工程管理論文

1、it is well known that the specialtyconstruction management plays a more and more significant role in the development of the society in recent years. from the beginning its came into being to its change with the reform of economic system, construction management also change its process of development

2、. nowadays, the development of marketization and internationalization spur the rationalization and scientification of engineering cost supervision system, so the way to engineering quota management was carried by the separation of quantity and price, and then establish a mechanism which market compe

3、tition directed by project quota gradually. meanwhile, enhancing economic plausibility and rationality, establishing relative message network system and timely release of information, to lining with the needs of market. our government should enhance the supervision of construction cost, establish th

4、e supervision system of construction cost gradually, and normalize the behavior of pricing, to ensure the smooth of project quality and construction. the quality management of construction project is a systemic project, from feasibility study, survey and design to construction, acceptance check and

5、so on, all of this have a problem of quality control. the management of project construction not only is a process to form project entity, but also is a key stage of quality of the final product. so the quality control in management of project construction is the key link in the whole process in pro

6、ject construction, the project quality mainly depend on the management of quality in process of construction stage.modern engineering project have a tendency to develop into large scale andmodern with the complexity of project increase exponentially, only manage and control strictly, the quality and

7、 schedule of construction can be guaranteed under the condition of growing investments.therefore, modern project management mode of “make detailed planning comprehensively, according to plan strictly, feedback and update timely, track and contrast closely” cant carry out only through manual lab, onl

8、y using computer business management system and simple computer network manage pattern also cant meet the actual manage demand. on this basis, we think that modern construction project management enterprise to realize modern management model need shifting to intellective management enterprise, estab

9、lishing the theory and practice framework of enterprise knowledge management combined with computer, knowledge will become the sword of management.since the reform and opening-up, the numbers of china construction enterprise have increasing rapidly, but from the actual situation there is a gap betwe

10、en china and international in ability to construction project management, which affects the project management level in china. and the quality of project is an important indicator of project management, therefore, reforming traditional project management model and improve the quality of quality have

11、 became import issue of construction enterprises. the construction industry is one of basic industries in our country, its normal operation related to the sustained development of the national economy directly. in recent years, with the development of market economy have been establishedand perfecte

12、d gradually in china, the construction industry has got an unprecedented improvement. meanwhile, the rapid development has exposed many problems, the construction project quality, especially the residential construction quality, has became the focus of attention. engineering projects as construction

13、 project products invests and consumes much manual lab, material and energy, construction project quality related to engineering applicability and safeties of lives and property of people. on the other hand, its related to the survival of enterprises, so the quality management on the top position is

14、 imperative.construction project item management is a one-time comprehensive management and control to optimizing the goal with target, goal and content based on specific construction projects. its connotation is: from the project start to finish, reaching the goal of quality, rate of progress, cost

15、 and safety through the project planning and project control. in view of the construction project is disposable, in order to save investment, achieve the goal of energy-saving emission and construction target, and build construction products in accordance with the requirements, we construction perso

16、nnel must be aware of the importance of project management in the construction process, and pay attention to reinforcing the following aspects in the construction project management in particular case. (i) quality managementquality is the life of enterprises and the fundamental guarantee for the dev

17、elopment of enterprises. today, construction market competition has more and more intense. how to improve the quality of the construction management level isevery enterprise managers need to think about. (i) regime of quality supervision the quality management of the construction project can be summ

18、arized by the following words: set goals and clear the lines of responsibility; assign and put it into effect, explain in detail; contra posing the difficulty organizes research; set an example and explore experiences; tracking control and control strictly, do a good job of quality control and regul

19、ar monitor of the quality of products. establishing and improving the system of whole process quality monitoring, intervening and controlling project quality through scientific method, means and control mechanism to let the project quality always in a dynamic management. establish the system of qual

20、ity self-checking. the quality of project involves all aspects of society, and also reflects the level of enterprises management synthetically. in general, any construction project should accept supervision from the enterprises itself. enterprises self-checking require any construction company estab

21、lish a effective system of quality supervision, and through the run of this system to improve quality continuously. quality supervision by the third-party. it means enterprises shouldaccept the supervision by owner, and the type of supervision is the most authoritative now. these two types of qualit

22、y supervision in above work clearly, communicate closely and compose to the complete system of control construction project quality, so that enterprises can promise project quality achieve desired expect.(ii) the supervision methods and meansas an administrative staff, controlling the quality of eng

23、ineeringconstruction is the most important thing in locale management. whether the quality of project is good or bad depends on the management level of inspector and the supervision. the site supervision in each process of construction operation shouldfound the problem on-site, point out and correct

24、, use the methods measure honestly combined with overall look-and-feel. call all on-site management personnel together to specify thecommon problem in the construction process, have a in-depth knowledge to construction workers, and correct mistakes timely. write the book of quality control and guida

25、nce document. for those quality problems may occur or has occurred, we management personnel should do an introduction and countermeasures in detail, clear responsibility and claim related personnel correct on time.(ii) schedule management whether the project can be delivered within agreed timeframe

26、have a direct influence on the development of project economic and social effect results benefit. the factor of human, technology, material, equipment, machine, foundation, funds, climate and environment all affect the process of project schedule. in order to do a good schedule management of project

27、, we need solving the following problems focused. establish the pattern and framework of project management. a successful project must have a successful management team and a standard work mode, operating procedures and business system. establish a strict contract network system. a large project is

28、acommunity consists of many construction workers, so it needs a strict contract system to mobilize the enthusiasm of all people so that can avoid sabotage and wrangling each other. develop a practical project plan of three grades. this plan requires not only the work of construction organization, bu

29、t also the work of owners, design company and supervision company, whats more, we should take government which very relative to construction into consideration. determine the design company, sign the design contract and thecheck and review of design quality and speed. whether the project constructio

30、n can be carried out smoothly depends on the quality of design. the bids and evaluation of construction organization, the sign ofconstruction contract, including the choice between general contractor and sub-contractors, and sign the contract of support of material and equipment. handle government f

31、ormalities in earlier stage project plan andarrange the municipal auxiliary projects. sufficient communication with government and good relationship are promise to successful project. (iii) cost controlthe type of construction project cost is divided into the budgetcost, plan cost and actual cost. u

32、nder the situation of construction cost meet schedule and quality, through the methods of origination, economics, technology and contracts to control the cost in the range of expect. to tighten the project cost management, we can undertake it in the following aspects: the enterprises should formulat

33、e the work quota, and those money should use according to engineering quantities, and we should calculate the total quantities of manmade. we can control the manmade cost as long as control the manmade quantities so that control the project cost. strengthen material management, establish the system

34、of limits of material requisition, manage the material out of storage strictly, lump sum to those material cost much in site. improve the utilization rate of equipment and materials. check on,repair and maintain the construction machine regularly, rented equipment and material should return to rent

35、company on time to speed up the construction period and reduce the rent cost. choose a correct construction scheme is the key to shorten theconstruction period, improve quality and reduce the cost, in the process of construction, we should try our best to search new techniques, new technology, new m

36、aterials to reduce costs, improve efficiency. be strict in construction: construction in line with the drawings and the standard, be strict in quality to ensure project quality, reduce the waste of labor and material caused by rework. streamline the management mechanism, reduce the level of manageme

37、nt to save the construction management fees. (iv) security managementsafety production management of construction projects organize all activities of production safety, through the control of production factors to reduce or eliminate unsafe behavior and state, does not cause the accident, so as to t

38、he normal operation of construction project. adhere to principle of security management. safety and production are synchronous so that if control the production safety also should be controlled, safety contain in the production, whats more, promote and promise the production. safe working is common

39、thing of anyone relative with production rather than only relative with minority and security mechanism, lack of full participation, securitynot obvious. adhere to control the unsafe behaviors of human and unsafe states of things. from the analysis of the causes of the accident, we can get that huma

40、n, things and environment is the fundamental reason of accident. from the human and things management sides to analyze accident, unsafe human behaviors and unsafe things states are both fundamental reason of accident. establish safety management measures. strengthen the safety management of construc

41、tion engineering, formulate practical safety management system and measures are very important. according to the production management does not have vitality, and effect ischaracteristics of construction engineering , formulate the detailed project safety risk prediction and the corresponding guaran

42、tee measure and decompose the project risk, implement the safety responsibility to every apartment, every team and everyone to easier management.to sum up, the construction project management is a systematicproject which includes risk, investment, contract, schedule, quality, personnel and other asp

43、ects of the work, and relates to the and design, other supervision, construction, equipment, materials, operationsdepartments and units. therefore, only all sides cooperate positively and cogent strengthen construction engineering management of quality, cost, schedule and security so that constructi

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49、膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿

50、袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕

51、肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄

52、膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅

53、袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆

54、肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀

55、膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻

56、羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅

57、肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆

58、膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀羈膀薀袆羀莂莃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚇羂羆莈葿袈羆蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈蝕肄芃蚃薆肅蒅蒆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螇肀荿螀蚃肀蒂薃羈腿膁蒞袇膈芄薁螃膇莆莄蠆膆膆蕿蚅膅羋蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膄蒃蒀螆膃膂蚆螞節(jié)芄葿羀芁莇蚄袆芀葿蕆螂艿艿螞螈袆莁薅蚄裊蒃螁羃襖膃薃衿袃芅蝿螅袂莈薂蟻羂蒀蒞羀

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