機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件

1、Unit 24 Drilling Operations,Specialized English,Paragraph 1,1.Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the workpiece. 鉆是利用繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的鉆頭在工件上生成通孔或盲孔的加工工藝。 2.Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equ

2、al to the radius of required hole. 因此，旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的切削范圍就等于所鉆孔的半徑。 3.In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed. 實(shí)際上是利用繞同一軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)的兩個(gè)對(duì)稱(chēng)切削刃(棱邊)來(lái)進(jìn)行加工的。,Paragraph 2,1.Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines. The latter diffe

3、r in size and construction. 鉆削加工有手鉆和鉆床兩種方式。鉆床的大小和結(jié)構(gòu)各不相同。 2.Nevertheless, the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed. This is contrary to drilling on a lathe. 然而，鉆床加工中鉆頭總是繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而工件保持固定。這與車(chē)床上的鉆加工相反。,Paragraph 3,1.In drilling operations, a cylindrical rotary-end cutt

4、ing tool, called a drill, is employed. 在鉆加工中，采用了一種圓柱形的、端面旋轉(zhuǎn)的刀具，稱(chēng)為鉆頭。 2.The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes, which can be straight or helical. 鉆頭可能有一個(gè)或多個(gè)切削刃(棱邊)以及直立的或螺旋狀的排屑槽。,Paragraph 3,3.The function of the flutes is to provide outlet passages for the chips

5、generated during the drilling operations and also to allow lubricants and coolants to reach the cutting edges and the surface being machined. Following is a survey of the common used drills. 排屑槽的作用就是為鉆加工過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的碎片提供出口通道，同時(shí)允許潤(rùn)滑劑和冷卻劑流到切削刃和被加工的工件表面上。下面是平常所使用鉆頭的概況。,Paragraph 4,1.Twist drill. The twist dri

6、ll is the most common type of drill. 螺旋鉆(麻花鉆).麻花鉆是最常用的鉆頭。 2.It has two cutting edges and two helical flutes that continue over the length of the drill body. 麻花鉆具有兩個(gè)切削刃(棱邊)以及兩道沿鉆體的螺旋槽。 3.The drill also consists of a neck and a shank that can be either straight or tapered. 鉆頭也包括一個(gè)鉆頸和一個(gè)可為直柄或錐柄的柄部。,Para

7、graph 4,4.In the latter case, the shank is fitted by the wedge action into the tapered socket of the spindle and has a tang, which goes into a slot in the spindle socket, thus acting as a solid means for transmitting rotation. 對(duì)于后者，柄部可通過(guò)楔緊作用將其固定在主軸的錐形孔中，柄部還有一個(gè)柄腳，柄腳插入到主軸錐形孔的插槽中，這樣就可以可靠的方式傳遞扭矩。,Paragr

8、aph 4,5.On the other hand, straight-shank drills are held in a drill chunk that is, in turn, fitted into the spindle socket in the same way as tapered shank drills. 另一方面，直柄鉆被固定到鉆夾中，同理，鉆夾以與錐柄鉆相同的方式固定到主軸孔中。,Paragraph 5,1.Twist drills are usually made of high-speed steel, although carbide-tipped drills

9、 are also available. The size of twist drills used in industrial range from 0.01 up to 3.25 in. (i.e., 0.25 up to 80 mm). 盡管在加工中有硬質(zhì)合金的鉆頭，但麻花鉆通常由高速鋼作成。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中，麻花鉆的尺寸大小通常在0.01至3.25英寸的范圍內(nèi)。(即是0.25到80毫米)。,Paragraph 6,1.Core drills. A core drill consists of the chamfer, body, neck, and shank.擴(kuò)孔鉆：擴(kuò)孔鉆由倒角槽、

10、鉆體、鉆頸和鉆柄組成。 2.This type of drill may have either three or four flutes and equal number of margins, which ensure superior guidance, thus resulting in high machining accuracy.這種類(lèi)型的鉆具有三個(gè)或四個(gè)出屑槽以及相同數(shù)量的刃帶，這些可確保準(zhǔn)確的導(dǎo)向，從而獲得較高的機(jī)加工精度。,Paragraph 7,3.A core drill has flat end. The chamfer can have three or four

11、cutting edges or lips, and the lip angle may between 90。 and 120。 擴(kuò)孔鉆有一個(gè)扁形的柄腳。倒角槽有三四個(gè)切削刃或刀刃，刀刃角從90度到120度大小不等。 4.Core drills are employed for enlarging previously made holes and not for originating holes. 擴(kuò)孔鉆是用來(lái)擴(kuò)孔而不是用來(lái)鉆孔的。,Paragraph 7,5.This type of drill is characterized by greater productivity, hig

12、h machining accuracy, and superior quality of the drilled surfaces. 這種類(lèi)型的鉆具有高效率、高機(jī)加精度和好的表面質(zhì)量。,Paragraph 8,1.Gun drills. Gun drills are used for drilling leap holes. All gun drills are straight-flutes, and each has a single cutting edge.深孔鉆：深孔鉆是用來(lái)鉆削深孔。所有的深孔鉆都是直槽并有一個(gè)單刃。 2.A hole in the body acts as a

13、conduit to transmit coolant under considerable pressure to the tip of the drill.深孔鉆體的孔的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)導(dǎo)管，在鉆頂部的壓力下把冷卻液輸送到底部。,Paragraph 9,1.There are two kinds of gun drills, namely, the center-cut gun drill used for drilling blind holes and the trepanning drill. 深孔鉆分為兩種，即用于鉆削盲孔的中心鉆和套孔鉆。 2.The latter has a cy

14、lindrical groove at its center, thus generating a solid core, which guides the tool as it proceeds during the drilling operation. 套孔鉆的中心有一個(gè)圓柱孔，鉆孔時(shí)可在工件上形成一個(gè)芯子，當(dāng)鉆頭連續(xù)進(jìn)給進(jìn)行鉆孔時(shí)，芯子對(duì)鉆頭起導(dǎo)向作用。,Paragraph 10,1.Spade drills. Spade drills are used for drilling large holes of 3.5 in.(90mm) or more. 扁鉆：扁鉆用于鉆削3.5英寸或

15、更大的孔。 2.Their design results in a marked saving in cost of the tool as well as a tangible reduction in its weight, which facilitates its handling. Moreover, this type of drill is easy to be grind. 它們的設(shè)計(jì)明顯降低了鉆頭的生產(chǎn)成本、切實(shí)的減輕了重量，以便于鉆頭的操縱。而且，這種類(lèi)型鉆頭易于磨削。,Other Types of Drilling Operations 鉆孔的其它類(lèi)型 In additi

16、on to conventional drilling, there are other operations that are involved in the production of holes in the industrial practice. Following is a brief description of each of these operations. 除了常規(guī)鉆孔以外，有其他加工工序涉及到工業(yè)實(shí)踐中的孔加工。以下是這些工序的簡(jiǎn)短描述。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,16,Boring Boring involves enlarging a hole t

17、hat has already been drilled. It is similar to internal turning and can, therefore, be performed on a lathe. There are also some specialized machine tools for carrying out boring operations. Those include the vertical boring machine, the jig boring machine, and the horizontal boring machine. 鏜孔 鏜孔涉及

18、到對(duì)已經(jīng)被鉆出的孔的擴(kuò)大。類(lèi)似于車(chē)內(nèi)圓，因此能在車(chē)床上進(jìn)行。也有一些進(jìn)行鏜孔加工的專(zhuān)用機(jī)床。包括立式鏜床、坐標(biāo)鏜床和臥式鏜床。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,17,Counterboring As a result of counterboring, only one end of a drilled hole is enlarged. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (a). This enlarged hole provides a space in which to set a bolt head or a nut so it would b

19、e entirely below the surface of the part. 锪沉孔 锪沉孔時(shí)鉆好的孔只有一端被擴(kuò)大。如插圖1(a)中所示?？妆粩U(kuò)大的部分提供了安裝螺栓頭或螺母的空間，因此它應(yīng)該整個(gè)低于零件表面。 (a) Counterboring (b) Spot facing (c) Countersinking Figure 1 Operations related to drilling.5,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,18,Spot Facing Spot facing operation is performed to finish off a small s

20、urface area around the opening of a hole. As can be seen in Figure 1 (b), this process involves removing a minimal depth of cut and is usually performed on castings or forgings. 锪端面 锪端面用于在孔的開(kāi)口周?chē)庸こ鲆粋€(gè)小平面區(qū)域。如圖1(b)所示，其工藝包含去除一個(gè)最小的切削深度，常用于鑄件和鍛件。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,19,Countersinking As shown in Figure

21、1 (c), countersinking is done to enable accommodating the conical seat of a flathead screw so that the screw does not appear above the surface of the part. 锪錐孔 如圖1(c)所示，锪出的錐孔能容納平頭螺釘?shù)腻F形安裝位置，以使螺釘不會(huì)露出零件表面。 Reaming Reaming is actually a sizing process, by which an already drilled hole is slightly enlarg

22、ed to the desired size. As a result of a reaming operation, a hole has a very smooth surface. The cutting tool used in this operation is known as the reamer. 鉸孔 鉸孔實(shí)際上是一個(gè)矯正工藝，通過(guò)它可以將已鉆好的孔輕微擴(kuò)大到需要的尺寸。鉸孔加工可以得到具有非常光滑表面的孔。用于鉸孔的刀具被稱(chēng)為鉸刀。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,20,Classification of Drilling Machines 鉆床的分類(lèi) Dril

23、ling operations can be carried out by employing either portable small machines or appropriate machine tools. The latter differ in shape and size, although they have common features. For instance, they all involve one or more twist drills, each rotating around its own axis while the workpiece is kept

24、 firmly fixed. 鉆削加工可以用便攜式的小機(jī)器或適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)床來(lái)進(jìn)行。盡管它們有相同的特征，后者在形狀和尺寸上有不同。例如，它們都包含一個(gè)或更多的麻花鉆，當(dāng)工件被牢固地夾緊時(shí)繞著自身的軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,21,This is contrary to the drilling operation on a lathe, where the workpiece is held in and rotates with the chuck.6 Following is a survey of the commonly used types of drilli

25、ng machines. 6. drilling operation 意為“鉆孔工序，鉆孔操作”。全句可譯為： 這與在車(chē)床上進(jìn)行的鉆孔操作正好相反，在車(chē)床上，工件被夾緊在夾具內(nèi)并隨其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。以下是常用類(lèi)型鉆床的情況。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,22,Bench-type Drilling Machines Bench-type drilling machines are general-purpose, small machine tools that are usually placed on benches. This type of drilling machine in

26、cludes an electric motor as the source of motion, which is transmitted via pulleys and belts to the spindle, where the tool is mounted. 臺(tái)式鉆床 臺(tái)式鉆床是通用的小型機(jī)床，通常放置在工作臺(tái)上。這種鉆床用電機(jī)作為動(dòng)力源，通過(guò)皮帶輪和帶將動(dòng)力傳輸?shù)窖b有刀具的主軸上。 The feed is manually generated by lowering a lever handle, which is designed to lower (or raise) the

27、 spindle.7 7. lever handle 意為“杠桿手柄”。全句可譯為： 進(jìn)給是通過(guò)用手向下搬動(dòng)手柄而實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這個(gè)手柄是被設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)使主軸向下（或向上）運(yùn)動(dòng)的。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,23,The workpiece is mounted on the machine table, although a special vise is sometimes used to hold the workpiece. The maximum height of a workpiece to be machined is limited by the maximum ga

28、p between the spindle and the machine table. 工件安裝在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上，有時(shí)也用一個(gè)專(zhuān)用臺(tái)鉗來(lái)夾持工件。被加工工件的最大高度受到主軸和工作臺(tái)之間最大間隙的限制。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,24,Upright Drilling Machines Depending upon the size, upright drilling machine tools can be used for light, medium, and even relatively heavy jobs. It is basically similar to b

29、ench-type machines, the main difference being a longer cylindrical column fixed to the base.8 8. cylindrical column fixed to the base 意為“固定在底座上的圓形立柱”。全句可譯為： 立式鉆床 根據(jù)尺寸，立式鉆床能用于加工輕的、中等的甚至是相對(duì)重型的工件。它與臺(tái)式鉆床基本類(lèi)似，主要的區(qū)別之處在于一根較長(zhǎng)的固定在底座上的圓形立柱。,25,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,Along that column is an additional, sliding

30、table for fixing the workpiece which can be locked in position at any desired height. The power required for this type is more than that for the bench-type drilling machines, since this type is employed in performing medium-duty jobs. 沿著立柱是一個(gè)附加的安裝工件的滑動(dòng)工作臺(tái)，它能在任何需要的高度鎖定位置。這種鉆床所需的功率比臺(tái)式鉆床要大，因?yàn)樗糜谧鲋械蓉?fù)荷的工

31、作。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,26,There are also large drilling machines of the upright type. In this case, the machine has a box column and a higher power to deal with large jobs. Moreover, gear boxes are employed to provide different rotational spindle speeds as well as the axial feed motion, which can

32、be preset at any desired rate. 也有大的立式鉆床。這種情況下，機(jī)床有一個(gè)箱型立柱和更大的功率去加工大型工件。而且，用了變速箱來(lái)提供不同的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和預(yù)設(shè)好的任何速率的軸向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,27,Multispindle Drilling Machines Multispindle drilling machines have sturdy construction and require high power; each is capable of drilling many holes simultaneously saiml

33、teinisli . The positions of the different tools (spindles) can be adjusted as desired. Also, the whole head (which carries the spindles and the tools) can sometimes be tilted, as required. 多軸鉆床 多軸鉆床有堅(jiān)固的構(gòu)造和需要的大功率；兩者都使其能同時(shí)加工多個(gè)孔。不同刀具（主軸）的位置都能按需要調(diào)整。而且整個(gè)床頭箱（攜帶著主軸和刀具）有時(shí)可按需要傾斜。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,28,Thi

34、s type of drilling machine is used mainly for mass production in jobs having many holes, such as cylinder blocks. 這種鉆床主要用于有多個(gè)孔的工件的大量生產(chǎn)，如氣缸缸體。 Radial Drill A radial drill is particularly suitable for drilling holes in large and heavy workpieces that are inconvenient to mount on the table of an uprigh

35、t drilling machine. A radial drilling machine has a main column, which is fixed to the base. 搖臂鉆 搖臂鉆特別適于在大型和重型工件上鉆孔，這些工件不便于安裝在立式鉆床的工作臺(tái)上。搖臂鉆有一根固定在基礎(chǔ)上的桿柱。,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,29,The cantilever guide arm, which carries the drilling head, can be raised or lowered along the column and clamped at any de

36、sired position.9 9. cantilever guide arm 意為“搖臂”。全句可譯為： 裝有鉆床主軸箱的搖臂可以沿著立柱上下移動(dòng)，并且可以固定在任何合適的位置上。 The drilling head slides along the arm and provides rotary motion and axial feed motion. Again, the cantilever guide arm can be swung, thus enabling the tool to be moved in all directions according to a cyli

37、ndrical coordinate system. 鉆頭主軸箱沿?fù)u臂滑動(dòng)，提供回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和軸向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。搖臂能夠擺動(dòng)，因此使刀具能移到柱面坐標(biāo)系的任何位置。,30,機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程,26.03.2021,翻譯的基本方法之二-詞義的引伸 Skills of Translation-Acceptation Development,當(dāng)英語(yǔ)句子中的某個(gè)詞按詞典的釋義直接譯出不能符合漢語(yǔ)的修辭習(xí)慣或語(yǔ)言規(guī)范時(shí)，則可以在不脫離該英語(yǔ)詞本義的前提下靈活選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語(yǔ)詞或詞組譯出,這種翻譯處理方法叫做引伸譯法。 引伸的目的在于避免由于直譯而造成的生硬或離意,引伸的詞義應(yīng)該在意義上與原基本詞義相關(guān)聯(lián)，避免歪

38、曲原意 。,二 、詞義的引伸,在專(zhuān)業(yè)性文章中，某些常用基本詞匯已含有專(zhuān)業(yè)概念，可根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)而引伸出詞義。 The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three. 分動(dòng)卡盤(pán)有四個(gè)爪，而萬(wàn)能卡盤(pán)只有三個(gè)。 independent 獨(dú)立的引伸為專(zhuān)業(yè)詞義分動(dòng)的,1. 使基本詞義專(zhuān)業(yè)化：,- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament. 燈絲所消耗的功率完全用

39、于從燈絲表面發(fā)射電子。 （boil-沸騰, 引伸為-發(fā)射）,當(dāng)基本詞義在該句中意義含糊或比較費(fèi)解時(shí)，應(yīng)采用解釋性語(yǔ)言使其明確化。 - Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it. 在許多用途方面，青銅要比構(gòu)成青銅的錫和銅更好。 （將 “two metals” 明確譯為“錫和銅”）,2. 使基本詞義明確化 ：,- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, thes

40、e calibrations go backward. 因此要注意，當(dāng)我們把刻度刻成歐姆讀數(shù)時(shí)，這些刻度是從大到小的。 (these calibrations go backward 若譯為“這些刻度是向后的”, 就令人費(fèi)解了。因此backward 在句中應(yīng)引伸為“從大到小”),英語(yǔ)中有的詞意思很籠統(tǒng)，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得極其廣泛，但具體“好”在哪里呢？我們應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況翻譯，使語(yǔ)意更加清晰。 - A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar

41、. 電變?yōu)閯?dòng)力的典型例子是電車(chē)。 - Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power. 河流提供豐富的水力資源。 - The workers gave the machine a good checking. 工人們對(duì)機(jī)器進(jìn)行了徹底的檢查。,3. 使基本詞義具體化：,- It has long been thought of making good use of the suns energy to serve the human being. 人們?cè)缇驮O(shè)想過(guò)充分利用太陽(yáng)能來(lái)為人類(lèi)造福。 - Good switches move quickly. 優(yōu)質(zhì)開(kāi)關(guān)

42、通斷靈活。 - Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases. 激光有許多顯著的特性，這些特性使它在許多情況下成為一種更理想的光源。 - That engine sounds good. 那臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)聽(tīng)起來(lái)很正常。,3. 使基本詞義具體化：,- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day. 一個(gè)熟練的翻譯人員一天也許能譯兩千到三千個(gè)詞。 - The tung

43、sten shines and gives a good light. 鎢絲發(fā)亮而發(fā)射出耀眼的光芒。 - Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design. 工程師們?cè)噲D通過(guò)完美的設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)盡可能地減少摩擦。 - The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green. 我前面的那輛車(chē)突然停了，我錯(cuò)過(guò)了綠燈。,3. 使基本詞義具體化：,英語(yǔ)中，有的詞意思很具體，但在某些場(chǎng)合，它已經(jīng)失去原來(lái)的具體詞義而表示較抽象較籠統(tǒng)的意思，或者被借用來(lái)表示另一

44、方面的意思。 - At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. 目前，煤是蒸汽動(dòng)力廠的最常用的能源。 - An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form or another into electrical energy. 電站是把一種能或另一種能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能的地方。 -The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape. 這些人的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。 - Everyone has rain and sunshine in