《從屬結(jié)構(gòu)之從句篇》PPT課件.ppt

1、名詞從句,名詞從句含蓋了主語從句、賓語從句、補語從句和同位語從句。連接這些從句與主句的關(guān)系詞主要有三類,1.從屬連詞：that（無有詞義） , whether（是否） ,if （是否） 2.連接代詞：who（誰，主格） , whom（誰，賓格）,whose誰的，所有格） , what（什么）,which（哪個，哪些） 3.連接副詞：when（什么時候） where（什么地方）why（為什么） , how（怎樣,名詞從句中的從屬連詞在從句里不擔(dān)任任何成分，只起連接的作用；而關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞不僅僅是起連接的作用，而且還在從句里擔(dān)任一定的成分;關(guān)系代詞常在從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語或表語等成分；關(guān)系副詞

2、常在從句中擔(dān)任狀語,另外，在使用上面的這些關(guān)系詞時，有幾個問題值得我們注意：首先，只能用whether而不能用if的情況,1）引導(dǎo)主語從句，例如： Whether well make a loan for the project has not been decided （正確） OR: It has not been decided whether well make a loan for the project . （ 正確） If well make a loan for the project has not been decided .（錯誤） OR: It has not been

3、 decided if well make a loan for the project . （錯誤,2）作介詞的賓語,I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for buying a car . （正確） 我不知道我是否能為買車籌措到資金。 I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buying a car . （錯誤,3）后接不定式,He didnt know whether to go all himself first or wait for her here.(正確

4、) He didnt know if to go all himself or wait for her here . （錯誤,4）后接or not,We wonder whether theyll come in time or not.(正確) 我們擔(dān)心他們會不會準(zhǔn)時到。 We wonder if theyll come in time or not . （錯誤,其次，what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句表達(dá)的意思是所的。這個所怎么的定義根據(jù)從句謂語的動作意義而定,I dont understand what you said. What he needs is to practice more. Mo

5、ney is what she is really after. People have different ideas about what happiness means,最后，要了解 -ever = no matter ，用于表示強調(diào)，意為無論。也就是說,whatever = no matter what（無論什么） whoever = no matter who（無論誰） whichever = no matter which（無論那個） whenever =no matter when （無論何時） wherever = no matter where（無論何地） however =

6、 no matter how （無論怎樣,A 主語從句,Whether hell come or not remains a question . 他是否會來依然是一個問題。 Whoever says that is not allowed . 無論誰這樣說都是不允許的。 That she reads English aloud every morning helps her a lot in the improvement of her English study,要點提示在使用主語從句中，有幾個問題值得我們注意,1）盡管主從連詞that在主語從句中沒有任何意義,但一般不能省略。 That

7、there is no elevator in the building is the critical inconvenience . 這幢樓里沒有電梯是極大的不便之處。 It is necessary (that) he have his further study in college.(當(dāng)主語從句在后面時，連詞that可以省去)他在大學(xué)進(jìn)一步深造是完全必要的,2）為了保持句子平衡或在正式文體中,常用先行It代替主語從句而將主語從句置于句末,It remains a question whether hell come or not . 他是否會來，依然是一個問題。 It is not

8、allowed whoever says that. 無論誰這樣說都是不允許的,3）在It + be +形容詞/ 名詞 + that從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，由于某些形容詞/ 名詞的原因，that從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬式。這類形容詞/名詞常見的有,essential（絕對必要的）, important（重要的），natural（自然的）, necessary必要的）, regretful（遺憾的）, strange（奇怪的）, proper（適當(dāng)?shù)模? urgent（緊急的） duty（義務(wù)、責(zé)任）, a pity （遺憾）, no wonder（難怪）, a regret（遺憾）。例如,It is s

9、trange that he ( should ) say so . 他居然會這樣說，真是奇怪。 It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然會這樣想，真是一件憾事。 It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鳥在樹上安歇是很自然的。 It is a wonder that he should have passed the exam. 他這次考試居然會及格，真是個奇跡,4）以what引導(dǎo)的主語從句常用于句首表示強調(diào)。 What they need now is fin

10、ancial aid . 他們現(xiàn)在所需要的是經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。 What she thinks of me doesnt mean much to me . 她怎么樣看我，對我來說無所謂。 What you have said hurt her a lot .你所說的話對她傷害很大,B 賓語從句 I believe that he will find a job in that publisher. （作謂語動詞的賓語） 我相信，他一定會在那家出版社找到工作。 He laughed at what they said . （作介詞的賓語） 她對他們說的話，一笑置之,要點提示 在使用賓語從句中，有幾個問

11、題值得我們注意： 1）賓語從句與主句的時態(tài)一致性問題這種一致性的要求,只有當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞用于過去時區(qū)的時候才存在。凡是在過去時區(qū)內(nèi)的各種不同時態(tài)都在其中。另外，這種一致性只要求賓語從句的謂語動詞也用于過去時區(qū)即可，至于用什么樣具體的時態(tài)就要依從句的需要而定了,He had told me that he would join the club sometime . 他曾經(jīng)告訴我說，他會在某個時候參加俱樂部的。 I remembered that I had met him somewhere . 我記得我曾在哪兒見過他。 She thought that she would have fin

12、ished what she was doing by the end of the month . 她認(rèn)為在那個月底她將完成她手頭上做的事,2）if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句不能作介詞的賓語，而只有用whether引導(dǎo)才行。這一點在上面剛剛講過.（略） 3）某些動詞后面，賓語從句的謂語要求用虛擬式。 這一點已在虛擬語氣一章中討論過了，本章只作簡單的復(fù)習(xí),虛擬式的動詞，常見的有：command（命令）, demand（要求）, desire（希望）, insist（堅持）, order（命令）, propose（提議）, recommend（推薦）, request（要求）, require（要求）, s

13、uggest（建議），等。例如： He proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of the plan . 他提議擬定一個執(zhí)行計劃的期限,Indirect Speech,Direct Speech,and,一字不改地引用或復(fù)述別人的 話，被引用或復(fù)述的部分就叫直接引語； 直接引語必須都放在引號中，其位置 常在句尾或句首,用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話；被轉(zhuǎn)述的部分 就叫間接引語；間接引語不必用括號，一 般用賓語從句或復(fù)合賓語表達(dá)法,原封不動引用別人的原話,原話在引號中,Take off your boots,” he

14、 said,I dont know where your bike is,” said the Arab,Im sorry,” the professor said to the class, “but none of you watched carefully enough.,Direct Speech,用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人所說的內(nèi)容。通常 以賓語從句的形式出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)直接引語變 為間接引語時，有關(guān)的人稱、語序、時 態(tài)、代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語、和少 數(shù)動詞都要作相應(yīng)的改變,Indirect Speech,時 態(tài) 的 變 化,一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時,過去完成時,過去完成時或不變,過去將來時,附,代

15、詞 時間 狀語 地點 狀語 少數(shù) 動詞,that,those,there,then,go,take,could,might,had to,時 間 狀 語,陳述句,引語前用that引導(dǎo),有時也可以不用,He said, “I opened the window this morning.,He said that he opened the window that morning,My sister said, “We have cleaned the floor.,My sister said that they had cleaned the floor,The manager said t

16、o me, “You must go there next week.,The manager told me that I had to go there the next week,The girl said, “I can do my homework myself.,The girl said that she could do her homework herself,如直接引語是客觀真理， 變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變,The teacher said in class, “The moon moves around the earth.,The teacher said in cla

17、ss that the moon moves around the earth,陳述句 直接引語變間接引語的結(jié)構(gòu),A said that,A told B that,The girl said that she could do her homework herself,The manager told me that I had to go there the next week,一般疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語后，要用陳述語序（主語 先寫）用if 或whether引導(dǎo)。時態(tài)等作 相應(yīng)變化,He asked , “Can you hear me,He asked if/whether I could

18、 hear him,The teacher asked, “Have you read this book, Bob,The teacher asked Bob if/whether he had read that book,She said to me, “Will you go there with me,She asked me if/whether I would go there with her,She asked, “Did you see the film yesterday, Peter,She asked Peter if/whether he had seen the

19、film the day before,Are you leaving today or tomorrow?” Joan asked Kate,Joan asked Kate if/whether she was leaving that day or the next day,一般疑問句 直接引語變間接引語的結(jié)構(gòu),A asked if/whether,A asked B if whether,He asked if/whether I could hear him,The teacher asked Bob if/whether he had read that book,特殊疑問句,變?yōu)殚g

20、接引語后，仍用原來的疑問詞引 導(dǎo)，用陳述語序。時態(tài)等作相應(yīng)變化,When did they build this bridge?” she asked,She asked when they built that bridge,The teacher asked her, “Why did you come late,The teacher asked her why she came late,Robert asked Alice, “Where is my dictionary,Robert asked Alice where his dictionary was,Mrs. Bill as

21、ked him, “Which book do you like best,Mrs. Bill asked him which book he liked best,特殊疑問句 直接引語變間接引語的結(jié)構(gòu),A asked +原句疑問詞,A asked B +原句疑問詞,She asked when they built that bridge,Mrs. Bill asked him which book he liked best,祈使句,改為間接引語后，就成了以不定式短語 形式出現(xiàn)的賓語補足語（動詞常是ask/ tell/order/advise/warn /remind等,He said t

22、o the girl, “Do it at once.,He told the girl to do it at once,Mrs. Hill said, “ please sing at our party, Mary.,Mrs. Hill asked Mary to sing at their party,She said to me, “Dont smoke in the classroom.,She told me not to smoke in the classroom,He said, “Lets go fishing tomorrow.,He suggested going f

23、ishing the next day,祈使句直接引語變間接引語的結(jié)構(gòu) (sb to do sth,A told B (not) to do,A asked B (not) to do,He told the girl to do it at once,Mrs. Hill asked Mary to sing at their party,二）祈使句改間接引語后是 sb (not) to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu) 注意以下幾點 1.said/said to要變成 asked/told/ order等可跟不定式作賓補的動詞。 2.呼語變賓語，please要去掉,感嘆句 直接引語 (變化前) He sa

24、id , “How happy I am!” 間接引語(變化后) He said that he was very happy. He said how happy he was. What a clever boy you are! she exclaimed. She told him what a clever boy he was. She told him that he was a clever boy,由直接引語轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語,有時會引時態(tài)的變化,注意以下幾個方面,1.主句動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在完成時或一般將來時，在轉(zhuǎn)述直接引語過程中可以不作任何時態(tài)改變,直接引語 She oft

25、en says , “All men and women are equal under the law.” 間接引語 She often says that all men and women are equal under the law,由直接引語轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語,下列情況時態(tài)不變 1. 不變的真理： The teacher said to the students, “Water freezes when the temperature falls below 0.” The teacher told the students that water freezes when the te

26、mperature falls below 0. 2. 經(jīng)常的習(xí)慣( 強調(diào)動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在仍然如此時，) He said to the doctor, “I smoke two packs every day.” He told the doctor that he smokes two packs every day,3. 歷史事件 (直接引語中有絕對具體的過去時間 做狀語時) The teacher said, “World War ended in 1945.” The teacher said that World War ended in 1945. 4. 部分情態(tài)動詞,如must,

27、ought to, used to, had better等： She said to me: “You must hurry up.” She said that I must hurry up,He often says “ I shall tell you about them.” He often tells me that _ will tell _ about _. Iyouthem B. hemethem C. heyouus D. Imeyou,B,例題,2. You must say to her, “ I depend on you and him .” You must

28、tell her that _ depend on _ and _. A. Iyouhim B. sheyoume C. youherhim D. youmehim,C,例題,3. I shall tell him, “ I have written to you and her twice.” I shall tell him that _ have written to _and _twice. Ihimher B. youhimher C. I youme D. youmeher,A,例題,4. Jack said to me,” You look worried today.” Jac

29、k told me that _ worried _. he lookstoday B. you looktoday C. we lookedthat day D. I lookedthat day,D,例題,5.They said to us, “ Are you afraid to leave this house ?” They asked us _ afraid to leave _ house. that were wethis B. that we werethat C. if were we this D. if we werethat,D,例題,6.“Do you know E

30、nglish ?” he asked. He asked if _English. I knew B. you know C. he knew D. I know,A,例題,7. Jane said, “ What did he hear about a week ago ?” Jane asked _ about _. that he hearda week ago B. if he heardthe week ago C. what he had heard a week ago D. what he had heardthe week before,D,例題,8. She asked,”

31、 Whose house will he break into next time ?” She asked whose house _ break into _. will henext time B. would hethe next time C. he willnext time D. he wouldthe next time,D,例題,9. Jack said to her ,”Where do you spend your holidays ?” Jack asked her where _holidays. she spend her B. you spend your C.

32、she spent her D. you spent your,c,例題,10.The teacher asked her, “Does the sun rise in the east ?” The teacher asked her _ the sun _ in the east. ifrise B. ifrises C. whetherrose D. whether did rise,例題,B,C 補語從句 在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)補足成分的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為補語從句。它常位于句中聯(lián)系動詞或是起聯(lián)系動詞作用的動詞之后.例如： The problem is where we can hold our me

33、eting . 問題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會議。 It seems that everything goes smoothly .似乎一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。 The cause is that the temperature of water is lower that needed . 其原因是水的溫度低于所需要的溫度。 That is what he really wants .那就是他真想要的東西,D 同位語從句 同位語從句就是在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)同位語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu).在使用同位語從句時要特別注意：盡管主從連詞that在同位語從句中沒有任何意義，但卻不能省略。另外，同位語從句常用于下面這些名詞的后面,f

34、act（事實）, fear（擔(dān)心、害怕）, belief（信念,意見）, evidence（證據(jù)）, hope（希望）, idea（想法）news（新聞）, doubt（懷疑）, suggestion（建議）, proposal（提議）, order（命令）, recommendation（推薦），等等。例如： There is the news that an American delegation will arrive in Beijing tomorrow afternoon . 有消息說一個美國代表團(tuán)將于明天下午抵達(dá)北京,Is there any proof that the foo

35、d of the plant differs from that of animals ? 是否有任何證據(jù)可以說明植物性的食物不同于動物性的食物呢？ We all know the fact that organization helps memorization. 我們都知道這樣一個事實：把要記憶的材料組織起來有助于記憶。 What do you think of his proposal that we ( should ) put on a play at the English evening ? 他建議我們在英語晚會上演一個劇，你覺得怎么樣,四、專項考點練習(xí) 1. _that the

36、y found an unusual plant in the forest. A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says 2. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 3. It worried Mary a lot _ she would pass the college entrance examination. A. whether B. if C. that D. how,4. Shanghai h

37、as taken on a new look. It isnt like _ it used to be . A .what B. how C. that D. which 5. _ is no possibility _ Bob will win the first prize in the match. A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether,6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before.

38、A .that B. how C .what D. where 7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _ up to be during the past few years. A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had grown 8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _. A. how she is getting al

39、ong B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along,9. _surprised me most was _such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well. A. That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what 10. These wild flowers are so special . I would do _ I can to save t

40、hem. A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever,11. _ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person 12. Eat _ you like and leave the others for _ comes in late. A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever 13. _ she couldnt und

41、erstand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that,14. It was _ he said _ disappointed me. A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That; what 15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _to the front. A. should send B. mus

42、t be sent C. be sent D. must go,16. The true value of life is not in _, but _. A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give 17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. A. be put off B. was put off C. should put

43、 off D. is to be put off 18. Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there,19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 20. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A

44、. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited,Relative Clause,關(guān)系分句,1.定義,2.先行詞,3.關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞,在復(fù)合句中用來用來修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫關(guān)系分句,被關(guān)系分句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞（antecedent,引導(dǎo)關(guān)系分句的詞,關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系副詞,Who, whom, whose, which, that等,When, where, why等,關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的作用,1、引導(dǎo)作用 2、替代作用 3、在關(guān)系分句

45、中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個成分的作用,Eg: 1.Those who want to go please sign your names here. 2.This is the house where he was born. 3. Bill, who was here yesterday, asked me a lot of questions,關(guān)系代詞的用法,人；物,物,人,人,人、物,主語；賓語,主語；賓語,主語；賓語,賓語,定語,作賓語可省,作賓語可省,作賓語可省,可省,不可省,關(guān)系副詞的用法,時間,狀語,否,地點,狀語,否,原因,狀語,否,判斷下列引導(dǎo)詞在句中的用法,Eg:1.He is such

46、a man who never tells a lie. 2. He is the model worker whom/who we should learn from. 3. A dictionary is a book which often helps us to know the meanings of the words. 4. This is the film which I like best. 5. The boy whose father is a professor is one of my best friends,指代、所作成分、是否可省略,6. The house w

47、hose roof was blown away by the storm will be rebuilt soon. 7. It was 11 oclock when the accident happened last night. 8. This is the village where I was brought up,關(guān)系代詞which和that的區(qū)別,A.關(guān)系代詞必須用that的情形,This is the best film that I have ever seen. The first man arrived at the class was our headteacher.

48、 This is the only ticket that I got yesterday. This is the very book that Im looking for. Is there anything that I can do for you? All that you have to do is to press the button. There is no time that we can waste. The car and its driver that knocked down the old lady have been taken to the police s

49、tation,Summarize: 只能用that引導(dǎo)關(guān)系分句的幾種情況,1)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時,2）先行詞被the only,the very,the same,the last修飾時,3)先行詞是不定代詞all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等,4）先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修飾,5）先行詞既有人又有物時,B.指物時，作介詞的賓語，關(guān)系代詞只能用which,This is the question about which weve had so much dis

50、cussion,Practice,1.They asked him to tell them everything _ he saw at the front. A. what B. that C. which D. where 2.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 3. I dont like _ you speak to her. A.the way B.the way in that C.the w

51、ay which D.the way of which,B,D,A,Correct the following sentences,1.This is the best film which I have seen. 2.Thats all which want to say,This is the best film that I have seen,Thats all that I want to say,3.Is there anything which you want in this shop? 4.He talked about some writers and books whi

52、ch/who were unknown to us all. 5.The room in that she lives is a large one,Is there anything that you want in this shop,He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all,The room in which she lives is a large one,關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的用法,1.Do you still remember the day whenwe went to

53、 visit the museum together,Do you still remember the day on whichwe went to visit the museum together,2.This is the factory wheremy father once worked,This is the factory in whichmy father once worked,3.This is the reason whyhe was late,This is the reason for which he was late,Summarize,在關(guān)系分句中關(guān)系副詞都等

54、于一個適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~加上which，在從句中作狀語,When=in/at/on/+which; Where=in/at/on/+which; Why=for /+which,Practice,1.- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that the reason_ you had a few days off? A.why B. when C. what D. where 2.Im going to visit the school _ my mother taught physics ten years ago. A.wher

55、e B. that C. which D. what 3.Do you still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing? A. which B. that C. when D. where,A,A,C,關(guān)系副詞when, where和關(guān)系代詞that, which的區(qū)分 同樣是修飾一個地點，有時使用where，有時使用that/which； 同樣是修飾一個時間，有時使用when， 有時使用that/which 主要看： 從句意思是否完整；完整的話需用關(guān)系副詞，若意思不完整則需加關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)某個成分。 請比較以下句子： This is the p

56、ark that we visited last year.(從句意思不完整需要加賓語) This is the park where we held a birthday party.（從句完整，只需加上特定的關(guān)系副詞） Thats the date that she wont forget for ever. Thats the date when we went to the college. I like the time that we had together. I like the time when we lived together,限制性關(guān)系分句和非限制性關(guān)系分句,定義：

57、限制性關(guān)系分句是先行詞不可缺少的修飾成分，否則主句的意思不完整或不成立。非限制性關(guān)系分句只對所修飾的詞作進(jìn)一步的說明，去掉之后主句的意思照樣完整,Compare the following sentences,A man who does not try to learn from others cant achieve much. Therere many plays (that) Id like to see. This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was just here,Yesterday Mr Brown paid a visit to Hangzh

58、ou, which is famous for its West Lake. They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them,Summarize,1. 限制性關(guān)系分句常和先行詞緊密相連；非限制 性關(guān)系分句與先行詞之間常用逗號分開,2.非限制性關(guān)系分句不能用that來引導(dǎo),3.非限制性關(guān)系分句有時可以用來修飾整個句子,關(guān)系代詞和人稱代詞/指示代詞的選擇 He has three sons, none of _ is a doctor. He has three sons, but none of _

59、is a doctor. He has three sons, _ are doctors. He has three sons; _ are doctors. A. whom B. them C. they D. who,A,D,B,C,Practice,1._ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A.It B. As C. That D. What 2.He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B.which I think it is C.