成語(yǔ)典故俗語(yǔ)的翻譯.ppt

1、第二節(jié),漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)、典故、俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)與歇后語(yǔ)英譯,漢翻譯英教程,漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)英譯 漢語(yǔ)典故英譯 漢語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)英譯 漢語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)英譯 漢語(yǔ)歇后語(yǔ)英譯,目錄,Go,Go,Go,Go,Go,本節(jié)為漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)、典故、俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和歇后語(yǔ)英譯。漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)，有時(shí)又稱成語(yǔ)典故。本節(jié)將成語(yǔ)與典故分別處理，雖然二者難以截然分開。俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)與歇后語(yǔ)有時(shí)也統(tǒng)稱熟語(yǔ)，這三種熟語(yǔ)在本節(jié)中也將分別處理。因此本節(jié)將分為五個(gè)部分：漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)典故、漢語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)歇后語(yǔ)英譯。另外，無(wú)論是成語(yǔ)、典故，還是俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)、歇后語(yǔ)都有帶數(shù)字的和不帶數(shù)字的。由于本章單獨(dú)設(shè)有漢語(yǔ)帶數(shù)字的詞語(yǔ)英譯一節(jié)，故帶數(shù)字的成語(yǔ)、典故、俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和歇后語(yǔ)原則上不

2、作為本節(jié)的內(nèi)容。,上述五類漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)英譯，是漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)英譯的一大難題。雖不乏共性，但各有特點(diǎn)。成語(yǔ)、典故基本上是書面語(yǔ)言，俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和歇后語(yǔ)基本上是口頭語(yǔ)言。另外，成語(yǔ)與典故，尤其是典故，都有出典，俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和歇后語(yǔ)雖也涉及典故，但數(shù)量較少，也更為通俗。漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)典故，四字格者居多，漢語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和歇后語(yǔ)中，四字格者如有也僅為鳳毛麟角。如前所述，歇后語(yǔ)有自己的固定格式，酷似謎語(yǔ)。它們之間的這些差異以及下面將要具體闡述的其他差異都會(huì)反映到選擇翻譯策略的差異上。,翻譯涉及的因素很多，既有語(yǔ)言層面的，也有文化層面的、時(shí)空層面的，還有譯者與讀者層面的，要翻譯到?jīng)]有斧鑿之痕是很不容易的。因此翻譯得是否到位，對(duì)

3、譯者而言，在很大程度上，是個(gè)是否盡了力的問(wèn)題。從接受的角度看，翻譯漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)、典故、俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)和歇后語(yǔ)，要盡量采用接受方讀者喜聞樂(lè)見的形式，如果較多地采用異化譯法，使讀者感到難以卒讀，就難以達(dá)到翻譯的目的。另外，異化是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，有賴于歷史積淀，切忌急轉(zhuǎn)直下。下面，我們將本著盡力的原則，本著對(duì)讀者負(fù)責(zé)的原則，以及上面的一些想法，對(duì)漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)、典故、俗語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)與歇后語(yǔ)英譯分別予以闡述。,漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)英譯,如前所述，人們習(xí)慣上將成語(yǔ)與典故統(tǒng)稱為成語(yǔ)典故，本節(jié)分而治之，先介紹漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)英譯?，F(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典將漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)定義為“人們長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)習(xí)用的、形式簡(jiǎn)潔而意義精辟的、定型的詞組與短語(yǔ)。”辭海稱之為“習(xí)用的固

4、定詞組”。許多成語(yǔ)詞典或其他工具書，如倪寶元的成語(yǔ)辨析、成語(yǔ)例示，對(duì)成語(yǔ)都沒(méi)有下定義，只是按照自己的理解決定取舍。我們雖不準(zhǔn)備對(duì)成語(yǔ)下一個(gè)精確的定義，但選用的都是成語(yǔ)詞典或其他工具書上收錄的成語(yǔ)，是大家普遍認(rèn)為比較典型的成語(yǔ)。,成語(yǔ)作為短語(yǔ)或詞組在句中可擔(dān)任一定成分，如主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)（包括能愿合成謂語(yǔ)、判斷合成謂語(yǔ)、兼語(yǔ)句謂語(yǔ)、連動(dòng)句謂語(yǔ)等）、賓語(yǔ)（包括介詞賓語(yǔ)）、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和獨(dú)立成分等，還可以分句的形式存在。但成語(yǔ)作為句子成分往往深埋在一定的層次中。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，成語(yǔ)可分為聯(lián)合式、動(dòng)賓式、主謂式、偏正式、連動(dòng)式、兼語(yǔ)式、緊縮式等，如山盟海誓（聯(lián)合式）、為所欲為（動(dòng)賓式）、盛氣凌人（主謂式）、

5、泰然自若（偏正式）、投筆從戎（連動(dòng)式）、引狼入室（兼語(yǔ)式）和膾炙人口（緊縮式）（倪寶元，1984）。成語(yǔ)的意義涉及的面很廣，涉及到生活、語(yǔ)言、文化、歷史等各個(gè)層面。,英譯漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)是件很不容易的事，涉及語(yǔ)言、文化與時(shí)空，涉及這些因素的相互交叉，涉及對(duì)語(yǔ)言、文化、時(shí)空及其交互因素的跨越。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，很難譯出漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)，只能譯出意義，尤其難以做到既譯出語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)又譯出意義。就是翻譯意義，有時(shí)也往往難以兼顧本義與現(xiàn)在人們通常使用的意義，因?yàn)閺谋玖x到現(xiàn)在人們通常使用的意義有一個(gè)變遷過(guò)程，在變遷過(guò)程打下了時(shí)空的烙印。漢譯英中的跨語(yǔ)言文化因素，又增加了翻譯的難度。下面我們選擇20個(gè)淺近的漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)并對(duì)之進(jìn)

6、行英譯。,如果既有本義又有現(xiàn)在人們通常使用的意義，我們先譯本義，再譯現(xiàn)在人們通常使用的意義，翻譯之后對(duì)該成語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)、本義與現(xiàn)在人們通常使用的意義等用漢語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)要地予以說(shuō)明。翻譯本義時(shí)往往采用字對(duì)字的翻譯方法，翻譯現(xiàn)在人們通常使用的意義時(shí)，更多地考慮英語(yǔ)的行文規(guī)范。這樣做，或許能使讀者了解一點(diǎn)漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)意義演變的概貌，進(jìn)而從一個(gè)側(cè)面窺視漢語(yǔ)的思維文化。這種翻譯方法，通常稱為意譯。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，直譯很容易使讀者茫然。另外，漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)英譯多采用意譯，是因?yàn)橛h兩種語(yǔ)言的成語(yǔ)，很少具有對(duì)應(yīng)性。我們有時(shí)將kill two birds with one stone譯成一箭雙雕，嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)，是很勉強(qiáng)的，所以后來(lái)多傾向于譯

7、成一石雙鳥。像這樣直譯成語(yǔ)，在某種意義上屬于巧合。因此，英譯漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們很少選用具有一定對(duì)應(yīng)性的英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)。,粗枝大葉,thick branches and large leaves; (in doing things,) do not take due care; careless or carelessly 粗枝大葉為聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是，枝子很粗，葉子很大，很不精細(xì)。通常當(dāng)馬虎大意和粗心大意使用。,聞所未聞,hearing what has never been heard before; rarely or seldom heard of 聞所未聞為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是聽到了從未聽到

8、過(guò)的，通常用于指事理或論述的新鮮、奇特。,盛氣凌人,so arrogant as to impose oneself upon others; arrogant or domineering in manner 盛氣凌人為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是驕橫傲慢以氣勢(shì)壓人，通常與不可一世、咄咄逼人等詞語(yǔ)同義。,洋洋得意,extremely pleased as to be too proud; pleased and too proud; pleased to the extent of being too proud 洋洋得意也可以說(shuō)成得意洋洋。洋洋得意是偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，洋洋修飾得意；得意洋洋也是偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，具

9、體地說(shuō)是動(dòng)補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，但依然是洋洋修飾得意。字面意義是滿意到了驕傲的地步，得意到溢于言表。,小心翼翼,particularly careful, extremely cautious 小心翼翼為偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，翼翼用做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)修飾小心。翼翼的字面意義是多多，小心翼翼的字面意義是小心多多，使用時(shí)的意義為非常小心、特別謹(jǐn)慎，幾乎有點(diǎn)過(guò)分。,見異思遷,change ones mind upon seeing something new; be inconsistent in inclination 見異思遷是連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是見到了不同的東西就想丟掉原來(lái)的，換上那個(gè)不同的。主要用于描寫人們?nèi)菀赘淖冎饕猓矏鄄粔?/p>

10、專一，有時(shí)用于描寫男的喜新厭舊，見到了不同于妻子的女人就想“換片子”，當(dāng)然也可以用來(lái)描寫這樣的女性。,剜肉補(bǔ)瘡,cut flesh to patch an ulcerate; take short-term measures to do something which requires long-term measures to be taken; to pull through a light crisis or solve a problem at the expenses of the future 剜肉補(bǔ)瘡為連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，剜肉的目的是為了補(bǔ)瘡。字面意義是，某人生了瘡，為治療這個(gè)瘡竟然將自己

11、的好肉割下來(lái)補(bǔ)上因生瘡而爛掉的那塊壞肉。人們通常用它來(lái)表達(dá)這樣的意思：為了救眼前之急，竟然犧牲未來(lái)。,調(diào)虎離山,lure the tiger so that it will leave the mountain where it lives; lure somebody to leave his advantageous location so as to overwhelm him 調(diào)虎離山是兼語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是，想辦法引誘老虎使它離開它所生活的山，因而使其失去地理優(yōu)勢(shì)，以便戰(zhàn)勝老虎。此成語(yǔ)多用于指稱戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)策略。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，一方占據(jù)地理優(yōu)勢(shì)，另一方為了改變這種局面，故意引誘它離開占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)的地方，以

12、便使其失去優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)而戰(zhàn)而勝之。,膾炙人口,sliced and roast meat is pleasant to everybodys taste; poems and pieces of prose are so excellent as to please every reader 膾炙人口中，膾是切成精細(xì)的小片的魚肉或肉，炙是烤肉。膾炙人口為緊縮結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是，好吃的東西人人都愛吃，多用于比喻好的詩(shī)文令大家賞心悅目。,昂首闊步,march with head raised stiffly; stride proudly ahead 昂首闊步為聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義為，昂著頭大踏步向前邁進(jìn)。

13、用時(shí)多有意氣風(fēng)發(fā)、斗志昂揚(yáng)的意思，有時(shí)略有態(tài)度高傲的意思。,半途而廢,stop halfway; give up halfway 半途而廢為偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，字面意義是，走到半路上就不走了，用時(shí)多比喻做事干到一半就放棄了，含有惋惜甚至責(zé)備的意思。,不學(xué)無(wú)術(shù),one is not skilled with anything due to the fact that he does not study well; be incompetent due to ones ignorance; incompetent and ignorant 不學(xué)無(wú)術(shù)為聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)，不學(xué)和無(wú)術(shù)間既可理解為并列關(guān)系，也可理解為因果關(guān)

14、系。因此字面意義為，由于不學(xué)習(xí)而沒(méi)有本領(lǐng)，也可以理解為，既沒(méi)有學(xué)問(wèn)也沒(méi)有本領(lǐng)。用于他人多含貶義，用于自己多表自謙。,觸類旁通,knowledge of an example enables one to understand the relevant category; comprehend something by analogy; understand things of a kind upon touching an example 觸類旁通為連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，含有如果觸類了就可以旁通的因果意義，因此，本義是接觸到某一類知識(shí)，就懂得了類似的或相關(guān)的知識(shí)。用時(shí)多用本義。,奮不顧身,(in char

15、ging the enemy or accomplishing a risky task,) pay no attention to ones life security; regardless of ones security or life 奮不顧身為偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，意思為勇往直前到不顧個(gè)人安危的地步，用時(shí)多用本義。,泰然處之,behavior with composure; not slightly affected 泰然處之為偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，意思為遇到事情能冷靜對(duì)待，用時(shí)多用本義。有時(shí)也用泰然自若。,想入非非,indulge in fantasy; be unrealistic or illuso

16、ry 想入非非為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是思考問(wèn)題時(shí)想法不符合實(shí)際，用時(shí)多用本義。,心懷叵測(cè),harbor evil intentions at heart that are not predictable; ill-intentioned 心懷叵測(cè)為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是心中懷著難以估測(cè)的歹意，用時(shí)多用本義。另一種說(shuō)法為居心叵測(cè)。,無(wú)地自容,feel so ashamed as to find no place to hide oneself in; feel too ashamed to see others 無(wú)地自容為連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，本意是因做錯(cuò)了事而羞愧到了極點(diǎn)，羞于見人卻又找不到藏身的地方，用時(shí)多用本義。

17、,忠心耿耿,be whole-heartedly loyal; be extremely loyal 忠心耿耿為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是非常忠誠(chéng)，用時(shí)多用本義。,自慚形穢,be ashamed of ones inferior appearance; feel inferior 自慚形穢為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，本意是因看到自己的容貌舉止不如別人而感到慚愧，現(xiàn)在通常使用的意思是因感到自己不如別人而非常慚愧。,漢語(yǔ)典故英譯,現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典將典故定義為“詩(shī)文里引用的古書中的故事或詞句”。辭海將典故定義為“詩(shī)文中引用的古代故事和有來(lái)歷出處的詞語(yǔ)”。應(yīng)該說(shuō)，典故多涉及古代故事或古人的詩(shī)詞歌賦與其他作品中的詞句，但也不盡然。例

18、如，人們常用的華威先生、國(guó)外常用的某某門涉及的都是現(xiàn)代與當(dāng)代事件。因此，我們可以概而言之，典故多源于歷史、寓言、神話、傳說(shuō)和事件，多見于歷史記載、文學(xué)作品和報(bào)刊雜志。例如，焚書坑儒源于歷史事件，買櫝還珠源于寓言，精衛(wèi)填海源于神話，伊朗門源于當(dāng)代事件等。這些典故，有的見于歷史記載，有的見于諸子百家，有的見于現(xiàn)代報(bào)刊。,如上所述，典故往往與成語(yǔ)一起合稱成語(yǔ)典故，語(yǔ)法功能和結(jié)構(gòu)與成語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法功能和結(jié)構(gòu)也基本相同，因此這里不再說(shuō)明典故的語(yǔ)法功能和結(jié)構(gòu)。 漢語(yǔ)典故英譯是個(gè)棘手問(wèn)題。典故既有本義也有轉(zhuǎn)義，如果希望讀者真正理解它的本義和轉(zhuǎn)義，還得介紹典故的出處。我們這里采用這樣的做法，緊接在將要翻譯的典故之后

19、用漢語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明該典故的出處，翻譯時(shí)，先翻譯本義，再翻譯現(xiàn)行的使用義，最后用增加注釋的方法用英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)要地譯介該典故的出處，但不是嚴(yán)格地將該典故的漢語(yǔ)部分譯成英語(yǔ)，而是用比相應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)介紹更為簡(jiǎn)略的英語(yǔ)來(lái)介紹。下面我們選擇20個(gè)典故并對(duì)之進(jìn)行英譯。,百步穿楊,典出戰(zhàn)國(guó)策.西周策，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。楚國(guó)有個(gè)叫養(yǎng)由基的，十分善射，在百步之外能射中楊柳的葉子，百發(fā)百中。后來(lái)用百步穿楊來(lái)形容人們善射。 To shoot an arrow through a willow leaf at the distance of 100 steps; extremely good at shooting Note:

20、 The allusion goes back to Yang Youji, an excellent shooter in the Zhou Dynasty, who could shoot an arrow at a willow leaf one hundred steps away and never missed the target.,班女之才,典出后漢書.列女傳，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。班女名班昭，班彪之妹。班彪編著漢書，剩下八表和天文志沒(méi)有寫完就去世了。班昭接替其兄，完成了他的未竟之業(yè)，她還是皇后與貴人的老師，被認(rèn)為是極富才學(xué)的女性。班女之才多用于描寫才高的女性。 (of a

21、female) as capable as Ban Zhao; talented Note: Historic records have it that Ban N, whose name is Ban Zhao, the younger sister of Ban Biao, a historian famous for his monumental work of A History of the Han Dynasty. However, the historian died leaving the writing unfinished. Then Ban Zhao was assign

22、ed the task and completed the writing. For her talent, Ban Zhao was also appointed tutor for the empress and the emperors concubines.,伯樂(lè)相馬,典出屈原懷沙，有關(guān)情況可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。伯樂(lè)姓孫名陽(yáng)，善于相馬。后來(lái)經(jīng)常用伯樂(lè)比喻善于發(fā)現(xiàn)人才的人。 Bo Le is very capable of discovering best horses; as capable as Bo Le in discovering talents Note: Qu Yuan, a f

23、amous Chinese poet of the State of Chu in the Warring State period, believed it that Bo Le was very capable of discovering best horses. The allusion is now often used to refer to persons capable of discovering and fostering talents.,東施效顰,典出莊子.天運(yùn)，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。古代著名美女西施因患有心痛病，經(jīng)常顰額或者說(shuō)皺眉頭。村里有個(gè)丑女看見覺得很美，于是也

24、學(xué)著顰額，結(jié)果反而更丑了。后來(lái)多用東施效顰比喻胡亂模仿，結(jié)果反而不美。 An ugly girl follows the suit of the pretty lady Xishi by knitting her eyebrows; imitate awkwardly Note: Legend has it that Xi Shi, a lady living in the State of Yue in the late years of Spring and Autumn period and famous for her beauty in ancient China, often kn

25、itted her eyebrows due to her illness. An ugly girl in the village saw this, believing that the behavior added much to her beauty. Then she followed Xi Shis suit by knitting her own brows the way Xi Shi did. However, it turned out that she became all the more ugly.,董狐直筆,典出左傳.宣公二年，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。春秋時(shí)晉靈公欲

26、殺趙盾，趙盾逃亡。他的從弟趙穿起兵攻打晉靈公并在桃園將他殺死。史官董狐認(rèn)為，此舉是趙盾弒君，并不畏趙盾的權(quán)勢(shì)，冒著生命危險(xiǎn)將這件事載入了史冊(cè)。后來(lái)多用此典比喻人們不為權(quán)者諱、不為賢者諱，在史冊(cè)或其他書籍中，實(shí)事求是地記載或談?wù)撍麄兊倪^(guò)失。 Dong Hu, a historian in Spring and Autumn period, recorded historic facts as they were without any distortion to appease officials for their vanity; (in recording historic events)

27、call a spade a spade as Dong Hu did Note: Historic records have it that during the Spring and Autumn period, when Duke Ling of Jin was going to kill Zhao Dun, who then escaped by running away, Zhao Duns distant brother Zhao Chuan took armed forces to attack the duke and killed him in a peach garden.

28、 Dong Hu, the historian, believed that it was an act of regicide on the part of Zhao Dun and recorded the act in history this way despite Zhao Duns overwhelming power that might threaten his life. The allusion is later used to refer to speaking frankly.,負(fù)荊請(qǐng)罪,典出史記.廉頗藺相如列傳，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。廉頗和藺相如都是趙國(guó)人，廉頗是趙

29、國(guó)大將，藺相如出身低微，但在對(duì)秦國(guó)的斗爭(zhēng)中多次建立功勛，被拜為上卿，官位高于廉頗。廉頗不服，屢屢找茬子羞辱藺相如。藺相如為國(guó)家計(jì)，顧全大局，總是退讓。后來(lái)廉頗知道了，藺相如屢屢退讓，不是怕他，而是擔(dān)心將相不和，秦國(guó)會(huì)乘機(jī)侵略趙國(guó)。那樣，趙國(guó)就會(huì)滅亡，老百姓就會(huì)遭殃。此事感動(dòng)了廉頗，于是他身背荊杖到藺相如府上請(qǐng)罪。后來(lái)多用此典指犯了錯(cuò)誤又主動(dòng)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤、改正錯(cuò)誤的舉動(dòng)。 To make apology by carrying a twig of the chaste tree and asking the one to whom the apology is made to beat him or

30、 her; making an active apology Note: Historic records have it that Lian Po and Ling Xiangru were courtiers of the State of Zhao. Lian Po was the famous general at the time. Born humbly, Ling Xiangru was promoted to the position higher than Lian Pos for his outstanding contributions in the struggles

31、against the State of Qin. This made Lian Po jealous and tried to slight Ling Xiangru, who thought that if he and Lian Po were in discord or conflict, then the State of Qin would take the opportunity to invade the State of Zhao. Therefore, Ling Xiangru always tried to avoid any possible conflict with

32、 the general. Having learned of this, Lian Po realized that he was wrong and went to Ling Xiangrus mansion to make apology by carrying a twig and asking Ling Xiangru to beat him for his wrong doings.,風(fēng)聲鶴唳,典出晉書.苻堅(jiān)載記。這個(gè)典故也常常說(shuō)成風(fēng)聲鶴唳，草木皆兵。有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。東晉時(shí)期，國(guó)家分裂，南北對(duì)峙，北方的前秦主苻堅(jiān)率兵攻打南方的東晉，結(jié)果被東晉打得慘敗而歸。苻堅(jiān)等人站在城樓上

33、觀望對(duì)方，見東晉軍容整齊，將八公山上的草木也當(dāng)成晉軍。此前，在淝水被擊敗而逃亡之時(shí)，將風(fēng)聲與鶴聲也當(dāng)成了追兵的吶喊聲。淝水之戰(zhàn)是我國(guó)歷史上有名的以少勝多的戰(zhàn)例，后來(lái)常用風(fēng)聲鶴唳或風(fēng)聲鶴唳，草木皆兵來(lái)形容人們由于非常害怕，便捕風(fēng)捉影，將不是那回事也當(dāng)成那回事了。,To take the moan of wind and the cry of cranes for enemys shouting; fearful at any slight omen; very apprehensive Note: Historic records have it that when Qian Qin, a st

34、ate on the north, was utterly defeated by Dong Jin, a state on the south, on their way of escaping, Qian Qins generals and soldiers took the moan of wind and the cry of cranes for enemys shouting, and grass and trees for enemys chasing forces. This allusion is now used to refer to peoples groundless

35、 fears.,邯鄲學(xué)步,典出莊子.秋水，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。古代燕國(guó)有一個(gè)少年看到邯鄲人走路姿態(tài)很優(yōu)美，就學(xué)他們的樣子走路，結(jié)果沒(méi)有學(xué)會(huì)，反而將自己原來(lái)的走路方法也忘了，只好爬著回去。后來(lái)用這個(gè)典故形容人們盲目地模仿他人，結(jié)果反而弄糟了。,To walk as people of Handan do; to imitate awkwardly Note: Legend has it that a youngster from the State of Yan saw that the Handans walk was very graceful and then tried to acq

36、uire the walking manner but only to find that he did not learn anything at all and had forgotten how he originally walked. Therefore, he had to crawl all the way back home. The allusion is now used to ridicule those who imitate blindly.,驚弓之鳥,典出戰(zhàn)國(guó)策.楚策四，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。有一天，更羸和魏王在一起，看見有一只鳥從天空飛過(guò)。更羸對(duì)魏王說(shuō)，我將弓拉

37、開，不搭箭虛射出去，鳥會(huì)應(yīng)聲而落。魏王不信。更羸果然拉虛弓而使飛鳥落地。其實(shí)，那是一只受了傷的鳥，聽到弓弦響就嚇得墜落下來(lái)。后來(lái)用這個(gè)典故形容人遭受打擊后，心理非常脆弱，常產(chǎn)生不必要的恐慌。,A bird that fell down at the sound of an arrowless shooting; a deadly frightened person Note: Tradition has it that Geng Lei and the king of the State of Wei were once together, seeing a bird flying acros

38、s the sky. Geng Lei said to the king that if he shot without an arrow, the bird would also fall down. The king did not believe it and Geng Lei did as he had said and the bird really fell down. It turned out that the bird had been wounded by a previous shooting and was frightened down at the sound of

39、 Geng Leis arrowless shooting. The allusion is now used to refer to people who, having experienced a crisis or danger, are still affected by the lingering fear.,勞燕分飛,典出樂(lè)府詩(shī)集.東飛伯勞歌，有關(guān)詩(shī)文的細(xì)節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。勞為伯勞鳥，它和燕子一個(gè)飛到東，一個(gè)飛到西，兩下分開了。后來(lái)用之比喻夫妻或情侶兩離分。 The bird of Bo Lao and the sparrow fly apart; be separated Not

40、e: In a poem, it was said that the bird of Bo Lao and the sparrow flew separately one eastward and the other westward. The allusion is now used to refer to separation of a couple or lovers.,孟母三遷,典出烈女傳，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。為了孟子和其他孩子有一個(gè)良好的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境，孟母（孟子的母親）三次搬家以避免不好的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。后來(lái)人們常用此典褒獎(jiǎng)那些教子有方的女性，有時(shí)也用以指好鄰居。,The mother o

41、f Mencius moved their home three times; moving ones home for the desired environment for the education of ones children Note: Tradition has it that Mrs Meng, mother of Mencius, moved her home three times for an ideal neighborhood for the education of her son Mencius and his brothers. The allusion is

42、 now used to give praise to those who are good at educating their young.,女媧補(bǔ)天,典出淮南子.覽冥訓(xùn)，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。古代天的四極是殘缺的，神人伏羲的妹妹女媧煉五色石以補(bǔ)天，斬?cái)嗑搛椀淖銇?lái)支撐四極。后來(lái)人們常用此典來(lái)褒獎(jiǎng)人們救國(guó)救難、匡正乾坤的壯舉，也用于指治理災(zāi)難。,N Wa patches the sky; to save the populace by patching the sky or doing a great deed Note: Legend has it that when the sky a

43、nd the earth began to separate, the four corners of the sky were fragmentary. Then N Wa, Fu Xis sister, fostered stones of color to patch the sky and cut the four legs from a giant tortoise as poles to support the sky. In this way, she contributed a great deal to the mankind. The allusion is now use

44、d to such heroic deeds as salvation of the nation or pulling the people through crisis or natural disasters.,杞人憂天,典出列子.天瑞，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。古代杞國(guó)有個(gè)人害怕天崩地陷，無(wú)處安身，終日憂愁，以致寢食俱廢。后來(lái)多用此典指有些人對(duì)有些事產(chǎn)生不必要的擔(dān)心與害怕。 A certain person from the State of Qi worries that the sky would fall down and he would have no place to har

45、bor himself; groundless worry Note: Legend has it that a certain person from the State of Qi worried that the sky would some day fall down and he then would have no place to shelter himself from the disaster. He worried day and night as to neglect his meal and sleep. The allusion now applies to the

46、case of groundless worry.,繞梁三日,也有說(shuō)成余音繞梁的，典出列子.湯問(wèn)，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。古代有個(gè)叫韓娥的歌手，在去齊國(guó)的路上沒(méi)有辦法，在雍門賣唱乞食。唱得很好，走了之后三天之內(nèi)人們?nèi)愿械接嘁粑瓷?，仿佛還在梁間回繞。后來(lái)用此典形容優(yōu)美的歌曲。,Whirling around the beam for three days; (of a song) so excellent as to let the audience feel it lingering for a long time Note: Legend has it that in ancient tim

47、e, Han E once on the way to the State of Qi had no food but to beg by singing. She sang so beautifully that three days after she left, the audience still felt that the song was lingering in the hall. The allusion now applies to the description of excellent songs or music.,塞翁失馬,也有說(shuō)成塞翁失馬，焉知非福的，典出淮南子.人

48、間訓(xùn)，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。古代邊塞有位老翁丟了馬，人們都來(lái)安慰他。他卻說(shuō)，馬丟了，說(shuō)不定還是一種福氣呢。后來(lái)那匹馬回來(lái)了，還引回了胡人的一匹馬。此時(shí)人們又來(lái)向他賀喜。他說(shuō)，說(shuō)不定是一種禍?zhǔn)履亍Ｕ缢?，不久他的兒子因?yàn)轵T那匹馬摔斷了腿。后來(lái)人們用此典形容禍福相依，相互轉(zhuǎn)化，難以逆料。,The frontiersman loses his horse; a loss may turn out to be a blessing Note: Legend has it that a frontiersman once lost his horse and his neighbors came t

49、o comfort him. However, he said to the neighbors that the loss might turn out to be a blessing. Later, the horse came back with another horse of the Tartars and then his neighbors came to extend their congratulations. However, he said on the occasion that the blessing might turn out to be a misfortu

50、ne. It really so happened that his son rode the horse, fell down from it and had his leg broken. And the story continues in that line. The allusion now applies to comforting others when they have a bad fortune.,聞雞起舞,典出晉書.祖逖傳，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。祖逖與劉琨都做司州主簿，非常要好，經(jīng)常一起睡覺。有一次半夜聽到雞叫，祖逖將劉琨踢醒說(shuō)，半夜聽到雞叫并非壞事，于是兩人起床舞練。

51、后來(lái)多用此典形容人們立志發(fā)奮圖強(qiáng)。,To get out of bed to exercise oneself when the cock crows in the middle night; diligent and self-disciplined Note: Historic records have it that Zu Di and Liu Kun were good friends on their posts as secretaries and spent their nights on the same bed. Once they heard cocks crow in t

52、he middle night. Then Zu Di woke up Liu Kun and said to him that cocks crowing in the middle night wasnt a bad thing and they rose to exercise themselves.,相濡以沫,典出莊子.大宗師，有關(guān)意思可大簡(jiǎn)述如下。水干了，魚被困于干地，亟需水來(lái)維持生命，于是相互吐沫以濕潤(rùn)對(duì)方。后來(lái)多用此典指在困境中相互救助，也指老年夫妻或一般夫婦相依為命。,To moisten each other with pit when water becomes dry;

53、to help each other in the time of need; (of an aging couple or a couple in general) to help each other in their remaining life or life in general Note: Legend has it that when water became dry, fish were in difficulty on the dry land so that they pitted to moisten each other. The allusion is now use

54、d to mean help each other in the time of need though the helper is also involved in difficulty or to describe an aging couple who help each other in their remaining time or any couple who help each other in their life.,一飯千金,典出史記.淮陰侯列傳，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。東漢開國(guó)功臣韓信年輕時(shí)窮困潦倒，經(jīng)常在城邊的河里釣魚。有位漂紗的老夫人見到韓信饑餓就將自己的飯分給他吃，一

55、連吃了幾十天。韓信非常感激，離開那兒時(shí)他對(duì)漂母說(shuō)，今后如果有出息，一定要用千金報(bào)答她。后來(lái)韓信幫助劉邦建立了帝業(yè)，被封為楚王。他招來(lái)這位漂母，賜給她千金。后來(lái)多用此典說(shuō)明人們知恩圖報(bào)。,A meal in give, a thousand taels of gold in return; to cherish others kindness at heart and repay it Note: Historic records have it that when young, Han Xin was in poverty and often went fishing by the river

56、 near a town. He had no food to support himself and on seeing this, a yarn rinsing old lady gave him half of her own meal. She had done this for tens of days on end. Appreciative of her kindness, Han Xin said to the lady on his departure that if he could climb high, he would return her kindness by g

57、iving her a thousand taels of gold. Then Han Xin helped Liu Bang in utterly defeating Xiang Yu and establishing the Han Dynasty. For his contribution, Han Xin was appointed King of the Kingdom of Chu. Then calling the lady to his official mansion, Han Xin gave her a thousand taels of gold as he had

58、promised. The allusion is now used to mean repaying others kindness.,張耳陳余,典出史記.張耳陳余列傳，有關(guān)情節(jié)可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。張耳陳余都是秦末漢初人，起初為刎頸之交，后來(lái)起兵反秦，因產(chǎn)生嫌隙，積怨日深，相互交惡，乃至兵戎相見。后來(lái)用此典指勢(shì)利之交，不能永遠(yuǎn)。,Not devoted to each other throughout like Zhang Er and Chen Yu; disloyal friends Note: Historic records have it that Zhang Er and Chen

59、Yu were great figures by the end of the Qin Dynasty or at the beginning of the Han Dynasty. At first, they were bosom friends and took armies to overthrow the Qin Dynasty. For reasons, discords developed between them and finally they became enemies and attacked each others by resorting to armed forc

60、es. The allusion is now used to refer to disloyal friends.,煮豆燃萁,典出世說(shuō)新語(yǔ).文學(xué)，有關(guān)故事可大致簡(jiǎn)述如下。三國(guó)期間，魏文帝曹丕妒忌其弟曹植的才能，經(jīng)常找茬子整他。有一天，他限令曹植在七步之內(nèi)口吟一首詩(shī)，否則就要?dú)⑺念^。曹植果然有才，踱到第七步口吟五言詩(shī)一首。大意是說(shuō)，用豆秸煮豆子，豆子在鍋中哭泣著對(duì)豆秸說(shuō)，我們本是同根生的，你何苦苦苦相逼呢？后人多用這個(gè)典故指手足相殘，有時(shí)也用之指才思敏捷。,To boil beans by burning beanstalks; to do harm to ones own brothers