憲法論文電子垃圾污染防治立法問題研究

1、電子垃圾污染防治立法問題研究 電子垃圾污染防治立法問題研究 a study on legal issues of electronic wastes management 【中文摘要】 我國從上世紀(jì)八十年代開始大面積地使用家用電器,電子產(chǎn)品廣泛應(yīng)用到各個領(lǐng)域。經(jīng)過二三十年的積累,這些電子產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)紛紛“退役”,變成電子廢物。這些報廢的電子產(chǎn)品中有著數(shù)百種的有用材料,正如專家所言,“沒有垃圾,只有放錯地方的資源”,如果對其加以合理地回收處置和循環(huán)利用,使廢舊資源再生利用形成一個產(chǎn)業(yè),則再生資源有可能成為解決我國目前能源困境的一種有效途徑。但電子廢物除了資源性之外,更具有污染環(huán)境的潛在性。比如電視、

2、電腦、手機(jī)、音響等電子產(chǎn)品,含鉛、鎘、水銀、六價鉻、聚氯乙烯塑料、溴化阻燃劑等大量有毒有害物質(zhì):陰極射線管、電路板上的焊錫和塑料外殼等都含有毒物質(zhì);而廢電腦則更厲害,一臺電腦所需要的700多種化學(xué)原料中,50%以上對人體有害。有資料顯示,每一臺電視機(jī)或電腦顯示器中的陰極射線管平均含有大量鉛,而鉛一旦進(jìn)入土壤會嚴(yán)重污染水源,最終將危害人類、植物和微生物,還會對兒童的腦發(fā)育造成極大的影響。因此,電子廢物的雙重屬性向我們提出一個要求,國家應(yīng)該盡快制定相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī),遏制這種污染,把電子廢棄物由垃圾變成資源。本文旨在從法律角度提出解決我國電子垃圾污染問題的建議。為此,文章首先闡述了我國電子垃圾污染概況

3、;其次,介紹電子垃圾方面有關(guān)的國際公約、發(fā)達(dá)國家和地區(qū)的立法模式,主要有巴塞爾公約、歐盟weee、rohs和eup指令以及美國和日本的有關(guān)法律;再次,文章論述了我國目前電子垃圾防治的有關(guān)法律法規(guī)及其存在的缺陷,包括固廢法、電子信息產(chǎn)品污染防治管理辦法、廢舊家用電器及電子產(chǎn)品回收利用管理條例和廢棄家用電器與電子產(chǎn)品污染防治技術(shù)政策。現(xiàn)行法律存在的問題主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾方面:立法中關(guān)于循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)定較少;政府、生產(chǎn)商、經(jīng)銷商和消費(fèi)者權(quán)利義務(wù)不明確;回收處理行業(yè)缺乏法律規(guī)制。最后,在分析國內(nèi)外相關(guān)法制建設(shè)經(jīng)驗,結(jié)合我國國情的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了完善我國電子垃圾污染防治立法的建議。應(yīng)樹立循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的指導(dǎo)思想;堅

4、持“三化”原則、公眾參與原則;確立生產(chǎn)者責(zé)任延伸制度、責(zé)任分擔(dān)制度、促進(jìn)回收企業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的制度等。文章從立法的角度提出若干參考性建議和對策,并認(rèn)為,對電子垃圾污染防治法律制度的完善,應(yīng)注重其作為一個新問題所具有的不確定性和復(fù)雜性,應(yīng)當(dāng)綜合考慮環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和科技等多方面的因素,這樣的法律制度構(gòu)建才是完善的,同時也是最具實效的?！居⑽恼?with the reformation and opening of china,our economy has been growing rapidly and life standard rising continuously.at the same

5、time, china has become one of the largest nations of producing and consuming of the electronic products.they have been widely used in many fields.in 20 or 30 years,they will finish their duties and become electronic wastes, these e-wastes will compose a great threat to our country,society,and especi

6、ally the environment.there are hundreds of valuable materials in the discarded appliance.as the experts say,we have no wastes,only resources dislocated.if we recycle and reuse them correctly,regenerated resources may become an effective way to the straits of energy of our country.but the e-wastes al

7、so contain many harmful ingredients.for example,tv,computers and mobiles have large amount of toxic materials, such as zinc,mercury,and pbde,tin solder on the crt has lots of harmful substances.among the 700 chemical materials from which a computer is made,more than 50%are injurious to our bodies.th

8、e crt of tv and computers has much zinc,which could pollute the source of water once goes into the soil,and eventually,it would endanger human,animals and plants.so,the double property of e-waste required legislation on this side to restrain the pollution and turn the wastes into resources.the objec

9、tive of the paper is to present a legal approach to solve the problem of the e-waste pollution.for this,the paper first states the situation of the e-waste pollution in our country,and the reason and danger of it.second,reviews related laws in developed countries and districts,such as weee,rosh and

10、eup of eu,and laws of the usa and japan.third,the paper analyses the condition and defects of the e-waste legislation of our country.this part contains management rules on prevention of pollution of electronic and information products,and management regulations on recycling and reusing of wasted ele

11、ctronic equipment.last,the thesis puts forward suggestions on e-waste legislation based on foreign experiences and our own situation.that includes the guiding idea of circular economy and extended producer responsibility,and so on.in addition,some legal suggestions which are suitable for china are p

12、roposed in the paper.it also states that it should be noted that establishing a good legal framework for prevention of e-waste pollution can be involved with complexity and uncertainty.to do this,a number of factors,such as economy,science,technology,and natural environment shall be considered as a

13、whole. 【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 電子垃圾; 回收利用; 循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì); 生產(chǎn)者責(zé)任延伸制度 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 electronic waste; recycle and reuse; circular economy; extended producer responsibility 【論文目錄】摘要 6-8 abstract 8-9 引言 12-14 1.我國電子垃圾污染問題解析 14-22 1.1 電子垃圾污染概況 14-15 1.2 電子垃圾產(chǎn)生原因 15-18 1.2.1 政府監(jiān)管和立法上存在缺陷 15-16 1.2.2 國外電子廢物大量輸入我國 16-17 1.2.3 電子垃圾回收利用體系不

14、完善 17-18 1.3 電子垃圾的不利影響 18-22 1.3.1 環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重 18-19 1.3.2 資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重 19-20 1.3.3 對國際貿(mào)易的影響 20-22 2.國際、發(fā)達(dá)國家和地區(qū)電子垃圾立法 22-31 2.1 國際公約 22-25 2.1.1 控制危險廢物越境轉(zhuǎn)移及其處置巴塞爾公約 22-23 2.1.2 巴塞爾禁令修正案 23 2.1.3 公約存在的不足 23-25 2.2 發(fā)達(dá)國家和地區(qū)立法 25-29 2.2.1 美國 25-26 2.2.2 日本 26 2.2.3 歐盟 26-28 2.2.4 其他國家 28-29 2.3 小結(jié) 29-31 3.我國電子垃圾防治相關(guān)立法 31-38 3.1 立法現(xiàn)狀 31-34 3.1.1 固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法 31-32 3.1.2 電子信息產(chǎn)品污染防治管理辦法 32 3.1.3 廢舊家用電器及電子產(chǎn)品回收利用管理條例 32-33 3.1.4 廢棄家電與電子產(chǎn)品污染防治技術(shù)政策 33-34 3.2 立法的不足 34-38 3.2.1 法律體系不完善 34-35 3.2.2 立法原則不明確 35 3.2.3 對象范圍不夠廣泛 35-36 3.2.4 制造商的權(quán)利義務(wù)不明確 36 3.2.5 回收處理行業(yè)缺乏法律規(guī)制 36-38 4.我國電子垃圾立