虛擬條件句的三種基本類(lèi)型

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表示一種純假想的情況或主觀愿望時(shí)，動(dòng)詞需用一種特殊形式，稱為虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣: 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如: If I were you, I should study English. （如果我是你，我就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。）May you succeed! （祝您成功！） 那在什么情況下用虛擬語(yǔ)氣? 在表示虛假的、與事實(shí)相反的或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況時(shí)，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；表示主觀愿望或表示某種強(qiáng)烈情感時(shí)，也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬條件句的三種基本類(lèi)型條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)(虛擬)條件句兩種。真實(shí)條件句所表示的假設(shè)是有可能發(fā)生的，而非真實(shí)條件句則通常表示一種假想

2、，與事實(shí)相反或不大可能會(huì)發(fā)生，即如果假設(shè)的情況是過(guò)去或現(xiàn)在都不存在的，或?qū)?lái)不大可能發(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。：If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有時(shí)間，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?陳述語(yǔ)氣)If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?虛擬語(yǔ)氣)虛擬條件句的三種基本類(lèi)型:一、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反若與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語(yǔ)用“should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”：If you took a taxi，youd get there qui

3、cker. 如果你坐出租車(chē)去，你可以快一點(diǎn)到那里。(但你不坐)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的電話號(hào)碼，我就可以給她打電話了。(可惜我不知道)二、與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反若與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had+過(guò)去分詞)，主句謂語(yǔ)用“should (would, could, might)+have+過(guò)去分詞”：If Id left sooner，Id have been on time. 要是我早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身，我就準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了。(但我動(dòng)身太遲了)If we had found him earlier we could have sa

4、ved his life. 要是我們當(dāng)時(shí)早點(diǎn)找到他的話，我們就可以救活他。(可惜我們找到他太晚了)三、與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反若與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語(yǔ)用“should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”：If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去嗎?(大概他不會(huì)去)If I asked him，Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他會(huì)幫助我們。(不過(guò)我不打算這樣做)注：幾點(diǎn)特別說(shuō)明 主句謂語(yǔ)中的should主要用于第一人稱后。would, might, could的大致區(qū)別是

5、：would表示結(jié)果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較：If you tried again you would succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就會(huì)成功的。(would表結(jié)果)If you tried again you might succeed. 要是你再試一試，你可能會(huì)成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again you could succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。(could表能力) 條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be時(shí)，不管其主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)通常都用were，但在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中的單數(shù)第一人稱和第三人稱后，也可用was，

6、不過(guò)在 If I were you這樣的表達(dá)中，通常還是以用were為宜。 有時(shí)條件從句用would表示愿意：If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他還愿意跟我過(guò)，我仍會(huì)做他的妻子。 對(duì)于與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的情形，請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：一是這里說(shuō)的與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反，實(shí)為對(duì)將來(lái)情況的推測(cè)；二是此用法中的條件從句謂語(yǔ)除用過(guò)去式外，有時(shí)也用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”(表示可能性極小，常譯為“萬(wàn)一”)或“were to+動(dòng)詞原形”(表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè))；三是當(dāng)條件從句使用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)除可用“s

7、hould (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的虛擬語(yǔ)氣外，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣或祈使語(yǔ)氣：If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 萬(wàn)一明天下雨，就不要等我了。I should see him, Ill tell him. 萬(wàn)一我見(jiàn)到他，我就告訴他。使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的幾類(lèi)從句1. wish后賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣要表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示與過(guò)去相反的愿望，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或would / could+have +過(guò)去分詞，表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用would (could)動(dòng)詞原

8、形。如：I wish he were more careful. 你是你更仔細(xì)點(diǎn)就好了。I wish I hadnt said that. 我要是沒(méi)有說(shuō)那話就好了。I wish I could speak your language. 但愿我能講你們國(guó)家的話。2.if only后的句子用虛擬語(yǔ)氣if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)態(tài)與 wish后所接時(shí)態(tài)的情況相同。如：If only I werent so nervous. 但愿我不這樣緊張。If only I had listened to your advice! 我要是聽(tīng)了你的勸告就好了!

9、3. as if (though) 從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣以as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；若表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；表示將來(lái)的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+動(dòng)詞原形。如：I love you as if you were my son. 我愛(ài)你就像你是我的兒子。注：若從句所內(nèi)容可能為事實(shí)，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如：t seems as if we shall have to walk. 似乎我們得步行了。4. Its time后的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句謂語(yǔ)通常用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，

10、有時(shí)也用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”(較少見(jiàn)，且should不能省略)，其意為“(早)該干某事了”。如：Its time we ordered dinner. 現(xiàn)在該叫菜了。I think its time you made up her mind. 我想你該拿定主意了。注：time前有時(shí)有about和high修飾。5. would rather后句子用虛擬語(yǔ)氣通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表過(guò)去的愿望。如：Id rather you didnt do it. 你寧愿你別這樣做。I would rather you didnt mention the price.

11、 我寧愿意你沒(méi)提價(jià)錢(qián)。6. 某些用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句在表示“堅(jiān)持”、“命令”、“建議”、“要求”等后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有人歸納為“一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist)、兩個(gè)命令(order, command)、三個(gè)建議(advise, suggest, propose)、四個(gè)要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，這類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣由“should+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中通?？梢允÷?。如：I insisted that he (should) stay. 我堅(jiān)持要他留下。The doctor advised that he change his

12、 job. 醫(yī)生勸他換工作。注：動(dòng)詞insist, suggest后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，除可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣外，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，兩者的區(qū)別是：若從句內(nèi)容尚未成為事實(shí)，則用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；若從句內(nèi)容已經(jīng)成為事實(shí)，則用陳述語(yǔ)氣。比較：He insisted that I had read his letter. 他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)我看過(guò)他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他堅(jiān)持要我看他的信。7. 某些用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主語(yǔ)從句形容詞important, impossible, necessary等后的主語(yǔ)從句通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：It is impossible that h

13、e should leave here. 他不可能會(huì)離開(kāi)這兒。It is necessary that he be sent there at once.有必要馬上派他到那里去。要注意題中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣請(qǐng)看下面兩道題，雖然不是考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣，但其中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣對(duì)做題至關(guān)重要：題1：It looks as if he were drunk.So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he

14、is always doing so【分析】此題最佳答案為D，但A、B、C均有可能誤選，主要是受題中 drunk 一詞的影響。做此題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的關(guān)鍵詞were，因?yàn)樗砻鞔司涞闹^語(yǔ)為虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也就是說(shuō)，“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí)，只是他的言行好像是喝醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為：他看上去的確像是喝醉了。類(lèi)似用法：The building looks beautiful. 這房子看上去很美。Yes, so it does. 是的，看上去的確很美。此句中的 so it does 也表強(qiáng)

15、調(diào)。題2：I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _ too busy.A. wasB. had beenC. would beD. would have been【分析】此題容易誤選B或D，認(rèn)為前句用了had hoped，所以此句謂語(yǔ)要用B或D與之呼應(yīng)。正確答案為A：前一句謂語(yǔ)用had hoped，表示的是過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法或打算，可以譯為“本想”，而后一句說(shuō)“我太忙”，這是陳述過(guò)去的一個(gè)事實(shí)，所以要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。請(qǐng)看類(lèi)例(答案均為A)：(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _ it was gone.A. foundB. had foundC. would findD. would have found(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _.A. didntB. hadntC. would notD. would not been(3