【2017年整理】技術壁壘對我國紡織品出口的影響外文翻譯(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯以及中英文對照)

1、w 浙江工業(yè)大學成人教育學院畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯題目：技術壁壘對我國紡織品出口的影響外文資料： Technical barriers to trade on the impact of Chinese textile imports and exports 學生姓名： 學 號：08135601002所在分院：成教之江分院專 業(yè)：國際經濟與貿易班 級：國貿801指導教師： 2011年6月技術壁壘的概述及影響技術性貿易壁壘又稱“技術性貿易措施”或“技術壁壘”，是以國家或地區(qū)的技術法規(guī)、協(xié)議、標準和認證體系（合格評定程序）等形式出現(xiàn)，涉及的內容廣泛，含蓋科學技術、衛(wèi)生、檢疫、安全、環(huán)保、產品

2、質量和認證等諸多技術性指標體系，運用于國際貿易當中，呈現(xiàn)出靈活多變、名目繁多的規(guī)定。由于這類壁壘大量的以技術面目出現(xiàn)，因此常常會披上合法外衣，成為當前國際貿易中最為隱蔽、最難對付的非關稅壁壘。隨著經濟全球化浪潮的興起和貿易自由化的發(fā)展，加上WTO規(guī)則的有關限制，國際貿易壁壘的種類和形式在不斷地變化：關稅稅率越來越低，傳統(tǒng)的非關稅壁壘也在逐步減少，新型的更靈活、更隱蔽的貿易壁壘技術性貿易壁壘卻在不斷發(fā)展、種類在不斷增多。我國已經加入世界貿易組織，所以在國際貿易中，我們必須按照WTO規(guī)則和有關國際慣例行事。面對這些新的變化，我們應該如何應對，從而在世界貿易中保護我國的對外貿易利益和在更加開放的環(huán)境

3、中促進我國經濟及社會的健康發(fā)展呢？我想在提出應對的措施之前有必要弄清楚作為國際貿易保護手段的技術性貿易壁壘愈演愈烈的深層原因：（一）、維護本國的利益是一切國際關系的根本目的。雖然為了推進經濟全球化和貿易自由化的發(fā)展，各國在烏拉圭回合談判中承諾進一步降低關稅和在保持現(xiàn)狀下逐步消除各種非關稅壁壘。但現(xiàn)在國際競爭日益激烈，各國為了維護本國的貿易利益，在逐步取消明顯有違WTO精神的一些傳統(tǒng)的非關稅壁壘的同時又不斷推出更為隱蔽的技術性貿易壁壘，而且名目繁多，要求越來越苛刻。在發(fā)達國家之間、發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家之間、發(fā)展中國家之間都存在技術性貿易壁壘。只是由于在技術水平上，發(fā)展中國家遠低于發(fā)達國家，所以技

4、術性貿易壁壘對發(fā)展中國家影響更大。（二）、WTO協(xié)定中的許多例外條文和漏洞，也為技術性壁壘的實施提供了法律上的依據。如貿易技術壁壘協(xié)議中規(guī)定：“任何國家在其認為適當的范圍內可采取必要的措施保護環(huán)境，只要這些措施不致認為在具有同等條件的國家之間造成任何不合理的歧視，或成為對國際貿易產生隱蔽限制的一種手段?！庇秩鐚嵤┬l(wèi)生與植物衛(wèi)生措施協(xié)定規(guī)定：“締約方有權采納為保護人類、動物或植物生命或健康的衛(wèi)生和植物衛(wèi)生措施”而且只要締約方確認其的措施有科學依據和保護水平是適當的就“可以實施或維持高于國際標準、指南和建議的措施”。這意味著技術性貿易壁壘的建立具有很大的合法性。（三）、各國和國際性環(huán)保組織的地位在

5、不斷地提高，對政府決策的影響力越來越大。所以各國政府在實行有關政策時，不得不考慮他們的聲音，在有關方面做出讓步，增加貿易壁壘。由于地球環(huán)境在不斷地惡化，引起了國際社會的關注，自從上世紀七十年代以來，世界性的環(huán)保組織紛紛成立，比較有名的，如綠色和平組織、國際環(huán)境影視集團、世界自然基金會等。他們在許多國家都設有分機構，擁有眾多的會員，進行廣泛的環(huán)境保護宣傳，并極力反對各國政府各種破壞環(huán)境的行為，強烈要求各國政府實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展的經濟和社會政策。歐盟就曾在環(huán)保組織的壓力下，多次提高環(huán)保標準要求，以減少生產過程中對環(huán)境的污染及增加對人類健康和生命的保障。 （四）、可持續(xù)發(fā)展觀念的深入人心，為各國進行技術

6、性貿易壁壘提供了理論支持。如前所述，世界環(huán)境問題已引起各國人民及政府的重視，可持續(xù)發(fā)展正深入民心。所以，各國為了在國際貿易中取得更加有利的地位，在逐步消除一些明顯違反WTO精神的非關稅壁壘的同時，祭起了可持續(xù)發(fā)展大旗，越來越多地轉向了衛(wèi)生檢疫標準和環(huán)境保護標準等與人民的健康和可持續(xù)發(fā)展相關的非關稅壁壘。由于這些措施在很大程度上符合廣大民眾的意愿（尤其在發(fā)達國家）。因此，各國實施起來是有恃無恐，而且標準越來越苛刻，種類越來越多。這是技術性貿易壁壘愈演愈烈的主要原因。綜觀世界各國（主要是發(fā)達國家）的技術性貿易壁壘，其限制產品進口方面的技術措施主要有以下幾種：（1）嚴格繁雜的技術法規(guī)和技術標準利用技

7、術標準作為貿易壁壘具有非對等性和隱蔽性。在國際貿易中，發(fā)達 技術性貿易壁壘國家常常是國際標準的制定者。他們憑借著在世界貿易中的主導地位和技術優(yōu)勢，率先制定游戲規(guī)則，強制推行根據其技術水平定出的技術標準，使廣大經濟落后國家的出口廠商望塵莫及。而且這些技術標準、技術法規(guī)常常變化，有的地方政府還有自己的特殊規(guī)定，使發(fā)展中國家的廠商要么無從知曉、無所適從，要么為了迎合其標準付出較高的成本，削弱產品的競爭力。（2）復雜的合格評定程序在貿易自由化漸成潮流的形勢下，質量認證和合格評定對于出口競爭能力的提高和進口市場的保護作用愈益突出。目前，世界上廣泛采用的質量認定標準是ISO9000系列標準。此外，美、日、

8、歐盟等還有各自的技術標準體系。（3）嚴格的包裝、標簽規(guī)則為防止包裝及其廢棄物可能對生態(tài)環(huán)境、人類及動植物的安全構成威脅，許多國家頒布了一系列包裝和標簽方面的法律和法規(guī)，以保護消費者權益和生態(tài)環(huán)境。從保護環(huán)境和節(jié)約能源來看，包裝制度確有積極作用，但它增加了出口商的成本，且技術要求各國不一、變化無常，往往迫使外國出口商不斷變換包裝，失去不少貿易機會。綜述：由此可見，技術性貿易壁壘有著許多客觀的生存環(huán)境。在當今的國際貿易中，技術性貿易壁壘不但不可避免，反而將會長期存在。其對國際貿易的影響將會越來越大。同時，對社會的發(fā)展也將起著非常重要的作用。據國家知識產權局統(tǒng)計，當前世界貿易壁壘的80來源于技術性貿

9、易壁壘。負面影響1、越來越多的技術性貿易壁壘（如各國的標準條例、技術法規(guī)、合格評定程序等）阻礙著國際貿易的自由發(fā)展，不利于世界資源的自由流通和優(yōu)化配置，并且與經濟全球化 世界進口貿易額分布、貿易自由化的社會發(fā)展潮流背道而馳。這是貿易自由主義反對技術性貿易壁壘的主要依據。如，大多數電子、電器產品要求符合美國聯(lián)邦通訊委員會（FCC）、保險商實驗室（UL）以及其他相關機構的標準；美國聯(lián)邦貿易委員會（FTC）要求紡織品標有成分和保護標簽，消費者安全委員會（CPSC）要求紡織品的耐火性能達到相關標準；美國食品醫(yī)藥管理局（FDA）負責對進口食品、藥品、保健品、化妝品、洗滌用品、醫(yī)療設備的管理和監(jiān)測，對商品

10、的純度和標簽等要求嚴格，在商品入境時會作抽檢；美國農業(yè)部（USDA）還要求豬肉、家禽肉必須經過嚴格的消毒程序。這些一系列的標準要求和檢測措施無疑會給國際貿易帶來諸多不便，并同時提高進口商品的成本。2、環(huán)境或人民的健康和生命安全，但實際上，其更大的目的是為了使本國貿易商在國際貿易中獲得更多的利益。另據統(tǒng)計，在生命科學與生物技術、信息技術、新材料等關鍵技術領域，西方發(fā)達國家所擁有的專利數量，大約占全球專利總量的90左右，而包括中國在內的發(fā)展中國家僅擁有10左右。如此大的技術差距，不可能在短期很長的一個時期內，國際貿易利益的分配將會進一步向發(fā)達國家傾斜。在現(xiàn)行的國際標準體系中，標準的制定者基本上都是

11、發(fā)達國家，發(fā)展中國家大多是標準的被動接受者。而發(fā)達國家從他們自身利益和技術水平出發(fā)制定的標準是許多發(fā)展中國家所難以達到的。所以，發(fā)達國家經常利用技術標準設置貿易壁壘甚至發(fā)動技術貿易戰(zhàn)，以保護他們的國際貿易利益，從而繼續(xù)控制發(fā)展中國家和占據國際貿易的主導地位。如我國的凍雞自1996年8月起被歐盟以沒通過檢疫為由禁止進入，直到2001年5月才對上海和山東若干地區(qū)的14家企業(yè)開禁，每年損失近億美元；從2001年7月開始，歐盟對進口茶葉做出新規(guī)定，部分產品農藥的最高允許殘留量僅為原先標準的1/1001/200（事實上按原來標準生產出的茶葉已經對人體沒危害），如不采取有效措施，我國茶葉將被迫退出歐盟市場

12、。據有關報道，我國1999年僅由國外技術規(guī)定、標準和合格評定程序而減少的出口至少達 500億美元?，F(xiàn)在，發(fā)達國家之間也經常發(fā)生“技術標準貿易戰(zhàn)”，他們名義上是為了保護 我國對外貿易三大結構性變化內縮小。所以，在很長一段時間內，發(fā)展中國家在國際貿易格局中將會處于越來越不利的地位。正面作用1、環(huán)境壁壘及綠色標準在客觀上促進了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實施。經濟建設和環(huán)境保護是任何國家發(fā)展過程都會遇到的一對矛盾。但眼前的經濟利益往往會使人們選擇破壞環(huán)境進行經濟建設的道路。尤其在一些發(fā)展中國家，由于資金有限，根本無力去顧及環(huán)保。毀林而獵、竭澤而漁的做法使現(xiàn)在地球的環(huán)境急劇惡化。就算在我國，雖然早已把環(huán)境保護作為一項

13、基本國策，但據不完全統(tǒng)計，1998年全國影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的產品出口金額達86億美元，占當年出口總額的6.2%；2000年污染較重的產品(如染料、皮革制品、印染品、紙漿等)的出口達110億美元，占當年出口額的5.1%。而綠色標準的實施將迫使我國企業(yè)在生產過程中減少對環(huán)境的污染，采用綠色生產體系生產綠色產品。這在客觀上會促進我國可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的實施。同樣，在一定程度上也會促使世界經濟的發(fā)展和世界環(huán)境的保護趨向協(xié)調和平衡，有利于在發(fā)展世界經濟的同時保護整個地球的生態(tài)環(huán)境。2、不斷提高的檢疫標準和包裝設計標準，促使各國要不斷提高本國產品的質量和衛(wèi)生及安全性能，這對人類的性命安全和身體健康是有積極作用的。尤

14、其是現(xiàn)在世界各國動植物流行?。ㄈ缈谔阋?、瘋牛病、小麥的矮星黑穗病、玉米細菌性枯萎病等）時有爆發(fā)，再加上轉基因產品（GMO）的安全性仍無法科學測定，所以在國際貿易中，各國制訂相關的檢疫標準并嚴格執(zhí)行是非常必要的。The verview and impact of technical barriers to tradeTechnical Barriers to Trade based on national or regional technical regulations, protocols, standards and certification (conformity assessment

15、 procedures) and other forms, involving wide-ranging, covers science and technology, health, quarantine, security, environmental protection, product quality and certification, and many other technical indicators system, used in international trade, which, showing a flexible, numerous regulations. As

16、 such a large number of barriers to technology emerged, so often an appearance of legitimacy, become the most covert international trade, the most formidable non-tariff barriers.With the rise of the tide of economic globalization and trade liberalization, together with the relevant WTO rules limit t

17、he types and forms of international trade barriers are constantly changing: Getting lower and lower tariff rates, the traditional non-tariff barriers are gradually reduced, the new, more flexible, more subtle barriers to trade - but in the continuous development of technical barriers to trade, speci

18、es are on the rise. China has joined the World Trade Organization, so in international trade, we must follow the relevant WTO rules and international practice act. Faced with these new changes we should how to deal with, resulting in the protection of world trade and Chinas foreign trade interests i

19、n a more open environment to promote the health of Chinas economic and social development? I would like to propose appropriate measures necessary to clarify before the international trade protection as a means of intensifying the underlying causes of technical barriers to trade:1. Safeguard the inte

20、rests of all its fundamental purpose of international relations. Although the order to advance economic globalization and trade liberalization, countries in the Uruguay Round commitments to further reduce tariffs and to maintain the status quo in the gradual elimination of all non-tariff barriers. B

21、ut now, increasingly fierce international competition, countries in order to safeguard its trade interests in the WTO to phase out clearly contrary to the spirit of some of the traditional non-tariff barriers at the same time continue to introduce more subtle technical barriers to trade, and numerou

22、s, requiring increasingly more demanding. In developed countries, between developed and developing countries, there are technical barriers to trade among developing countries. Only because of the technical level, developing countries are far lower than developed countries, so a greater impact on dev

23、eloping countries of technical barriers to trade. 2. WTO Agreement Many of the exceptions and loopholes, but also for the implementation of technical barriers to provide a legal basis. Such as Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement provides that: Any country in the extent it deems appropriate may tak

24、e the necessary measures to protect the environment, as long as these measures do not think that the countries with the same conditions result in any unreasonable discrimination, or to become disguised restriction on international trade as a means Again, Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Mea

25、sures Agreement, states: Parties have the right to adopt to protect human, animal or plant life or health of the sanitary and phytosanitary measures and as long as Parties confirm their scientific basis and the measures appropriate to the level of protection can be implemented or maintained higher t

26、han the international standards, guidelines and recommendations of the measures. This means that the establishment of technical barriers to trade has great legitimacy. 3. National and international environmental organizations are constantly improving the status; influence on government decision-maki

27、ng is growing. Therefore, governments have implemented such a policy; have to consider their voices, the parties to make concessions, increased trade barriers. As the global environment continues to deteriorate, causing the concern of the international community, since the since the 1970s, global en

28、vironmental organizations have been established, more well-known, such as Greenpeace, international environmental film group, the World Wildlife Fund . In many countries have established sub-sector, with many members, a wide range of environmental information, and strongly oppose the governments of

29、various environmental destruction, urged governments to implement sustainable development of economic and social policies. Once in the EU under pressure from environmental groups, many times to raise the environmental standards to reduce the production process and increasing environmental pollution

30、on human health and life protection. 4.As mentioned earlier, the worlds environmental problems have attracted national attention to the people and government, sustainable development is the public. Therefore, countries in international trade in order to obtain a more favorable position in the gradua

31、l elimination of some of the clear violation of the spirit of the WTOs non-tariff barriers at the same time, brings up the banner of sustainable development, are increasingly turning to the health and quarantine standards and the environment protection standards and peoples health and sustainable de

32、velopment of non-trooped countries). Therefore, countries implement is nothing to fear, and standards are becoming increasingly demanding, more and more types. This is the main technical barriers to trade intensified.Looking at the world (mainly developed countries) technical barriers to trade, the

33、import of products of its limited technical measures are the following:Strict complex technical regulations and technical standards.In international trade, developed technical barriers to trade Countries are often international standard setters. Who by virtue of the dominance of world trade and tech

34、nological advantages, the first rules of the game, forced to set up in accordance with the technical level of technical standards, the majority of economically backward countries, exporters catch. And these technical standards, technical regulations often change, and some local governments also have

35、 their own special requirements, manufacturers in developing countries are either unknown, loss, or pay a higher standard in order to meet its costs and weaken the competitiveness of products. Countries are often international standard setters. Who by virtue of the dominance of world trade and techn

36、ological advantages, the first rules of the game, forced to set up in accordance with the technical level of technical standards, the majority of economically backward countries, exporters catch. And these technical standards, technical regulations often change, and some local governments also have

37、their own special requirements, manufacturers in developing countries are either unknown, loss, or pay a higher standard in order to meet its costs and weaken the competitiveness of products.Complex conformity assessment procedures:Had become the trend of trade liberalization situation, quality cert

38、ification and conformity assessment for the currently, the worlds widely used quality standard ISO9000 series of standards identified. In addition, the United States, Japan, the European Union each has their technical standards.Strict packaging, labeling rulesIn order to prevent packaging waste and

39、on the ecological environment, human and animal and plant security threat, many countries have promulgated a series of packaging and labeling laws and regulations to protect the interests of consumers and the environment. From the point of view of environmental protection and energy conservation, pa

40、ckaging system does have a positive effect, but it increases the cost of exporters, and the technical requirements of different countries, volatile, often changing packaging to force foreign exporters lose a lot of trade opportunities.In todays international trade, technical barriers to trade not on

41、ly inevitable, but will be a long time. Its impact on international trade will be increasing. Meanwhile, the community development will play a very important role. According to the State Intellectual Property Office statistics, 80% of current world trade barriers, technical barriers to trade from.Ne

42、gative impact on:1. A growing number of technical barriers to trade (such as the national standards regulations, technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures, etc.) impeding the free development of international trade, the worlds resources is not conducive to the free flow and optimized a

43、llocation and import trade with the world of economic globalization breakdown , Trade liberalization and social development runs counter to the trend. This is the technical barriers to trade liberalism against main basis. For example, most of the electronics, electrical products require compliance w

44、ith the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standards and other relevant agencies; U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requires the protection of textile label marked with the ingredients and consumers safety Commission (CPSC) requirements of fire resistance of te

45、xtiles to meet the standards; U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for imported food, drugs, health products, cosmetics, cleaning supplies, medical equipment management and monitoring of the purity and labeling of goods and so demanding, in the entry of goods will be sampling; U.S.

46、 Department of Agriculture (USDA) also called pork, poultry must undergo strict disinfection procedures. These series of standards and testing measures will undoubtedly inconvenience of international trade, while increasing the cost of imported goods.2. Environment or peoples health and safety, but

47、in fact, its greater purpose is to bring the domestic traders in international trade to get more benefits. According to statistics, in the life sciences and biotechnology, information technology, new materials and other key technology areas, the Western developed countries have a number of patents,

48、accounting for 90% of total worldwide patent, while the developing countries including China, has only about 10%. Such a large technology gap, not very long in a short period of time, the distribution of benefits of international trade will be further inclined to developed countries. Under the curre

49、nt system of international standards, standard setters are basically developed countries; developing countries are mostly passive recipients of the standard. While the developed countries from their own interests and skill levels are starting to develop a standard difficult to achieve in many develo

50、ping countries. Therefore, the technical standards set in developed countries often use technical barriers to trade or even launch a trade war to protect their interests in international trade, and thus continue to control international trade of developing countries and occupy the dominant position.

51、 Such as frozen chicken in China in August 1996 by the EU to not prohibited from entering the grounds through quarantine until May 2001, Shanghai and Shandong fishes 14 companies in several areas of lifting the ban, loss of hundred million dollars a year; from July 2001 month, the EU has made new re

52、gulations on the import of tea, some of the products of the highest pesticide residues allowed only the original standard 1/100-1/200 (in fact, produced by the original standard tea has no harm to human body), such as do not take effective measures, Chinas tea will be forced to withdraw from the EU

53、market. Now, developed countries often occur between the technical standard trade war, they are nominally in order to protect Chinas foreign trade within the three major structural changes reduced. So, in a very long period of time, developing countries in international trade pattern will be more an

54、d more disadvantageous position.A positive effect:Environmental barriers and green standards for an objective to promote the implementation of sustainable development. Economic development and environmental protection is the development of any country will face a contradiction. But the immediate eco

55、nomic interests tend to make people choose to destroy the environment for economic development of the road. Deforestation and hunting, exploit the practice of the present Earths environment deteriorated sharply. Even in China, although already the environmental protection as a basic national policy,

56、 but according to incomplete statistics, the 1998 National impact on the environment exports amounted to $ 8.6 billion, accounting for 6.2% of total exports; serious pollution in 2000 products (such as dyes, leather products, printing and dyeing products, pulp, etc.) exports $ 11 billion, accounting

57、 for 5.1% of exports. The implementation of green standards will force Chinas enterprises in the production process to reduce environmental pollution, the use of green production system to produce green products. This objective will be to promote Chinas sustainable development strategy. Similarly, i

58、n a certain extent, will promote the development of world economy and world environmental protection tend to co-ordination and balance, help in the development of world economy, while protecting the ecological environment of the entire planet.Quarantine standards and continuously improve packaging design standards, prompting countries to continuously improve their product quality and health and safety performance, safety of human life and health have a positive effect. In particular, the epidemic is now the world flora and fauna (such as f