if條件句的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，be 動(dòng)詞用were，而與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的動(dòng)詞用hadpp (過(guò)去分詞)。另外更要注意的是，并非所有 as if 從句都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow (看天好像要下雪)即是真實(shí)條件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early， but I had beenbusyCorrect: I should have come here early but I wasbusybut 是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，其后的句子是

18、真實(shí)句，而不是虛擬句。Incorrect: To tell the truth， I wish I know her address nowCorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish的賓語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的條件動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式，be動(dòng)詞用were，與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件動(dòng)詞要用had過(guò)去分詞。如： I wished I had passed that examIncorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomo

19、rrowCorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he would do it better tomorrowwish要用來(lái)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿，希望將來(lái)有所改進(jìn)，則要用would加動(dòng)詞原形。并非wish不能表達(dá)真正的祝愿，但是不能接從句，而要用雙賓語(yǔ)，或不定式，如：I wish you luck (雙賓語(yǔ))I wish you to be a good studentI wish to see her at onceIncorrect: I wish it will not be another failureCorrect: I hope it

20、will not be another failureCorrect: I wish it would not be another failure要注意 hope 與 wish 的不同用法。2 例題解析例1If he on tourists for his business， he would have to close his shopA dependsB will dependC dependedDhas depended答案C這是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：如果他僅靠旅游來(lái)做生意的話，他早就要關(guān)門(mén)了。例2Had she been younger， shemore beautifulA

21、 had beenB might have beenC might beD would be答案B因其條件句是省去if的與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例3If you thatTV play last night， you wouldnt be sleepyA havent watchedB didnt watchC hadnt watchedD wouldnt have watched答案C因是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：昨晚你要是不看那個(gè)電視劇，你現(xiàn)在也不會(huì)這么困倦了。這是混合虛擬句，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬。例4If it tomorrow， we will not go for the p

22、icnicA will rainB had rainedC rainedD rains答案D因其主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，所以條件句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。所以要注意的是有些真實(shí)條件句并沒(méi)有虛擬的含意，不要亂用虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)。例5We had hoped that wego home at onceA didB willC /D would答案D had hoped 用來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)過(guò)去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語(yǔ)從句要用would加動(dòng)詞原形。例6I want to see her todayId rather you A didntB do notC dontD do答案A d rather 其后如直接接動(dòng)詞則用動(dòng)詞原形

23、。如加賓語(yǔ)從句則從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。例7It is very late， Its timeA we have leftB we will leaveC we leftD we leave答案C要注意It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something, 如：It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something 也可接從句，但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式，有時(shí)也可用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。例8These typewritten papers are very neatI wish I

24、 type too， but I dont know howA canB mayC couldD will答案C因wish在從句中表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬，所以要用would或could。例9It is important that hethis work at onceA doB doesC didD will do答案A虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以用來(lái)表示要求、建議、提議、命令、意愿等。在Itis 形容詞(過(guò)去分詞) 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should加動(dòng)詞原形，其should在美語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常省略。這樣的形容詞有： important， necessary， strange， natural。這樣的過(guò)

25、去分詞有： demanded, requested, suggested， required， recommended。例10The teacher ordered that the students herA obeysB obeyedC obeyingD obey答案D因帶有命令要求口氣的動(dòng)詞其賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用should加動(dòng)詞原形。其should在美語(yǔ)中則被省略。這樣的動(dòng)詞有：ask， advise， demand， desire， insist， order， recommend, require， request， suggest例11She rejected my sug

26、gestion that sheher son the next weekA metB will meetC meetD would meet答案C因同位語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should加動(dòng)詞原形。這是因?yàn)槠淝懊娴拿~是由例10中的那些表示愿望、命令、建議的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的。例12Whats the matter with her?I dont know but she looks shed lost her boy friendA thatB so thatC asD as if答案D其意為她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一樣臉色不好看。例13You finally passed the examYes， your help. I would have not succeededA but thatB but forC but ifD thanks to答案B由but for， without， supposing 等短語(yǔ)或連接詞也可以引出虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)。例14 today， hewould get there by the weekendA Would he leaveB Was he leavingC Were he to leaveD If he leaves答案C如果條件句中if被省去，則要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。be to在虛擬條件句中應(yīng)用 were to 或