略論中國古陶瓷器物名稱英譯的一般規(guī)范

1、略論中國古陶瓷器物名稱英譯的一般規(guī)范一 術語 古陶瓷術語主要包括釉彩、紋飾、器型、工藝技法等幾個方面，而器物名稱也往往會涉及到這幾個方面的的內容。 從目前看到的國外有關中國古陶瓷的著作中，術語在不同的時期有不同的叫法，這并不是說這些術語有對錯之分，而是說這些術語越來越科學、準確，反映了中外學術界的交流與相互借鑒。國內古陶瓷出版物中器物名稱的英譯存在的主要問題是不準確、不科學，與國外學術界通行的譯法存在差異；而中文英譯的目的就是要讓國外的相關人士看懂讀懂，如果與國外的通行做法存在差異就不能夠獲得這種效果。 下面對一些在英譯中出現差異較大的釉彩術語名詞作一具體分析。1 famille verte

2、【英文釋義】 Famille verte is a term coined by Jacquemart in the nineteenth century, and applies to the porcelain decorated in translucent enamels, among which green is dominant, iron red is opaque, but this rarely plays an important part in the decoration.Famille verte has two parts. One consists of ordi

3、nary overglaze decorated pieces, and the other of enamel on biscuit pieces, the distinctions between them not always being very clear. The enamel on biscuit type lends itself to slightly denser treatment and the use of white areas is drastically reduced. To the famille verte there may be limited add

4、itions of gold for some details, but gold does not normally occur on the enamel on biscuit type. Famille verte is applied only to types made from the seventeenth century onward (Kangxi period) which differ much in style from earlier wares. Famille verte has survived intermittently, having reached it

5、s apogee early in the eighteenth century.Famille noire and famille jaune are the variants under the general heading of famille verte. They use the same palette but the emphasis is either on the black or the yellow rather than the green, and in both cases these tend to be background colors. Black is

6、the dominant background color of famille noire, famille noire consisits of a dull black ground covered with a green enamel. Yellow is the dominant background color of famille janue.The five-colored wares known as Wucai are complicated, as the blue had to be put on under the glaze and fired, and the

7、enamel colores added and refired. Towards the end of the seventeenth century the use of underglaze blue in combination with the overglaze colors diminished. It is finally abandoned in favor of an overglaze blue, and it is to this type that the name truly applies.During the Kangxi period Wucai was re

8、placed with the famille verte.【中文說明】 Famille verte 主要是對清朝康熙時部分五彩瓷及其后時期五彩瓷和素三彩的統(tǒng)稱，尤以指五彩瓷為多。在famille verte中則又有famille noire 和 famille jaune的區(qū)分，前者是指墨地五彩，后者是指黃地五彩。對于康熙時期的五彩瓷，我們在翻譯的時候都與一般五彩瓷同樣對待，看不出二者的區(qū)別，但在國外學術界則是有嚴格的區(qū)分的。對于一般五彩瓷與famille verte 的區(qū)分主要通過藍彩是屬于釉上彩還是釉下彩來做出的。一般五彩瓷，主要是指明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷，其中的藍彩仍然是釉下藍彩，

9、也就是青花；而famille verte 中的藍彩則是釉上彩。國內出版的大部分文物及相關圖錄或著作中的英文翻譯中，對于康熙這一部分藍彩為釉上彩的五彩瓷的譯法與一般五彩瓷的譯法一樣，沒有做出區(qū)分，而在國外的同類著作中，則能看到明顯的區(qū)分?！緦嵗龖谩縜. Famille verte plate painted with a kingfisher and lotus plants. 五彩荷花翠鳥紋盤b. Famille verte saucer-dish painted with peach and pomegranate sprays and incised with dragons pursu

10、ing pearls among clouds. 素三彩花果刻云龍戲珠紋盤c. Famille noire vase painted with history stories. 墨地五彩歷史故事圖瓶2 famille rose 粉彩【英文釋義】Famille rose is a term coined by Jacquemart in the nineteenth century and applies to a group of overglaze enameled porcelains which begins at the end of Kangxi. The delicate rose

11、 pink which is characteristic of the group is an opaque color derived from colloidal gold. All the colors in the group are opaque and stand up more in relief than those of the famille verte translucent type. The wider palette and more meticulous style of painting possible. By about the middle of the

12、 eighteenth century western subjects became a popular novelty. This group of enamels is also known by its Chinese name yangcai or fencai.【中文說明】 在目前能見到的漢英文物或考古詞典中，都將famille rose 與 famille verte歸在“粉彩”的條目之下，可見是將二者混淆了；此外還有直接用拼音“fen cai ”的?！胺鄄省币辉~的英譯當以國外學術界通用的譯法為準，也就是譯作famille rose?！緦嵗龖谩縜. Famille rose v

13、ase painted with flower scrolls. 粉彩纏枝花卉紋瓶b. Famille rose jar painted with landscape and figures. 粉彩山水人物圖罐3 peachbloom 豇豆紅釉【英文釋義】Peachbloom is the name of a reduced copper glaze effect developed in the Kangxi period. It is difficult to fire and so is used only on small vessels for the scholars table.

14、 Pieces are so fired as to produce a soft pinkish-red color, shading off to green in places. The effect is an expensive one to produce successfully, and all the best pieces are of the Kangxi period. The superintendent Zang Ying-xuan is generally credited with this innovation. Peachbloom is an extrem

15、ely temperamental glaze used only for a small range of objects. There are eight vessels produced with this glaze. They are: a. coiled dragon vase, b. three-string vase, c. chrysanthemum vase, d. Guanyin vase, e. semi-spherical water pot (taibai zun), f. apple-shaped vase, g. shallow brush washer, h.

16、 seal-paste box.【中文說明】 Peachbloom 就是我們所說的豇豆紅釉。國內出版物中基本上不用這一術語，而出現較多的是kidney-bean red, cowpea red等，都是依照字面的意思來直譯的。此外，由于豇豆紅有多種不同的叫法，如美人醉、孩兒臉等，有時也就依照中文字面譯作 beatuys blush, childs face, 其實所指的器物都是一種，而這些譯法未見得就很科學，也不是通行的用法。其實peachbloom 一詞就是依照豇豆紅的另一叫法“桃花片”而譯出的，后成為這一種釉色品種通行的術語?！緦嵗龖谩?a. Peachbloom water pot in

17、cised with dragon roundels. 豇豆紅釉刻團螭紋太白尊 b. Peachbloom chrysanthemum vase. 豇豆紅釉菊瓣瓶4. Sancai 三彩【英文釋義】A name given to certain lead silicate glazing techniques. The term is the polychorme wares of Tang, Liao and Song Dynasties, the common colors being yellow, white and green, especially pointing to Tang

18、 Sancai. It is also named for Ming ploychrome wares that known as Ming Sancai, in which the dominant background is yellow, with a decoration incised into the body and colored green, later other colors are to added. Fahua, which is produced of Ming Dynasty, is also named Sancai.【中文說明】三彩的譯法有多種，常見的主要是

19、tri-color 和three-color，這兩種都是依據字面的意思來直譯的，但并不準確，因為三彩的“三”并不代表這一品種只有三種顏色，而只是說明色彩較多而已。雖然在國外把唐三彩、遼三彩和宋三彩、以及明代三彩統(tǒng)稱為三彩，但它們之間還是有所區(qū)別的。唐三彩用白色粘土作胎，用含銅、鐵、鈷、錳等金屬元素的礦物作著色劑，釉色以黃、綠、白三色為主，同時還有藍、紫等色。遼三彩受唐三彩的影響，多用黃、綠、白三色，它與唐三彩的區(qū)別主要是胎土不同，沒有藍色，施釉不交融，釉面少流淌現象。宋三彩指宋、金時期生產的低溫彩色釉陶制品，在唐三彩和遼三彩的基礎上，除黃、綠、白三色以外，還有艷紅、烏黑等色，并新創(chuàng)了翡翠釉，但

20、仍沒有藍色。明、清兩代也生產三彩制品，以黃、綠、紫為主色，在澀胎上用彩釉填繪刻劃好的圖案，因其不用紅彩，所以又有素三彩之稱。素三彩始于明代，正德時期最為精致，清代康熙年間十分盛行。三彩的英譯以拼音出之，更能直接表明意思，避免了其他英譯表面意思帶來的不必要的誤解。【實例應用】a. Sancai horse and groom of Tang Dynasty. 唐三彩馬與馬夫b. Sancai tripod censer of Ming Dynasty. 明素三彩三足爐5 Wucai 五彩【英文釋義】Wucai is a term applied to procelain of the Ming

21、and Qing Dynasties. It often decorated in underglaze blue and overglaze enamel colors such as red, green, yellow and black and occasionally with a clear turquoise enamel as well. Blue is used like any other colors, but it is a underglaze color and other colors are overglaze. At the end of seventeent

22、h century, Kangxi reigon of Qing Dynasty, Wucai eventually developed into famille verte.【中文說明】 五彩的英譯以five-colors 和polychrome 為多見，近來多采用Wucai 。Wucai在國外學術界所指的主要是明代五彩瓷和清代早期五彩瓷，其中的藍彩仍然是釉下藍彩，也就是青花作為一種顏色來使用；之后的五彩瓷習慣上用famille verte來稱呼?！緦嵗龖谩縜. Wucai double-gourd wall vase painted with phoenix and flowers. 五

23、彩鳳穿花紋葫蘆形壁瓶 b. Wucai pen-tray painted with dragons and phoenixs among clouds above waves. 五彩龍鳳紋筆盒6 Doucai 斗彩【英文釋義】 Doucai is a term for porcelains of the Ming and Qing Dynasties decorated in a particularly refined and delicate style. It is a particular type of imperial ware developed during the Cheng

24、hua period of Ming Dynasty. It is a nice combination of underglaze blue painting and overglaze enamelling of a very superior king. The main outlines and some of the details are painted in underglaze blue and overglaze translucent enamels washed over to make the rest of the design.【中文說明】斗彩在以往的文獻中英譯為c

25、ontrasted colors和contending colors較為多見，但這兩種譯法都不能夠非常準確的反映出斗彩的確切涵義，因而還是以漢語拼音的Doucai來指稱更直接些，且已為大多數學者所接受。【實例應用】a. Doucai cup painted with grapes. 斗彩葡萄紋杯b. Doucai bowl painted with pheasants and peonys among stones. 斗彩雉雞牡丹山石紋碗7. Fahua 法花【英文釋義】Fahua is also basically of Sancai. The decoration is normally

26、outlined by threads or reticulated, and confined within the raised trail of slip or clay. The pieces usually have a turquoise or purple-blue ground and are decorated in yellow, white, and turquoise or blue with green interiors. Sometimes details such as the faces and hands of the figures ate left in

27、 the biscuit. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century they are of porcelain but this gradually turns to stoneware and earthenware.【中文說明】法花，又叫琺華、法華，是在琉璃釉的基礎上發(fā)展出來的釉色品種。出現于元代，明中期以后在山西晉南一帶較為盛行，景德鎮(zhèn)也仿燒法花器物，但胎體從陶變?yōu)榱舜伞７ɑǖ挠⒆g也有多種，但都不是十分確切，目前以用Fahua較為普遍。【實例應用】a. Fahua jar designed with the story of e

28、ight Taoist Immortals. 法花八仙故事圖罐b. Fahua meiping designed with winged dragons above waves. 法花海水翼龍紋梅瓶 目前，國內在古陶瓷術語的使用上還存在一定的混亂，雖然有的專業(yè)漢英辭典中收錄了一些術語，但往往是對出現的術語統(tǒng)統(tǒng)收錄，并沒有指出哪一個是常用的或是最規(guī)范的，這樣使用者如果沒有一定的相關知識，也就無從取舍，在使用上難免出現問題。因此，我們應該時刻關注國外的學術信息，了解國外學術界的新動向，在專業(yè)術語的使用上與國際學術界保持一致。二語法 語法在翻譯過程中是一個同樣重要的問題，實際上也就是一個詞語搭配的順序問題，但這個順序有一定的規(guī)律，但同樣存在特殊情況，因而不能一概而論。英語的語法與中文的使用習慣是存在根本的差別的，切忌用中文的語序去套英語。陶瓷名稱的英譯也是一樣，雖然名稱只是一個詞組而非句子，但這個詞組是一個相對較長而復雜的詞組，需要按照一定的順序來組織詞語，語法顯得就十分重要。 先看一個例子： Blue and white bowl painted with dragons and clouds，中文是“青花云龍紋碗”?？梢钥闯?，這一名稱的表述方式是：釉彩品種+器型+工藝技法+紋