高中英語 Module 6 The World’s Cultural Heritage Section 3 Grammar 外研版選修7

1、Section Grammar,探究 語法精要,項目一虛擬語氣 虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實。它主要是通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示，既可以表示與事實相反，也可以用于一些特殊的句型。下面分別介紹虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法,一、if引導虛擬語氣,If I were a bird，I would fly to you！(與現(xiàn)在相反) 如果我是一只鳥，我就會飛到你身旁！ If he had followed my advice，he would have succeeded.(與過去相反)如果他聽從了我的建議，他就成功了。 If it rained/were to

2、 rain/should rain，I would stay here.(與將來相反)如果下雨的話，我會待在這里,注意：(1)在if引導的條件句中，若省略if，則從句用部分倒裝。 Were I you，I would study harder.(畫線處相當于if I were you.) 如果我是你，我就會更加努力學習。 Had I known the truth earlier，I wouldnt have been cheated by him.(畫線處相當于If I had known the truth) 如果我早知道真相，就不會被他騙了,注意：(2)if引導虛擬語氣時，通常主、從句謂

3、語動詞所指的時間是一致，有時也可指不同的時間，這時要根據(jù)上下文的意思，采用不同的謂語動詞形式，這種虛擬稱為混合型虛擬語氣。 If I were you，I would not have accepted his invitation.(從句對現(xiàn)在虛擬，主句對過去虛擬) 如果我是你，我就不會接受他的邀請了,二、虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句 1賓語從句 (1)“wish賓語從句”表示不能實現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句的謂語動詞用過去式。 I wish I were a bird flying in the sky. 我希望我是一只在空中飛翔的小鳥,表示將來不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，用“would (c

4、ould)動詞原形”。 He wishes he could become a scientist someday. 他希望將來的某一天，他能成為科學家。 表示過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，用“had過去分詞”。 We wish we had not told him the news. 我們希望沒有告訴過他這個消息,2)在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中。即：order/suggest/propose/require/demand/request/command/insistthat sb.(should) do。 I suggest that we (should) hold a meet

5、ing next week. 我建議下周我們應(yīng)該舉行一次會議。 He insisted that he (should) be sent there. 他堅持應(yīng)該被派去那里。 注意：當insist表示“堅持認為”和suggest表示“表明，暗示”時，后面的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣,2表語從句、同位語從句 在suggestion，proposal，idea，plan，order，advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即(should)動詞原形。 My advice is that we (should) get more people to attend the confere

6、nce.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該讓更多的人參加會議。 I make a proposal that we (should) go hiking at this weekend. 我建議周末我們應(yīng)該去遠足,3主語從句 句型It is suggested/ordered/proposed/required/ demanded/ requested/insisted etc.that sb.(should) do.It is important/ necessary/natural/strange/a pity/no wonder etc.that sb.(should) do。 It is sugges

7、ted that measures (should) be taken to protect the heritage sites.有人建議應(yīng)該采取措施來保護文化遺址。 It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow. 他參加明天的會議是必要的,三、虛擬語氣的其他用法 1as if/though引導的表語從句或狀語從句中的用法 如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去式。 He looks as if he were an artist. 他看起來像是一位藝術(shù)家。 如果從句表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用had過去

8、分詞,He looks as if he had seen a ghost.他好像遇到鬼了。 如果從句表示與將來事實相反，謂語動詞用would/might/could動詞原形。 It looks as if it might rain soon. 看起來像馬上要下雨,2if only表示“如果就好了”。if only也可用于虛擬語氣。如表示與過去事實相反用haddone來表示。 If only the alarm clock had rung. 如果當時鬧鐘響了就好了。 如表示與現(xiàn)在事實和將來事實相反用一般過去時來表示。 If only he were here now.要是他現(xiàn)在在這里就好了

9、,3It is (high) time that后面的從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形(但should不可省略)，來表示虛擬語氣。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed. 是孩子們該睡覺的時候了,4would ratherthat從句。此從句中要用虛擬語氣。 在would rather從句中表示對過去的虛擬時，從句謂語動詞用had done；表示對現(xiàn)在與將來的虛擬時，從句謂語動詞用did/were。 I would rather I

10、 had finished my homework on time.(對過去的虛擬)我寧愿我按時完成作業(yè)了。 I would rather you were studying in the classroom.(對現(xiàn)在的虛擬)我寧愿你正在教室里學習。 It is too late，so I would rather you took a taxi.(對將來的虛擬) 太晚了，因此我寧愿你坐出租車,5含蓄型虛擬語氣 含蓄型虛擬語氣是指if條件句不出現(xiàn)，而用某些詞或短語表示虛擬條件(主句不變)或靠上下文襯托表示虛擬條件的形式，含蓄型虛擬語氣標志性的詞語有with，without，but for(要不

11、是)，or(否則)，otherwise(否則)等。 Without music，the world would be a dull place. If there were no music，the world would be a dull place. 如果沒有音樂，世界將會是一個很無聊的地方,But for his help，we would not have managed it. If it had not been for his help，we would not have managed it. 要不是他的幫助，我們處理不了那件事。 He did not come yester

12、day；otherwise you would have seen him. 昨天他沒來，否則你會見到他,項目二狀語從句 狀語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞、副詞等的從句叫狀語從句。英語中的狀語從句有很多，此處主要學習地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句和讓步狀語從句,1地點狀語從句 地點狀語從句表示在主句中某一動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的地點或進行的方向。通常由where(在某個地方)，wherever(在任何一個地方)引導，可以放在主句之前，也可放于主句之后。 We should go where the people need us. 我們應(yīng)該去人民需要我們的地方。 Wherever they

13、went，they received a warm welcome. 無論他們走到哪兒都受到熱烈歡迎,注意：where除了可以引導地點狀語從句還可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導定語從句。二者的區(qū)別在于where從句前是否有先行詞，如有，則為定語從句；反之，則為地點狀語從句。試比較： You can go where you want.(地點狀語從句) You can go to the place where you want.(定語從句) 你想去哪就去哪,2條件狀語從句 引導條件狀語從句的連接詞主要有if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that等。suppose/s

14、upposing that.(假設(shè))，provided/providing that.(倘若，在條件下)等也可引導條件狀語從句。其中unlessif not。 We will miss the train if you dont hurry. 如果你不快點，我們就要誤了火車。 As long as you are not afraid of difficulties，you are sure to succeed.只要你不怕困難，就一定能成功,注意：在條件狀語從句中謂語動詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；用現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來完成時。 If you have finished your homew

15、ork，you can play outside. 如果你做完了作業(yè)，可以到外面玩玩,3讓步狀語從句 (1)通常由though，although引導讓步狀語從句。但當有though或although時，后面的從句不能有but，但是though和yet，still可連用。 Though he was very tired，yet he went on working. 雖然他非常累，但他仍繼續(xù)工作。 (2)even if，even though可引導讓步狀語從句，意為“即使，縱然”。 Even though you have passed the exam，you still need to s

16、tudy hard.即使你通過了這次考試，你仍需要努力學習,3)whether.or.引導讓步狀語從句意為“不管都，不論是否”。 Whether he comes here or not，the party will be held on time. 不論他是否來，宴會將按時舉行,4)“no matter疑問詞”或“疑問詞ever”，即：no matter what，no matter who，no matter when，no matter where，no matter which，no matter how以及whatever，whoever，whenever，wherever，whic

17、hever，however。這兩種形式皆可引導讓步狀語從句意為“不管；無論”。此時，兩種形式可以互換。 No matter what happened，he would not mind. Whatever happened，he would not mind. 不管發(fā)生了什么，他都不會介意,注意：“疑問詞ever”可以引導主語從句和賓語從句，此時不能與“no matter疑問詞”互換。 Whatever you say is of no use now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。 Whatever you say是主語從句，故此句不可換為：No matter what you say is o

18、f no use now,5)as意為“盡管”之意時可以引導讓步狀語從句，但是必須倒裝。即將從句中的表語、狀語或動詞原形提至句首。此時的as可以和though互換。 Small child as/though he was，he knew what was the right thing to do. Though he was a small child，he knew what was the right thing to do.盡管他是個孩子，但他知道什么事情是可以做的。 Much as/though he likes her，he will not marry her. 盡管他非常喜歡

19、她，但他不會娶她,注意：(1)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)作表語置于句首時，不能帶任何冠詞。 (2)句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。 Try as/though we did，we failed. 盡管我們試了，但我們失敗了,課時 語法專練,單句語法填空 1Well be free tomorrow，so I suggest we_(visit) the history museum. 答案：(should) visit 2George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but I

20、d rather he_(focus) more on its culture. 答案：focused,3He is so busy.He cannot afford enough time with his son _he wants to. 答案：even if 4One can always manage to do more things，no matter _full ones schedule is in life. 答案：how 5_we have enough evidence，we cant win the case. 答案：Unless,6You can borrow my

21、 car as_as you promise not to drive too fast. 答案：long 7He dressed_and went to the party as if he_ (invite) 答案：up；had been invited 8The law requires that everyone_(have) his car _(check) at least once a year. 答案：(should) have；checked,根據(jù)所給提示詞，將下列句子合成復(fù)合句 1We dont lose heart.We will find a way to overco

22、me the difficulty.(if) _ _ 答案：If we dont lose heart，we will find a way to overcome the difficulty,2We wont be discouraged.We fail ten times.(even though) _ _ 答案：We wont be discouraged even though we fail ten times. 3It was an exciting game.No goals were scored.(although) _ _ 答案：It was an exciting game although no goals were scored,4I wont wait